Merge SDL-ryan-batching-renderer branch to default.

38 files changed, 6818 insertions, 5419 deletions

diff --git a/include/SDL_hints.h b/include/SDL_hints.h
index 4ee72e97d6..b000ee90c3 100644
--- a/include/SDL_hints.h
+++ b/include/SDL_hints.h
@@ -1044,6 +1044,31 @@ extern "C" {
 #define SDL_HINT_AUDIO_CATEGORY   "SDL_AUDIO_CATEGORY"
 
 /**
+ *  \brief  A variable controlling whether the 2D render API is compatible or efficient.
+ *
+ *  This variable can be set to the following values:
+ *
+ *    "0"     - Don't use batching to make rendering more efficient.
+ *    "1"     - Use batching, but might cause problems if app makes its own direct OpenGL calls.
+ *
+ *  Up to SDL 2.0.9, the render API would draw immediately when requested. Now
+ *  it batches up draw requests and sends them all to the GPU only when forced
+ *  to (during SDL_RenderPresent, when changing render targets, by updating a
+ *  texture that the batch needs, etc). This is significantly more efficient,
+ *  but it can cause problems for apps that expect to render on top of the
+ *  render API's output. As such, SDL will disable batching if a specific
+ *  render backend is requested (since this might indicate that the app is
+ *  planning to use the underlying graphics API directly). This hint can
+ *  be used to explicitly request batching in this instance. It is a contract
+ *  that you will either never use the underlying graphics API directly, or
+ *  if you do, you will call SDL_RenderFlush() before you do so any current
+ *  batch goes to the GPU before your work begins. Not following this contract
+ *  will result in undefined behavior.
+ */
+#define SDL_HINT_RENDER_BATCHING  "SDL_RENDER_BATCHING"
+
+
+/**
  *  \brief  An enumeration of hint priorities
  */
 typedef enum
diff --git a/include/SDL_rect.h b/include/SDL_rect.h
index 543bb61869..986764cd69 100644
--- a/include/SDL_rect.h
+++ b/include/SDL_rect.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif
 
 /**
- *  \brief  The structure that defines a point
+ *  \brief  The structure that defines a point (integer)
  *
  *  \sa SDL_EnclosePoints
  *  \sa SDL_PointInRect
@@ -52,7 +52,20 @@ typedef struct SDL_Point
 } SDL_Point;
 
 /**
- *  \brief A rectangle, with the origin at the upper left.
+ *  \brief  The structure that defines a point (floating point)
+ *
+ *  \sa SDL_EnclosePoints
+ *  \sa SDL_PointInRect
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_FPoint
+{
+    float x;
+    float y;
+} SDL_FPoint;
+
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A rectangle, with the origin at the upper left (integer).
  *
  *  \sa SDL_RectEmpty
  *  \sa SDL_RectEquals
@@ -67,6 +80,19 @@ typedef struct SDL_Rect
     int w, h;
 } SDL_Rect;
 
+
+/**
+ *  \brief A rectangle, with the origin at the upper left (floating point).
+ */
+typedef struct SDL_FRect
+{
+    float x;
+    float y;
+    float w;
+    float h;
+} SDL_FRect;
+
+
 /**
  *  \brief Returns true if point resides inside a rectangle.
  */
diff --git a/include/SDL_render.h b/include/SDL_render.h
index d336192974..738b7392a6 100644
--- a/include/SDL_render.h
+++ b/include/SDL_render.h
@@ -835,6 +835,148 @@ extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
                                            const SDL_Point *center,
                                            const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
 
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw a point on the current rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should draw a point.
+ *  \param x The x coordinate of the point.
+ *  \param y The y coordinate of the point.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawPointF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                 float x, float y);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw multiple points on the current rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should draw multiple points.
+ *  \param points The points to draw
+ *  \param count The number of points to draw
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawPointsF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                  const SDL_FPoint * points,
+                                                  int count);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw a line on the current rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should draw a line.
+ *  \param x1 The x coordinate of the start point.
+ *  \param y1 The y coordinate of the start point.
+ *  \param x2 The x coordinate of the end point.
+ *  \param y2 The y coordinate of the end point.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawLineF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw a series of connected lines on the current rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should draw multiple lines.
+ *  \param points The points along the lines
+ *  \param count The number of points, drawing count-1 lines
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawLinesF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                const SDL_FPoint * points,
+                                                int count);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw a rectangle on the current rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should draw a rectangle.
+ *  \param rect A pointer to the destination rectangle, or NULL to outline the entire rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawRectF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                               const SDL_FRect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Draw some number of rectangles on the current rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should draw multiple rectangles.
+ *  \param rects A pointer to an array of destination rectangles.
+ *  \param count The number of rectangles.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderDrawRectsF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                 const SDL_FRect * rects,
+                                                 int count);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Fill a rectangle on the current rendering target with the drawing color.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should fill a rectangle.
+ *  \param rect A pointer to the destination rectangle, or NULL for the entire
+ *              rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderFillRectF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                const SDL_FRect * rect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Fill some number of rectangles on the current rendering target with the drawing color.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should fill multiple rectangles.
+ *  \param rects A pointer to an array of destination rectangles.
+ *  \param count The number of rectangles.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderFillRectsF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                                 const SDL_FRect * rects,
+                                                 int count);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Copy a portion of the texture to the current rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should copy parts of a texture.
+ *  \param texture The source texture.
+ *  \param srcrect   A pointer to the source rectangle, or NULL for the entire
+ *                   texture.
+ *  \param dstrect   A pointer to the destination rectangle, or NULL for the
+ *                   entire rendering target.
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderCopyF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                            SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                            const SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+                                            const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
+
+/**
+ *  \brief Copy a portion of the source texture to the current rendering target, rotating it by angle around the given center
+ *
+ *  \param renderer The renderer which should copy parts of a texture.
+ *  \param texture The source texture.
+ *  \param srcrect   A pointer to the source rectangle, or NULL for the entire
+ *                   texture.
+ *  \param dstrect   A pointer to the destination rectangle, or NULL for the
+ *                   entire rendering target.
+ *  \param angle    An angle in degrees that indicates the rotation that will be applied to dstrect, rotating it in a clockwise direction
+ *  \param center   A pointer to a point indicating the point around which dstrect will be rotated (if NULL, rotation will be done around dstrect.w/2, dstrect.h/2).
+ *  \param flip     An SDL_RendererFlip value stating which flipping actions should be performed on the texture
+ *
+ *  \return 0 on success, or -1 on error
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderCopyExF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                                            SDL_Texture * texture,
+                                            const SDL_Rect * srcrect,
+                                            const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+                                            const double angle,
+                                            const SDL_FPoint *center,
+                                            const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
+
 /**
  *  \brief Read pixels from the current rendering target.
  *
@@ -876,6 +1018,31 @@ extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DestroyTexture(SDL_Texture * texture);
  */
 extern DECLSPEC void SDLCALL SDL_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
 
+/**
+ *  \brief Force the rendering context to flush any pending commands to the
+ *         underlying rendering API.
+ *
+ *  You do not need to (and in fact, shouldn't) call this function unless
+ *  you are planning to call into OpenGL/Direct3D/Metal/whatever directly
+ *  in addition to using an SDL_Renderer.
+ *
+ *  This is for a very-specific case: if you are using SDL's render API,
+ *  you asked for a specific renderer backend (OpenGL, Direct3D, etc),
+ *  you set SDL_HINT_RENDER_BATCHING to "1", and you plan to make
+ *  OpenGL/D3D/whatever calls in addition to SDL render API calls. If all of
+ *  this applies, you should call SDL_RenderFlush() between calls to SDL's
+ *  render API and the low-level API you're using in cooperation.
+ *
+ *  In all other cases, you can ignore this function. This is only here to
+ *  get maximum performance out of a specific situation. In all other cases,
+ *  SDL will do the right thing, perhaps at a performance loss.
+ *
+ *  This function is first available in SDL 2.0.10, and is not needed in
+ *  2.0.9 and earlier, as earlier versions did not queue rendering commands
+ *  at all, instead flushing them to the OS immediately.
+ */
+extern DECLSPEC int SDLCALL SDL_RenderFlush(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
+
 
 /**
  *  \brief Bind the texture to the current OpenGL/ES/ES2 context for use with
diff --git a/src/SDL_assert.c b/src/SDL_assert.c
index 1ca083ad4c..5a9556d4ec 100644
--- a/src/SDL_assert.c
+++ b/src/SDL_assert.c
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ SDL_PromptAssertion(const SDL_assert_data *data, void *userdata)
 
     (void) userdata;  /* unused in default handler. */
 
+    /* !!! FIXME: why is this using SDL_stack_alloc and not just "char message[SDL_MAX_LOG_MESSAGE];" ? */
     message = SDL_stack_alloc(char, SDL_MAX_LOG_MESSAGE);
     if (!message) {
         /* Uh oh, we're in real trouble now... */
diff --git a/src/SDL_internal.h b/src/SDL_internal.h
index e0ba2a82c3..f8215bf34a 100644
--- a/src/SDL_internal.h
+++ b/src/SDL_internal.h
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@
 #define SDL_VARIABLE_LENGTH_ARRAY
 #endif
 
+#define SDL_MAX_SMALL_ALLOC_STACKSIZE 128
+#define SDL_small_alloc(type, count, pisstack) ( (*(pisstack) = ((sizeof(type)*(count)) < SDL_MAX_SMALL_ALLOC_STACKSIZE)), (*(pisstack) ? SDL_stack_alloc(type, count) : (type*)SDL_malloc(sizeof(type)*(count))) )
+#define SDL_small_free(ptr, isstack) if ((isstack)) { SDL_stack_free(ptr); } else { SDL_free(ptr); }
+
 #include "dynapi/SDL_dynapi.h"
 
 #if SDL_DYNAMIC_API
diff --git a/src/SDL_log.c b/src/SDL_log.c
index b1bf27d7a1..b89f7ee3a8 100644
--- a/src/SDL_log.c
+++ b/src/SDL_log.c
@@ -282,6 +282,7 @@ SDL_LogMessageV(int category, SDL_LogPriority priority, const char *fmt, va_list
         return;
     }
 
+    /* !!! FIXME: why not just "char message[SDL_MAX_LOG_MESSAGE];" ? */
     message = SDL_stack_alloc(char, SDL_MAX_LOG_MESSAGE);
     if (!message) {
         return;
@@ -321,6 +322,7 @@ SDL_LogOutput(void *userdata, int category, SDL_LogPriority priority,
         char *output;
         size_t length;
         LPTSTR tstr;
+        SDL_bool isstack;
 
 #if !defined(HAVE_STDIO_H) && !defined(__WINRT__)
         BOOL attachResult;
@@ -364,7 +366,7 @@ SDL_LogOutput(void *userdata, int category, SDL_LogPriority priority,
 #endif /* !defined(HAVE_STDIO_H) && !defined(__WINRT__) */
 
         length = SDL_strlen(SDL_priority_prefixes[priority]) + 2 + SDL_strlen(message) + 1 + 1 + 1;
-        output = SDL_stack_alloc(char, length);
+        output = SDL_small_alloc(char, length, &isstack);
         SDL_snprintf(output, length, "%s: %s\r\n", SDL_priority_prefixes[priority], message);
         tstr = WIN_UTF8ToString(output);
         
@@ -389,7 +391,7 @@ SDL_LogOutput(void *userdata, int category, SDL_LogPriority priority,
 #endif /* !defined(HAVE_STDIO_H) && !defined(__WINRT__) */
 
         SDL_free(tstr);
-        SDL_stack_free(output);
+        SDL_small_free(output, isstack);
     }
 #elif defined(__ANDROID__)
     {
@@ -404,7 +406,7 @@ SDL_LogOutput(void *userdata, int category, SDL_LogPriority priority,
     extern void SDL_NSLog(const char *text);
     {
         char *text;
-
+        /* !!! FIXME: why not just "char text[SDL_MAX_LOG_MESSAGE];" ? */
         text = SDL_stack_alloc(char, SDL_MAX_LOG_MESSAGE);
         if (text) {
             SDL_snprintf(text, SDL_MAX_LOG_MESSAGE, "%s: %s", SDL_priority_prefixes[priority], message);
diff --git a/src/core/android/SDL_android.c b/src/core/android/SDL_android.c
index a56575e09d..2c6115fd9e 100644
--- a/src/core/android/SDL_android.c
+++ b/src/core/android/SDL_android.c
@@ -481,10 +481,11 @@ JNIEXPORT int JNICALL SDL_JAVA_INTERFACE(nativeRunMain)(JNIEnv* env, jclass cls,
             int argc;
             int len;
             char **argv;
+            SDL_bool isstack;
 
             /* Prepare the arguments. */
             len = (*env)->GetArrayLength(env, array);
-            argv = SDL_stack_alloc(char*, 1 + len + 1);
+            argv = SDL_small_alloc(char*, 1 + len + 1, &isstack);  /* !!! FIXME: check for NULL */
             argc = 0;
             /* Use the name "app_process" so PHYSFS_platformCalcBaseDir() works.
                https://bitbucket.org/MartinFelis/love-android-sdl2/issue/23/release-build-crash-on-start
@@ -517,7 +518,7 @@ JNIEXPORT int JNICALL SDL_JAVA_INTERFACE(nativeRunMain)(JNIEnv* env, jclass cls,
             for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
                 SDL_free(argv[i]);
             }
-            SDL_stack_free(argv);
+            SDL_small_free(argv, isstack);
 
         } else {
             __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, "SDL", "nativeRunMain(): Couldn't find function %s in library %s", function_name, library_file);
diff --git a/src/dynapi/SDL_dynapi_overrides.h b/src/dynapi/SDL_dynapi_overrides.h
index 745421382c..73767fbaef 100644
--- a/src/dynapi/SDL_dynapi_overrides.h
+++ b/src/dynapi/SDL_dynapi_overrides.h
@@ -701,3 +701,14 @@
 #define SDL_JoystickGetDevicePlayerIndex SDL_JoystickGetDevicePlayerIndex_REAL
 #define SDL_JoystickGetPlayerIndex SDL_JoystickGetPlayerIndex_REAL
 #define SDL_GameControllerGetPlayerIndex SDL_GameControllerGetPlayerIndex_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderFlush SDL_RenderFlush_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderDrawPointF SDL_RenderDrawPointF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderDrawPointsF SDL_RenderDrawPointsF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderDrawLineF SDL_RenderDrawLineF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderDrawLinesF SDL_RenderDrawLinesF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderDrawRectF SDL_RenderDrawRectF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderDrawRectsF SDL_RenderDrawRectsF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderFillRectF SDL_RenderFillRectF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderFillRectsF SDL_RenderFillRectsF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderCopyF SDL_RenderCopyF_REAL
+#define SDL_RenderCopyExF SDL_RenderCopyExF_REAL
diff --git a/src/dynapi/SDL_dynapi_procs.h b/src/dynapi/SDL_dynapi_procs.h
index 0a1f3aefa5..076205ef09 100644
--- a/src/dynapi/SDL_dynapi_procs.h
+++ b/src/dynapi/SDL_dynapi_procs.h
@@ -755,3 +755,14 @@ SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(SDL_Thread*,SDL_CreateThreadWithStackSize,(SDL_ThreadFunction a,
 SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_JoystickGetDevicePlayerIndex,(int a),(a),return)
 SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_JoystickGetPlayerIndex,(SDL_Joystick *a),(a),return)
 SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_GameControllerGetPlayerIndex,(SDL_GameController *a),(a),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderFlush,(SDL_Renderer *a),(a),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderDrawPointF,(SDL_Renderer *a, float b, float c),(a,b,c),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderDrawPointsF,(SDL_Renderer *a, const SDL_FPoint *b, int c),(a,b,c),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderDrawLineF,(SDL_Renderer *a, float b, float c, float d, float e),(a,b,c,d,e),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderDrawLinesF,(SDL_Renderer *a, const SDL_FPoint *b, int c),(a,b,c),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderDrawRectF,(SDL_Renderer *a, const SDL_FRect *b),(a,b),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderDrawRectsF,(SDL_Renderer *a, const SDL_FRect *b, int c),(a,b,c),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderFillRectF,(SDL_Renderer *a, const SDL_FRect *b),(a,b),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderFillRectsF,(SDL_Renderer *a, const SDL_FRect *b, int c),(a,b,c),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderCopyF,(SDL_Renderer *a, SDL_Texture *b, const SDL_Rect *c, const SDL_FRect *d),(a,b,c,d),return)
+SDL_DYNAPI_PROC(int,SDL_RenderCopyExF,(SDL_Renderer *a, SDL_Texture *b, const SDL_Rect *c, const SDL_FRect *d, const double e, const SDL_FPoint *f, const SDL_RendererFlip g),(a,b,c,d,e,f,g),return)
diff --git a/src/file/SDL_rwops.c b/src/file/SDL_rwops.c
index cf5d3aa0b9..5b0969d56f 100644
--- a/src/file/SDL_rwops.c
+++ b/src/file/SDL_rwops.c
@@ -528,6 +528,7 @@ SDL_RWFromFile(const char *file, const char *mode)
         char *path;
         FILE *fp;
 
+        /* !!! FIXME: why not just "char path[PATH_MAX];" ? */
         path = SDL_stack_alloc(char, PATH_MAX);
         if (path) {
             SDL_snprintf(path, PATH_MAX, "%s/%s",
diff --git a/src/joystick/SDL_gamecontroller.c b/src/joystick/SDL_gamecontroller.c
index eb1ef06546..65645f187d 100644
--- a/src/joystick/SDL_gamecontroller.c
+++ b/src/joystick/SDL_gamecontroller.c
@@ -202,13 +202,14 @@ static void UpdateEventsForDeviceRemoval()
 {
     int i, num_events;
     SDL_Event *events;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
 
     num_events = SDL_PeepEvents(NULL, 0, SDL_PEEKEVENT, SDL_CONTROLLERDEVICEADDED, SDL_CONTROLLERDEVICEADDED);
     if (num_events <= 0) {
         return;
     }
 
-    events = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_Event, num_events);
+    events = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_Event, num_events, &isstack);
     if (!events) {
         return;
     }
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ static void UpdateEventsForDeviceRemoval()
     }
     SDL_PeepEvents(events, num_events, SDL_ADDEVENT, 0, 0);
 
-    SDL_stack_free(events);
+    SDL_small_free(events, isstack);
 }
 
 static SDL_bool HasSameOutput(SDL_ExtendedGameControllerBind *a, SDL_ExtendedGameControllerBind *b)
diff --git a/src/joystick/SDL_joystick.c b/src/joystick/SDL_joystick.c
index 02903f5f96..8c784aec7f 100644
--- a/src/joystick/SDL_joystick.c
+++ b/src/joystick/SDL_joystick.c
@@ -777,13 +777,14 @@ static void UpdateEventsForDeviceRemoval()
 {
     int i, num_events;
     SDL_Event *events;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
 
     num_events = SDL_PeepEvents(NULL, 0, SDL_PEEKEVENT, SDL_JOYDEVICEADDED, SDL_JOYDEVICEADDED);
     if (num_events <= 0) {
         return;
     }
 
-    events = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_Event, num_events);
+    events = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_Event, num_events, &isstack);
     if (!events) {
         return;
     }
@@ -794,7 +795,7 @@ static void UpdateEventsForDeviceRemoval()
     }
     SDL_PeepEvents(events, num_events, SDL_ADDEVENT, 0, 0);
 
-    SDL_stack_free(events);
+    SDL_small_free(events, isstack);
 }
 
 void SDL_PrivateJoystickRemoved(SDL_JoystickID device_instance)
diff --git a/src/loadso/dlopen/SDL_sysloadso.c b/src/loadso/dlopen/SDL_sysloadso.c
index 18b4b84369..ed89a211d7 100644
--- a/src/loadso/dlopen/SDL_sysloadso.c
+++ b/src/loadso/dlopen/SDL_sysloadso.c
@@ -61,12 +61,13 @@ SDL_LoadFunction(void *handle, const char *name)
     void *symbol = dlsym(handle, name);
     if (symbol == NULL) {
         /* append an underscore for platforms that need that. */
+        SDL_bool isstack;
         size_t len = 1 + SDL_strlen(name) + 1;
-        char *_name = SDL_stack_alloc(char, len);
+        char *_name = SDL_small_alloc(char, len, &isstack);
         _name[0] = '_';
         SDL_strlcpy(&_name[1], name, len);
         symbol = dlsym(handle, _name);
-        SDL_stack_free(_name);
+        SDL_small_free(_name, isstack);
         if (symbol == NULL) {
             SDL_SetError("Failed loading %s: %s", name,
                          (const char *) dlerror());
diff --git a/src/render/SDL_render.c b/src/render/SDL_render.c
index 4985b16ba2..6af7d10c17 100644
--- a/src/render/SDL_render.c
+++ b/src/render/SDL_render.c
@@ -105,6 +105,519 @@ static const SDL_RenderDriver *render_drivers[] = {
 static char renderer_magic;
 static char texture_magic;
 
+static SDL_INLINE void
+DebugLogRenderCommands(const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
+{
+#if 0
+    unsigned int i = 1;
+    SDL_Log("Render commands to flush:");
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. no-op", i++);
+                break;
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. set viewport (first=%u, rect={(%d, %d), %dx%d})", i++,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.viewport.first,
+                        cmd->data.viewport.rect.x, cmd->data.viewport.rect.y,
+                        cmd->data.viewport.rect.w, cmd->data.viewport.rect.h);
+                break;
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. set cliprect (enabled=%s, rect={(%d, %d), %dx%d})", i++,
+                        cmd->data.cliprect.enabled ? "true" : "false",
+                        cmd->data.cliprect.rect.x, cmd->data.cliprect.rect.y,
+                        cmd->data.cliprect.rect.w, cmd->data.cliprect.rect.h);
+                break;
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. set draw color (first=%u, r=%d, g=%d, b=%d, a=%d)", i++,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.color.first,
+                        (int) cmd->data.color.r, (int) cmd->data.color.g,
+                        (int) cmd->data.color.b, (int) cmd->data.color.a);
+                break;
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. clear (first=%u, r=%d, g=%d, b=%d, a=%d)", i++,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.color.first,
+                        (int) cmd->data.color.r, (int) cmd->data.color.g,
+                        (int) cmd->data.color.b, (int) cmd->data.color.a);
+                break;
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. draw points (first=%u, count=%u, r=%d, g=%d, b=%d, a=%d, blend=%d)", i++,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.first,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.count,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.r, (int) cmd->data.draw.g,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.b, (int) cmd->data.draw.a,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.blend);
+                break;
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. draw lines (first=%u, count=%u, r=%d, g=%d, b=%d, a=%d, blend=%d)", i++,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.first,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.count,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.r, (int) cmd->data.draw.g,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.b, (int) cmd->data.draw.a,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.blend);
+                break;
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. fill rects (first=%u, count=%u, r=%d, g=%d, b=%d, a=%d, blend=%d)", i++,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.first,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.count,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.r, (int) cmd->data.draw.g,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.b, (int) cmd->data.draw.a,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.blend);
+                break;
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. copy (first=%u, count=%u, r=%d, g=%d, b=%d, a=%d, blend=%d, tex=%p)", i++,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.first,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.count,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.r, (int) cmd->data.draw.g,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.b, (int) cmd->data.draw.a,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.blend, cmd->data.draw.texture);
+                break;
+
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX:
+                SDL_Log(" %u. copyex (first=%u, count=%u, r=%d, g=%d, b=%d, a=%d, blend=%d, tex=%p)", i++,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.first,
+                        (unsigned int) cmd->data.draw.count,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.r, (int) cmd->data.draw.g,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.b, (int) cmd->data.draw.a,
+                        (int) cmd->data.draw.blend, cmd->data.draw.texture);
+                break;
+        }
+        cmd = cmd->next;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+static int
+FlushRenderCommands(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    SDL_AllocVertGap *prevgap = &renderer->vertex_data_gaps;
+    SDL_AllocVertGap *gap = prevgap;
+    int retval;
+
+    SDL_assert((renderer->render_commands == NULL) == (renderer->render_commands_tail == NULL));
+
+    if (renderer->render_commands == NULL) {  /* nothing to do! */
+        SDL_assert(renderer->vertex_data_used == 0);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    DebugLogRenderCommands(renderer->render_commands);
+
+    retval = renderer->RunCommandQueue(renderer, renderer->render_commands, renderer->vertex_data, renderer->vertex_data_used);
+
+    while (gap) {
+        prevgap = gap;
+        gap = gap->next;
+    }
+    prevgap->next = renderer->vertex_data_gaps_pool;
+    renderer->vertex_data_gaps_pool = renderer->vertex_data_gaps.next;
+    renderer->vertex_data_gaps.next = NULL;
+
+    /* Move the whole render command queue to the unused pool so we can reuse them next time. */
+    if (renderer->render_commands_tail != NULL) {
+        renderer->render_commands_tail->next = renderer->render_commands_pool;
+        renderer->render_commands_pool = renderer->render_commands;
+        renderer->render_commands_tail = NULL;
+        renderer->render_commands = NULL;
+    }
+    renderer->vertex_data_used = 0;
+    renderer->render_command_generation++;
+    renderer->color_queued = SDL_FALSE;
+    renderer->viewport_queued = SDL_FALSE;
+    renderer->cliprect_queued = SDL_FALSE;
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static int
+FlushRenderCommandsIfTextureNeeded(SDL_Texture *texture)
+{
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer = texture->renderer;
+    if (texture->last_command_generation == renderer->render_command_generation) {
+        /* the current command queue depends on this texture, flush the queue now before it changes */
+        return FlushRenderCommands(renderer);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static SDL_INLINE int
+FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    return renderer->batching ? 0 : FlushRenderCommands(renderer);
+}
+
+int
+SDL_RenderFlush(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+{
+    return FlushRenderCommands(renderer);
+}
+
+static SDL_AllocVertGap *
+AllocateVertexGap(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    SDL_AllocVertGap *retval = renderer->vertex_data_gaps_pool;
+    if (retval) {
+        renderer->vertex_data_gaps_pool = retval->next;
+        retval->next = NULL;
+    } else {
+        retval = (SDL_AllocVertGap *) SDL_malloc(sizeof (SDL_AllocVertGap));
+        if (!retval) {
+            SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+
+void *
+SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const size_t numbytes, const size_t alignment, size_t *offset)
+{
+    const size_t needed = renderer->vertex_data_used + numbytes + alignment;
+    size_t aligner, aligned;
+    void *retval;
+
+    SDL_AllocVertGap *prevgap = &renderer->vertex_data_gaps;
+    SDL_AllocVertGap *gap = prevgap->next;
+    while (gap) {
+        const size_t gapoffset = gap->offset;
+        aligner = (alignment && ((gap->offset % alignment) != 0)) ? (alignment - (gap->offset % alignment)) : 0;
+        aligned = gapoffset + aligner;
+
+        /* Can we use this gap? */
+        if ((aligner < gap->len) && ((gap->len - aligner) >= numbytes)) {
+            /* we either finished this gap off, trimmed the left, trimmed the right, or split it into two gaps. */
+            if (gap->len == numbytes) {  /* finished it off, remove it */
+                SDL_assert(aligned == gapoffset);
+                prevgap->next = gap->next;
+                gap->next = renderer->vertex_data_gaps_pool;
+                renderer->vertex_data_gaps_pool = gap;
+            } else if (aligned == gapoffset) {  /* trimmed the left */
+                gap->offset += numbytes;
+                gap->len -= numbytes;
+            } else if (((aligned - gapoffset) + numbytes) == gap->len) {  /* trimmed the right */
+                gap->len -= numbytes;
+            } else {  /* split into two gaps */
+                SDL_AllocVertGap *newgap = AllocateVertexGap(renderer);
+                if (!newgap) {
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                newgap->offset = aligned + numbytes;
+                newgap->len = gap->len - (aligner + numbytes);
+                newgap->next = gap->next;
+                // gap->offset doesn't change.
+                gap->len = aligner;
+                gap->next = newgap;
+            }
+
+            if (offset) {
+                *offset = aligned;
+            }
+            return ((Uint8 *) renderer->vertex_data) + aligned;
+        }
+
+        /* Try the next gap */
+        prevgap = gap;
+        gap = gap->next;
+    }
+
+    /* no gaps with enough space; get a new piece of the vertex buffer */
+    while (needed > renderer->vertex_data_allocation) {
+        const size_t current_allocation = renderer->vertex_data ? renderer->vertex_data_allocation : 1024;
+        const size_t newsize = current_allocation * 2;
+        void *ptr = SDL_realloc(renderer->vertex_data, newsize);
+        if (ptr == NULL) {
+            SDL_OutOfMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        renderer->vertex_data = ptr;
+        renderer->vertex_data_allocation = newsize;
+    }
+
+    aligner = (alignment && ((renderer->vertex_data_used % alignment) != 0)) ? (alignment - (renderer->vertex_data_used % alignment)) : 0;
+    aligned = renderer->vertex_data_used + aligner;
+
+    retval = ((Uint8 *) renderer->vertex_data) + aligned;
+    if (offset) {
+        *offset = aligned;
+    }
+
+    if (aligner) {  /* made a new gap... */
+        SDL_AllocVertGap *newgap = AllocateVertexGap(renderer);
+        if (newgap) {  /* just let it slide as lost space if malloc fails. */
+            newgap->offset = renderer->vertex_data_used;
+            newgap->len = aligner;
+            newgap->next = NULL;
+            prevgap->next = newgap;
+        }
+    }
+
+    renderer->vertex_data_used += aligner + numbytes;
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static SDL_RenderCommand *
+AllocateRenderCommand(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    SDL_RenderCommand *retval = NULL;
+
+    /* !!! FIXME: are there threading limitations in SDL's render API? If not, we need to mutex this. */
+    retval = renderer->render_commands_pool;
+    if (retval != NULL) {
+        renderer->render_commands_pool = retval->next;
+        retval->next = NULL;
+    } else {
+        retval = SDL_calloc(1, sizeof (*retval));
+        if (!retval) {
+            SDL_OutOfMemory();
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    SDL_assert((renderer->render_commands == NULL) == (renderer->render_commands_tail == NULL));
+    if (renderer->render_commands_tail != NULL) {
+        renderer->render_commands_tail->next = retval;
+    } else {
+        renderer->render_commands = retval;
+    }
+    renderer->render_commands_tail = retval;
+
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdSetViewport(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    int retval = 0;
+    if (!renderer->viewport_queued || (SDL_memcmp(&renderer->viewport, &renderer->last_queued_viewport, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0)) {
+        SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = AllocateRenderCommand(renderer);
+        retval = -1;
+        if (cmd != NULL) {
+            cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT;
+            cmd->data.viewport.first = 0;  /* render backend will fill this in. */
+            SDL_memcpy(&cmd->data.viewport.rect, &renderer->viewport, sizeof (renderer->viewport));
+            retval = renderer->QueueSetViewport(renderer, cmd);
+            if (retval < 0) {
+                cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP;
+            } else {
+                SDL_memcpy(&renderer->last_queued_viewport, &renderer->viewport, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                renderer->viewport_queued = SDL_TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdSetClipRect(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    int retval = 0;
+    if ((!renderer->cliprect_queued) ||
+         (renderer->clipping_enabled != renderer->last_queued_cliprect_enabled) ||
+         (SDL_memcmp(&renderer->clip_rect, &renderer->last_queued_cliprect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0)) {
+        SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = AllocateRenderCommand(renderer);
+        if (cmd == NULL) {
+            retval = -1;
+        } else {
+            cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT;
+            cmd->data.cliprect.enabled = renderer->clipping_enabled;
+            SDL_memcpy(&cmd->data.cliprect.rect, &renderer->clip_rect, sizeof (cmd->data.cliprect.rect));
+            SDL_memcpy(&renderer->last_queued_cliprect, &renderer->clip_rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+            renderer->last_queued_cliprect_enabled = renderer->clipping_enabled;
+            renderer->cliprect_queued = SDL_TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdSetDrawColor(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const Uint8 r, const Uint8 g, const Uint8 b, const Uint8 a)
+{
+    const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
+    int retval = 0;
+    
+    if (!renderer->color_queued || (color != renderer->last_queued_color)) {
+        SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = AllocateRenderCommand(renderer);
+        retval = -1;
+
+        if (cmd != NULL) {
+            cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR;
+            cmd->data.color.first = 0;  /* render backend will fill this in. */
+            cmd->data.color.r = r;
+            cmd->data.color.g = g;
+            cmd->data.color.b = b;
+            cmd->data.color.a = a;
+            retval = renderer->QueueSetDrawColor(renderer, cmd);
+            if (retval < 0) {
+                cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP;
+            } else {
+                renderer->last_queued_color = color;
+                renderer->color_queued = SDL_TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdClear(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = AllocateRenderCommand(renderer);
+    if (cmd == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR;
+    cmd->data.color.first = 0;
+    cmd->data.color.r = renderer->r;
+    cmd->data.color.g = renderer->g;
+    cmd->data.color.b = renderer->b;
+    cmd->data.color.a = renderer->a;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+PrepQueueCmdDraw(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const Uint8 r, const Uint8 g, const Uint8 b, const Uint8 a)
+{
+    int retval = 0;
+    if (retval == 0) {
+        retval = QueueCmdSetDrawColor(renderer, r, g, b, a);
+    }
+    if (retval == 0) {
+        retval = QueueCmdSetViewport(renderer);
+    }
+    if (retval == 0) {
+        retval = QueueCmdSetClipRect(renderer);
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static SDL_RenderCommand *
+PrepQueueCmdDrawSolid(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_RenderCommandType cmdtype)
+{
+    /* !!! FIXME: drop this draw if viewport w or h is zero. */
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = NULL;
+    if (PrepQueueCmdDraw(renderer, renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b, renderer->a) == 0) {
+        cmd = AllocateRenderCommand(renderer);
+        if (cmd != NULL) {
+            cmd->command = cmdtype;
+            cmd->data.draw.first = 0;  /* render backend will fill this in. */
+            cmd->data.draw.count = 0;  /* render backend will fill this in. */
+            cmd->data.draw.r = renderer->r;
+            cmd->data.draw.g = renderer->g;
+            cmd->data.draw.b = renderer->b;
+            cmd->data.draw.a = renderer->a;
+            cmd->data.draw.blend = renderer->blendMode;
+            cmd->data.draw.texture = NULL;  /* no texture. */
+        }
+    }
+    return cmd;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points, const int count)
+{
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = PrepQueueCmdDrawSolid(renderer, SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS);
+    int retval = -1;
+    if (cmd != NULL) {
+        retval = renderer->QueueDrawPoints(renderer, cmd, points, count);
+        if (retval < 0) {
+            cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP;
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdDrawLines(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points, const int count)
+{
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = PrepQueueCmdDrawSolid(renderer, SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES);
+    int retval = -1;
+    if (cmd != NULL) {
+        retval = renderer->QueueDrawLines(renderer, cmd, points, count);
+        if (retval < 0) {
+            cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP;
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdFillRects(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FRect * rects, const int count)
+{
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = PrepQueueCmdDrawSolid(renderer, SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS);
+    int retval = -1;
+    if (cmd != NULL) {
+        retval = renderer->QueueFillRects(renderer, cmd, rects, count);
+        if (retval < 0) {
+            cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP;
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static SDL_RenderCommand *
+PrepQueueCmdDrawTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_RenderCommandType cmdtype)
+{
+    /* !!! FIXME: drop this draw if viewport w or h is zero. */
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = NULL;
+    if (PrepQueueCmdDraw(renderer, texture->r, texture->g, texture->b, texture->a) == 0) {
+        cmd = AllocateRenderCommand(renderer);
+        if (cmd != NULL) {
+            cmd->command = cmdtype;
+            cmd->data.draw.first = 0;  /* render backend will fill this in. */
+            cmd->data.draw.count = 0;  /* render backend will fill this in. */
+            cmd->data.draw.r = texture->r;
+            cmd->data.draw.g = texture->g;
+            cmd->data.draw.b = texture->b;
+            cmd->data.draw.a = texture->a;
+            cmd->data.draw.blend = texture->blendMode;
+            cmd->data.draw.texture = texture;
+        }
+    }
+    return cmd;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdCopy(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture * texture, const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+{
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = PrepQueueCmdDrawTexture(renderer, texture, SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY);
+    int retval = -1;
+    if (cmd != NULL) {
+        retval = renderer->QueueCopy(renderer, cmd, texture, srcrect, dstrect);
+        if (retval < 0) {
+            cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP;
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+static int
+QueueCmdCopyEx(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
+               const SDL_Rect * srcquad, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+               const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
+{
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd = PrepQueueCmdDrawTexture(renderer, texture, SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX);
+    int retval = -1;
+    SDL_assert(renderer->QueueCopyEx != NULL);  /* should have caught at higher level. */
+    if (cmd != NULL) {
+        retval = renderer->QueueCopyEx(renderer, cmd, texture, srcquad, dstrect, angle, center, flip);
+        if (retval < 0) {
+            cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP;
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
+
 static int UpdateLogicalSize(SDL_Renderer *renderer);
 
 int
@@ -183,7 +696,8 @@ SDL_RendererEventWatch(void *userdata, SDL_Event *event)
                         renderer->viewport.y = 0;
                         renderer->viewport.w = w;
                         renderer->viewport.h = h;
-                        renderer->UpdateViewport(renderer);
+                        QueueCmdSetViewport(renderer);
+                        FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -300,12 +814,27 @@ SDL_CreateWindowAndRenderer(int width, int height, Uint32 window_flags,
     return 0;
 }
 
+static SDL_INLINE
+void VerifyDrawQueueFunctions(const SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    /* all of these functions are required to be implemented, even as no-ops, so we don't
+        have to check that they aren't NULL over and over. */
+    SDL_assert(renderer->QueueSetViewport != NULL);
+    SDL_assert(renderer->QueueSetDrawColor != NULL);
+    SDL_assert(renderer->QueueDrawPoints != NULL);
+    SDL_assert(renderer->QueueDrawLines != NULL);
+    SDL_assert(renderer->QueueFillRects != NULL);
+    SDL_assert(renderer->QueueCopy != NULL);
+    SDL_assert(renderer->RunCommandQueue != NULL);
+}
+
 SDL_Renderer *
 SDL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, int index, Uint32 flags)
 {
 #if !SDL_RENDER_DISABLED
     SDL_Renderer *renderer = NULL;
     int n = SDL_GetNumRenderDrivers();
+    SDL_bool batching = SDL_TRUE;
     const char *hint;
 
     if (!window) {
@@ -335,6 +864,9 @@ SDL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, int index, Uint32 flags)
                 if (SDL_strcasecmp(hint, driver->info.name) == 0) {
                     /* Create a new renderer instance */
                     renderer = driver->CreateRenderer(window, flags);
+                    if (renderer) {
+                        batching = SDL_FALSE;
+                    }
                     break;
                 }
             }
@@ -366,9 +898,20 @@ SDL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, int index, Uint32 flags)
         }
         /* Create a new renderer instance */
         renderer = render_drivers[index]->CreateRenderer(window, flags);
+        batching = SDL_FALSE;
     }
 
     if (renderer) {
+        VerifyDrawQueueFunctions(renderer);
+
+        /* let app/user override batching decisions. */
+        if (renderer->always_batch) {
+            batching = SDL_TRUE;
+        } else if (SDL_GetHint(SDL_HINT_RENDER_BATCHING)) {
+            batching = SDL_GetHintBoolean(SDL_HINT_RENDER_BATCHING, SDL_TRUE);
+        }
+
+        renderer->batching = batching;
         renderer->magic = &renderer_magic;
         renderer->window = window;
         renderer->target_mutex = SDL_CreateMutex();
@@ -377,6 +920,9 @@ SDL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, int index, Uint32 flags)
         renderer->dpi_scale.x = 1.0f;
         renderer->dpi_scale.y = 1.0f;
 
+        /* new textures start at zero, so we start at 1 so first render doesn't flush by accident. */
+        renderer->render_command_generation = 1;
+
         if (window && renderer->GetOutputSize) {
             int window_w, window_h;
             int output_w, output_h;
@@ -418,11 +964,15 @@ SDL_CreateSoftwareRenderer(SDL_Surface * surface)
     renderer = SW_CreateRendererForSurface(surface);
 
     if (renderer) {
+        VerifyDrawQueueFunctions(renderer);
         renderer->magic = &renderer_magic;
         renderer->target_mutex = SDL_CreateMutex();
         renderer->scale.x = 1.0f;
         renderer->scale.y = 1.0f;
 
+        /* new textures start at zero, so we start at 1 so first render doesn't flush by accident. */
+        renderer->render_command_generation = 1;
+
         SDL_RenderSetViewport(renderer, NULL);
     }
     return renderer;
@@ -744,11 +1294,8 @@ SDL_QueryTexture(SDL_Texture * texture, Uint32 * format, int *access,
 int
 SDL_SetTextureColorMod(SDL_Texture * texture, Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b)
 {
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-
     CHECK_TEXTURE_MAGIC(texture, -1);
 
-    renderer = texture->renderer;
     if (r < 255 || g < 255 || b < 255) {
         texture->modMode |= SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_COLOR;
     } else {
@@ -759,11 +1306,8 @@ SDL_SetTextureColorMod(SDL_Texture * texture, Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b)
     texture->b = b;
     if (texture->native) {
         return SDL_SetTextureColorMod(texture->native, r, g, b);
-    } else if (renderer->SetTextureColorMod) {
-        return renderer->SetTextureColorMod(renderer, texture);
-    } else {
-        return 0;
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int
@@ -787,11 +1331,8 @@ SDL_GetTextureColorMod(SDL_Texture * texture, Uint8 * r, Uint8 * g,
 int
 SDL_SetTextureAlphaMod(SDL_Texture * texture, Uint8 alpha)
 {
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-
     CHECK_TEXTURE_MAGIC(texture, -1);
 
-    renderer = texture->renderer;
     if (alpha < 255) {
         texture->modMode |= SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_ALPHA;
     } else {
@@ -800,11 +1341,8 @@ SDL_SetTextureAlphaMod(SDL_Texture * texture, Uint8 alpha)
     texture->a = alpha;
     if (texture->native) {
         return SDL_SetTextureAlphaMod(texture->native, alpha);
-    } else if (renderer->SetTextureAlphaMod) {
-        return renderer->SetTextureAlphaMod(renderer, texture);
-    } else {
-        return 0;
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int
@@ -832,11 +1370,8 @@ SDL_SetTextureBlendMode(SDL_Texture * texture, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
     texture->blendMode = blendMode;
     if (texture->native) {
         return SDL_SetTextureBlendMode(texture->native, blendMode);
-    } else if (renderer->SetTextureBlendMode) {
-        return renderer->SetTextureBlendMode(renderer, texture);
-    } else {
-        return 0;
     }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 int
@@ -941,7 +1476,6 @@ int
 SDL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Texture * texture, const SDL_Rect * rect,
                   const void *pixels, int pitch)
 {
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
     SDL_Rect full_rect;
 
     CHECK_TEXTURE_MAGIC(texture, -1);
@@ -968,7 +1502,10 @@ SDL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Texture * texture, const SDL_Rect * rect,
     } else if (texture->native) {
         return SDL_UpdateTextureNative(texture, rect, pixels, pitch);
     } else {
-        renderer = texture->renderer;
+        SDL_Renderer *renderer = texture->renderer;
+        if (FlushRenderCommandsIfTextureNeeded(texture) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
         return renderer->UpdateTexture(renderer, texture, rect, pixels, pitch);
     }
 }
@@ -1078,6 +1615,9 @@ int SDL_UpdateYUVTexture(SDL_Texture * texture, const SDL_Rect * rect,
         renderer = texture->renderer;
         SDL_assert(renderer->UpdateTextureYUV);
         if (renderer->UpdateTextureYUV) {
+            if (FlushRenderCommandsIfTextureNeeded(texture) < 0) {
+                return -1;
+            }
             return renderer->UpdateTextureYUV(renderer, texture, rect, Yplane, Ypitch, Uplane, Upitch, Vplane, Vpitch);
         } else {
             return SDL_Unsupported();
@@ -1108,7 +1648,6 @@ int
 SDL_LockTexture(SDL_Texture * texture, const SDL_Rect * rect,
                 void **pixels, int *pitch)
 {
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
     SDL_Rect full_rect;
 
     CHECK_TEXTURE_MAGIC(texture, -1);
@@ -1126,11 +1665,18 @@ SDL_LockTexture(SDL_Texture * texture, const SDL_Rect * rect,
     }
 
     if (texture->yuv) {
+        if (FlushRenderCommandsIfTextureNeeded(texture) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
         return SDL_LockTextureYUV(texture, rect, pixels, pitch);
     } else if (texture->native) {
+        /* Calls a real SDL_LockTexture/SDL_UnlockTexture on unlock, flushing then. */
         return SDL_LockTextureNative(texture, rect, pixels, pitch);
     } else {
-        renderer = texture->renderer;
+        SDL_Renderer *renderer = texture->renderer;
+        if (FlushRenderCommandsIfTextureNeeded(texture) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
         return renderer->LockTexture(renderer, texture, rect, pixels, pitch);
     }
 }
@@ -1180,8 +1726,6 @@ SDL_UnlockTextureNative(SDL_Texture * texture)
 void
 SDL_UnlockTexture(SDL_Texture * texture)
 {
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-
     CHECK_TEXTURE_MAGIC(texture, );
 
     if (texture->access != SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING) {
@@ -1192,7 +1736,7 @@ SDL_UnlockTexture(SDL_Texture * texture)
     } else if (texture->native) {
         SDL_UnlockTextureNative(texture);
     } else {
-        renderer = texture->renderer;
+        SDL_Renderer *renderer = texture->renderer;
         renderer->UnlockTexture(renderer, texture);
     }
 }
@@ -1217,6 +1761,8 @@ SDL_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
         return 0;
     }
 
+    FlushRenderCommands(renderer);  /* time to send everything to the GPU! */
+
     /* texture == NULL is valid and means reset the target to the window */
     if (texture) {
         CHECK_TEXTURE_MAGIC(texture, -1);
@@ -1272,15 +1818,15 @@ SDL_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
 
     SDL_UnlockMutex(renderer->target_mutex);
 
-    if (renderer->UpdateViewport(renderer) < 0) {
+    if (QueueCmdSetViewport(renderer) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
-    if (renderer->UpdateClipRect(renderer) < 0) {
+    if (QueueCmdSetClipRect(renderer) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 
     /* All set! */
-    return 0;
+    return FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
 SDL_Texture *
@@ -1452,6 +1998,7 @@ SDLCALL SDL_RenderGetIntegerScale(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 int
 SDL_RenderSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect)
 {
+    int retval;
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
 
     if (rect) {
@@ -1466,7 +2013,8 @@ SDL_RenderSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect)
             return -1;
         }
     }
-    return renderer->UpdateViewport(renderer);
+    retval = QueueCmdSetViewport(renderer);
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
 void
@@ -1485,6 +2033,7 @@ SDL_RenderGetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Rect * rect)
 int
 SDL_RenderSetClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect)
 {
+    int retval;
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1)
 
     if (rect) {
@@ -1497,7 +2046,9 @@ SDL_RenderSetClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect)
         renderer->clipping_enabled = SDL_FALSE;
         SDL_zero(renderer->clip_rect);
     }
-    return renderer->UpdateClipRect(renderer);
+
+    retval = QueueCmdSetClipRect(renderer);
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
 void
@@ -1601,37 +2152,43 @@ SDL_GetRenderDrawBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode *blendMode)
 int
 SDL_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
+    int retval;
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
-
-    /* Don't draw while we're hidden */
-    if (renderer->hidden) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    return renderer->RenderClear(renderer);
+    retval = QueueCmdClear(renderer);
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
+
+/* !!! FIXME: delete all the duplicate code for the integer versions in 2.1,
+   !!! FIXME:  making the floating point versions the only available APIs. */
+
 int
 SDL_RenderDrawPoint(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int x, int y)
 {
-    SDL_Point point;
+    const SDL_FPoint fpoint = { (float) x, (float) y };
+    return SDL_RenderDrawPointsF(renderer, &fpoint, 1);
+}
 
-    point.x = x;
-    point.y = y;
-    return SDL_RenderDrawPoints(renderer, &point, 1);
+int
+SDL_RenderDrawPointF(SDL_Renderer * renderer, float x, float y)
+{
+    const SDL_FPoint fpoint = { x, y };
+    return SDL_RenderDrawPointsF(renderer, &fpoint, 1);
 }
 
 static int
 RenderDrawPointsWithRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                     const SDL_Point * points, int count)
+                          const SDL_Point * points, const int count)
 {
-    SDL_FRect *frects;
+    int retval = -1;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
+    SDL_FRect *frects = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FRect, count, &isstack);
     int i;
-    int status;
 
-    frects = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_FRect, count);
     if (!frects) {
         return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
+
     for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
         frects[i].x = points[i].x * renderer->scale.x;
         frects[i].y = points[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
@@ -1639,11 +2196,11 @@ RenderDrawPointsWithRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
         frects[i].h = renderer->scale.y;
     }
 
-    status = renderer->RenderFillRects(renderer, frects, count);
+    retval = QueueCmdFillRects(renderer, frects, count);
 
-    SDL_stack_free(frects);
+    SDL_small_free(frects, isstack);
 
-    return status;
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
 int
@@ -1652,7 +2209,8 @@ SDL_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
 {
     SDL_FPoint *fpoints;
     int i;
-    int status;
+    int retval;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
 
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
 
@@ -1672,7 +2230,77 @@ SDL_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
         return RenderDrawPointsWithRects(renderer, points, count);
     }
 
-    fpoints = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_FPoint, count);
+    fpoints = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FPoint, count, &isstack);
+    if (!fpoints) {
+        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+        fpoints[i].x = points[i].x * renderer->scale.x;
+        fpoints[i].y = points[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
+    }
+
+    retval = QueueCmdDrawPoints(renderer, fpoints, count);
+
+    SDL_small_free(fpoints, isstack);
+
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
+}
+
+static int
+RenderDrawPointsWithRectsF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                           const SDL_FPoint * fpoints, const int count)
+{
+    int retval = -1;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
+    SDL_FRect *frects = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FRect, count, &isstack);
+    int i;
+
+    if (!frects) {
+        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+        frects[i].x = fpoints[i].x * renderer->scale.x;
+        frects[i].y = fpoints[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
+        frects[i].w = renderer->scale.x;
+        frects[i].h = renderer->scale.y;
+    }
+
+    retval = QueueCmdFillRects(renderer, frects, count);
+
+    SDL_small_free(frects, isstack);
+
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
+}
+
+int
+SDL_RenderDrawPointsF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                      const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
+{
+    SDL_FPoint *fpoints;
+    int i;
+    int retval;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
+
+    CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
+
+    if (!points) {
+        return SDL_SetError("SDL_RenderDrawFPoints(): Passed NULL points");
+    }
+    if (count < 1) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Don't draw while we're hidden */
+    if (renderer->hidden) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (renderer->scale.x != 1.0f || renderer->scale.y != 1.0f) {
+        return RenderDrawPointsWithRectsF(renderer, points, count);
+    }
+
+    fpoints = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FPoint, count, &isstack);
     if (!fpoints) {
         return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
@@ -1681,46 +2309,102 @@ SDL_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
         fpoints[i].y = points[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
     }
 
-    status = renderer->RenderDrawPoints(renderer, fpoints, count);
+    retval = QueueCmdDrawPoints(renderer, fpoints, count);
 
-    SDL_stack_free(fpoints);
+    SDL_small_free(fpoints, isstack);
 
-    return status;
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
 int
 SDL_RenderDrawLine(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2)
 {
-    SDL_Point points[2];
+    const SDL_FPoint points[2] = { { (float) x1, (float) y1 }, { (float) x2, (float) y2 } };
+    return SDL_RenderDrawLinesF(renderer, points, 2);
+}
 
-    points[0].x = x1;
-    points[0].y = y1;
-    points[1].x = x2;
-    points[1].y = y2;
-    return SDL_RenderDrawLines(renderer, points, 2);
+int
+SDL_RenderDrawLineF(SDL_Renderer * renderer, float x1, float y1, float x2, float y2)
+{
+    const SDL_FPoint points[2] = { { x1, y1 }, { x2, y2 } };
+    return SDL_RenderDrawLinesF(renderer, points, 2);
 }
 
 static int
 RenderDrawLinesWithRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                     const SDL_Point * points, int count)
+                     const SDL_Point * points, const int count)
+{
+    SDL_FRect *frect;
+    SDL_FRect *frects;
+    SDL_FPoint fpoints[2];
+    int i, nrects = 0;
+    int retval = 0;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
+
+    frects = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FRect, count-1, &isstack);
+    if (!frects) {
+        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < count-1; ++i) {
+        if (points[i].x == points[i+1].x) {
+            const int minY = SDL_min(points[i].y, points[i+1].y);
+            const int maxY = SDL_max(points[i].y, points[i+1].y);
+
+            frect = &frects[nrects++];
+            frect->x = points[i].x * renderer->scale.x;
+            frect->y = minY * renderer->scale.y;
+            frect->w = renderer->scale.x;
+            frect->h = (maxY - minY + 1) * renderer->scale.y;
+        } else if (points[i].y == points[i+1].y) {
+            const int minX = SDL_min(points[i].x, points[i+1].x);
+            const int maxX = SDL_max(points[i].x, points[i+1].x);
+
+            frect = &frects[nrects++];
+            frect->x = minX * renderer->scale.x;
+            frect->y = points[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
+            frect->w = (maxX - minX + 1) * renderer->scale.x;
+            frect->h = renderer->scale.y;
+        } else {
+            /* FIXME: We can't use a rect for this line... */
+            fpoints[0].x = points[i].x * renderer->scale.x;
+            fpoints[0].y = points[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
+            fpoints[1].x = points[i+1].x * renderer->scale.x;
+            fpoints[1].y = points[i+1].y * renderer->scale.y;
+            retval += QueueCmdDrawLines(renderer, fpoints, 2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    retval += QueueCmdFillRects(renderer, frects, nrects);
+
+    SDL_small_free(frects, isstack);
+
+    if (retval < 0) {
+        retval = -1;
+    }
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
+}
+
+static int
+RenderDrawLinesWithRectsF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                          const SDL_FPoint * points, const int count)
 {
     SDL_FRect *frect;
     SDL_FRect *frects;
     SDL_FPoint fpoints[2];
-    int i, nrects;
-    int status;
+    int i, nrects = 0;
+    int retval = 0;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
 
-    frects = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_FRect, count-1);
+    frects = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FRect, count-1, &isstack);
     if (!frects) {
         return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
 
-    status = 0;
-    nrects = 0;
     for (i = 0; i < count-1; ++i) {
         if (points[i].x == points[i+1].x) {
-            int minY = SDL_min(points[i].y, points[i+1].y);
-            int maxY = SDL_max(points[i].y, points[i+1].y);
+            const int minY = SDL_min(points[i].y, points[i+1].y);
+            const int maxY = SDL_max(points[i].y, points[i+1].y);
 
             frect = &frects[nrects++];
             frect->x = points[i].x * renderer->scale.x;
@@ -1728,8 +2412,8 @@ RenderDrawLinesWithRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
             frect->w = renderer->scale.x;
             frect->h = (maxY - minY + 1) * renderer->scale.y;
         } else if (points[i].y == points[i+1].y) {
-            int minX = SDL_min(points[i].x, points[i+1].x);
-            int maxX = SDL_max(points[i].x, points[i+1].x);
+            const int minX = SDL_min(points[i].x, points[i+1].x);
+            const int maxX = SDL_max(points[i].x, points[i+1].x);
 
             frect = &frects[nrects++];
             frect->x = minX * renderer->scale.x;
@@ -1742,18 +2426,18 @@ RenderDrawLinesWithRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
             fpoints[0].y = points[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
             fpoints[1].x = points[i+1].x * renderer->scale.x;
             fpoints[1].y = points[i+1].y * renderer->scale.y;
-            status += renderer->RenderDrawLines(renderer, fpoints, 2);
+            retval += QueueCmdDrawLines(renderer, fpoints, 2);
         }
     }
 
-    status += renderer->RenderFillRects(renderer, frects, nrects);
+    retval += QueueCmdFillRects(renderer, frects, nrects);
 
-    SDL_stack_free(frects);
+    SDL_small_free(frects, isstack);
 
-    if (status < 0) {
-        status = -1;
+    if (retval < 0) {
+        retval = -1;
     }
-    return status;
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
 int
@@ -1762,7 +2446,8 @@ SDL_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
 {
     SDL_FPoint *fpoints;
     int i;
-    int status;
+    int retval;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
 
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
 
@@ -1782,7 +2467,50 @@ SDL_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
         return RenderDrawLinesWithRects(renderer, points, count);
     }
 
-    fpoints = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_FPoint, count);
+    fpoints = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FPoint, count, &isstack);
+    if (!fpoints) {
+        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+        fpoints[i].x = points[i].x * renderer->scale.x;
+        fpoints[i].y = points[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
+    }
+
+    retval = QueueCmdDrawLines(renderer, fpoints, count);
+
+    SDL_small_free(fpoints, isstack);
+
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
+}
+
+int
+SDL_RenderDrawLinesF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                     const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
+{
+    SDL_FPoint *fpoints;
+    int i;
+    int retval;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
+
+    CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
+
+    if (!points) {
+        return SDL_SetError("SDL_RenderDrawLines(): Passed NULL points");
+    }
+    if (count < 2) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Don't draw while we're hidden */
+    if (renderer->hidden) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (renderer->scale.x != 1.0f || renderer->scale.y != 1.0f) {
+        return RenderDrawLinesWithRectsF(renderer, points, count);
+    }
+
+    fpoints = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FPoint, count, &isstack);
     if (!fpoints) {
         return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
@@ -1791,27 +2519,47 @@ SDL_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
         fpoints[i].y = points[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
     }
 
-    status = renderer->RenderDrawLines(renderer, fpoints, count);
+    retval = QueueCmdDrawLines(renderer, fpoints, count);
 
-    SDL_stack_free(fpoints);
+    SDL_small_free(fpoints, isstack);
 
-    return status;
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
 int
 SDL_RenderDrawRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect)
 {
-    SDL_Rect full_rect;
-    SDL_Point points[5];
+    SDL_FRect frect;
+    SDL_FRect *prect = NULL;
+
+    if (rect) {
+        frect.x = (float) rect->x;
+        frect.y = (float) rect->y;
+        frect.w = (float) rect->w;
+        frect.h = (float) rect->h;
+        prect = &frect;
+    }
+
+    return SDL_RenderDrawRectF(renderer, prect);
+}
+
+int
+SDL_RenderDrawRectF(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rect)
+{
+    SDL_FRect frect;
+    SDL_FPoint points[5];
 
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
 
     /* If 'rect' == NULL, then outline the whole surface */
     if (!rect) {
-        SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &full_rect);
-        full_rect.x = 0;
-        full_rect.y = 0;
-        rect = &full_rect;
+        SDL_Rect r;
+        SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &r);
+        frect.x = 0.0f;
+        frect.y = 0.0f;
+        frect.w = (float) r.w;
+        frect.h = (float) r.h;
+        rect = &frect;
     }
 
     points[0].x = rect->x;
@@ -1824,7 +2572,7 @@ SDL_RenderDrawRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect)
     points[3].y = rect->y+rect->h-1;
     points[4].x = rect->x;
     points[4].y = rect->y;
-    return SDL_RenderDrawLines(renderer, points, 5);
+    return SDL_RenderDrawLinesF(renderer, points, 5);
 }
 
 int
@@ -1856,20 +2604,75 @@ SDL_RenderDrawRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
 }
 
 int
+SDL_RenderDrawRectsF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                     const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
+
+    if (!rects) {
+        return SDL_SetError("SDL_RenderDrawRects(): Passed NULL rects");
+    }
+    if (count < 1) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Don't draw while we're hidden */
+    if (renderer->hidden) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+        if (SDL_RenderDrawRectF(renderer, &rects[i]) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
 SDL_RenderFillRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect)
 {
-    SDL_Rect full_rect = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
+    SDL_FRect frect;
+
+    CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
+
+    /* If 'rect' == NULL, then outline the whole surface */
+    if (rect) {
+        frect.x = (float) rect->x;
+        frect.y = (float) rect->y;
+        frect.w = (float) rect->w;
+        frect.h = (float) rect->h;
+    } else {
+        SDL_Rect r;
+        SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &r);
+        frect.x = 0.0f;
+        frect.y = 0.0f;
+        frect.w = (float) r.w;
+        frect.h = (float) r.h;
+    }
+    return SDL_RenderFillRectsF(renderer, &frect, 1);
+}
+
+int
+SDL_RenderFillRectF(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rect)
+{
+    SDL_FRect frect;
 
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
 
     /* If 'rect' == NULL, then outline the whole surface */
     if (!rect) {
-        SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &full_rect);
-        full_rect.x = 0;
-        full_rect.y = 0;
-        rect = &full_rect;
+        SDL_Rect r;
+        SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &r);
+        frect.x = 0.0f;
+        frect.y = 0.0f;
+        frect.w = (float) r.w;
+        frect.h = (float) r.h;
+        rect = &frect;
     }
-    return SDL_RenderFillRects(renderer, rect, 1);
+    return SDL_RenderFillRectsF(renderer, rect, 1);
 }
 
 int
@@ -1878,7 +2681,8 @@ SDL_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
 {
     SDL_FRect *frects;
     int i;
-    int status;
+    int retval;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
 
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
 
@@ -1894,7 +2698,7 @@ SDL_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
         return 0;
     }
 
-    frects = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_FRect, count);
+    frects = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FRect, count, &isstack);
     if (!frects) {
         return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
@@ -1905,20 +2709,132 @@ SDL_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
         frects[i].h = rects[i].h * renderer->scale.y;
     }
 
-    status = renderer->RenderFillRects(renderer, frects, count);
+    retval = QueueCmdFillRects(renderer, frects, count);
 
-    SDL_stack_free(frects);
+    SDL_small_free(frects, isstack);
 
-    return status;
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
+}
+
+int
+SDL_RenderFillRectsF(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
+                     const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
+{
+    SDL_FRect *frects;
+    int i;
+    int retval;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
+
+    CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
+
+    if (!rects) {
+        return SDL_SetError("SDL_RenderFillFRects(): Passed NULL rects");
+    }
+    if (count < 1) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Don't draw while we're hidden */
+    if (renderer->hidden) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    frects = SDL_small_alloc(SDL_FRect, count, &isstack);
+    if (!frects) {
+        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+        frects[i].x = rects[i].x * renderer->scale.x;
+        frects[i].y = rects[i].y * renderer->scale.y;
+        frects[i].w = rects[i].w * renderer->scale.x;
+        frects[i].h = rects[i].h * renderer->scale.y;
+    }
+
+    retval = QueueCmdFillRects(renderer, frects, count);
+
+    SDL_small_free(frects, isstack);
+
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
+}
+
+/* !!! FIXME: move this to a public API if we want to do float versions of all of these later */
+SDL_FORCE_INLINE SDL_bool SDL_FRectEmpty(const SDL_FRect *r)
+{
+    return ((!r) || (r->w <= 0.0f) || (r->h <= 0.0f)) ? SDL_TRUE : SDL_FALSE;
+}
+
+/* !!! FIXME: move this to a public API if we want to do float versions of all of these later */
+static SDL_bool
+SDL_HasIntersectionF(const SDL_FRect * A, const SDL_FRect * B)
+{
+    float Amin, Amax, Bmin, Bmax;
+
+    if (!A) {
+        SDL_InvalidParamError("A");
+        return SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (!B) {
+        SDL_InvalidParamError("B");
+        return SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* Special cases for empty rects */
+    if (SDL_FRectEmpty(A) || SDL_FRectEmpty(B)) {
+        return SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    /* Horizontal intersection */
+    Amin = A->x;
+    Amax = Amin + A->w;
+    Bmin = B->x;
+    Bmax = Bmin + B->w;
+    if (Bmin > Amin)
+        Amin = Bmin;
+    if (Bmax < Amax)
+        Amax = Bmax;
+    if (Amax <= Amin)
+        return SDL_FALSE;
+
+    /* Vertical intersection */
+    Amin = A->y;
+    Amax = Amin + A->h;
+    Bmin = B->y;
+    Bmax = Bmin + B->h;
+    if (Bmin > Amin)
+        Amin = Bmin;
+    if (Bmax < Amax)
+        Amax = Bmax;
+    if (Amax <= Amin)
+        return SDL_FALSE;
+
+    return SDL_TRUE;
 }
 
 int
 SDL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_Rect * dstrect)
 {
-    SDL_Rect real_srcrect = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-    SDL_Rect real_dstrect = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-    SDL_FRect frect;
+    SDL_FRect dstfrect;
+    SDL_FRect *pdstfrect = NULL;
+    if (dstrect) {
+        dstfrect.x = (float) dstrect->x;
+        dstfrect.y = (float) dstrect->y;
+        dstfrect.w = (float) dstrect->w;
+        dstfrect.h = (float) dstrect->h;
+        pdstfrect = &dstfrect;
+    }
+    return SDL_RenderCopyF(renderer, texture, srcrect, pdstfrect);
+}
+
+int
+SDL_RenderCopyF(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+{
+    SDL_Rect real_srcrect;
+    SDL_FRect real_dstrect;
+    SDL_Rect r;
+    int retval;
 
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
     CHECK_TEXTURE_MAGIC(texture, -1);
@@ -1942,11 +2858,13 @@ SDL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
         }
     }
 
-    SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &real_dstrect);
-    real_dstrect.x = 0;
-    real_dstrect.y = 0;
+    SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &r);
+    real_dstrect.x = 0.0f;
+    real_dstrect.y = 0.0f;
+    real_dstrect.w = (float) r.w;
+    real_dstrect.h = (float) r.h;
     if (dstrect) {
-        if (!SDL_HasIntersection(dstrect, &real_dstrect)) {
+        if (!SDL_HasIntersectionF(dstrect, &real_dstrect)) {
             return 0;
         }
         real_dstrect = *dstrect;
@@ -1956,28 +2874,56 @@ SDL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
         texture = texture->native;
     }
 
-    frect.x = real_dstrect.x * renderer->scale.x;
-    frect.y = real_dstrect.y * renderer->scale.y;
-    frect.w = real_dstrect.w * renderer->scale.x;
-    frect.h = real_dstrect.h * renderer->scale.y;
+    real_dstrect.x *= renderer->scale.x;
+    real_dstrect.y *= renderer->scale.y;
+    real_dstrect.w *= renderer->scale.x;
+    real_dstrect.h *= renderer->scale.y;
 
-    return renderer->RenderCopy(renderer, texture, &real_srcrect, &frect);
-}
+    texture->last_command_generation = renderer->render_command_generation;
 
+    retval = QueueCmdCopy(renderer, texture, &real_srcrect, &real_dstrect);
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
+}
 
 int
 SDL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_Rect * dstrect,
                const double angle, const SDL_Point *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-    SDL_Rect real_srcrect = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-    SDL_Rect real_dstrect = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
-    SDL_Point real_center;
-    SDL_FRect frect;
+    SDL_FRect dstfrect;
+    SDL_FRect *pdstfrect = NULL;
     SDL_FPoint fcenter;
+    SDL_FPoint *pfcenter = NULL;
+
+    if (dstrect) {
+        dstfrect.x = (float) dstrect->x;
+        dstfrect.y = (float) dstrect->y;
+        dstfrect.w = (float) dstrect->w;
+        dstfrect.h = (float) dstrect->h;
+        pdstfrect = &dstfrect;
+    }
+
+    if (center) {
+        fcenter.x = (float) center->x;
+        fcenter.y = (float) center->y;
+        pfcenter = &fcenter;
+    }
+
+    return SDL_RenderCopyExF(renderer, texture, srcrect, pdstfrect, angle, pfcenter, flip);
+}
+
+int
+SDL_RenderCopyExF(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
+               const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+               const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
+{
+    SDL_Rect real_srcrect;
+    SDL_FRect real_dstrect;
+    SDL_FPoint real_center;
+    int retval;
 
     if (flip == SDL_FLIP_NONE && (int)(angle/360) == angle/360) { /* fast path when we don't need rotation or flipping */
-        return SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, texture, srcrect, dstrect);
+        return SDL_RenderCopyF(renderer, texture, srcrect, dstrect);
     }
 
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, -1);
@@ -1986,7 +2932,7 @@ SDL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     if (renderer != texture->renderer) {
         return SDL_SetError("Texture was not created with this renderer");
     }
-    if (!renderer->RenderCopyEx) {
+    if (!renderer->QueueCopyEx) {
         return SDL_SetError("Renderer does not support RenderCopyEx");
     }
 
@@ -2009,9 +2955,12 @@ SDL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     if (dstrect) {
         real_dstrect = *dstrect;
     } else {
-        SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &real_dstrect);
-        real_dstrect.x = 0;
-        real_dstrect.y = 0;
+        SDL_Rect r;
+        SDL_RenderGetViewport(renderer, &r);
+        real_dstrect.x = 0.0f;
+        real_dstrect.y = 0.0f;
+        real_dstrect.w = (float) r.w;
+        real_dstrect.h = (float) r.h;
     }
 
     if (texture->native) {
@@ -2021,19 +2970,22 @@ SDL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     if (center) {
         real_center = *center;
     } else {
-        real_center.x = real_dstrect.w/2;
-        real_center.y = real_dstrect.h/2;
+        real_center.x = real_dstrect.w / 2.0f;
+        real_center.y = real_dstrect.h / 2.0f;
     }
 
-    frect.x = real_dstrect.x * renderer->scale.x;
-    frect.y = real_dstrect.y * renderer->scale.y;
-    frect.w = real_dstrect.w * renderer->scale.x;
-    frect.h = real_dstrect.h * renderer->scale.y;
+    real_dstrect.x *= renderer->scale.x;
+    real_dstrect.y *= renderer->scale.y;
+    real_dstrect.w *= renderer->scale.x;
+    real_dstrect.h *= renderer->scale.y;
 
-    fcenter.x = real_center.x * renderer->scale.x;
-    fcenter.y = real_center.y * renderer->scale.y;
+    real_center.x *= renderer->scale.x;
+    real_center.y *= renderer->scale.y;
 
-    return renderer->RenderCopyEx(renderer, texture, &real_srcrect, &frect, angle, &fcenter, flip);
+    texture->last_command_generation = renderer->render_command_generation;
+
+    retval = QueueCmdCopyEx(renderer, texture, &real_srcrect, &real_dstrect, angle, &real_center, flip);
+    return retval < 0 ? retval : FlushRenderCommandsIfNotBatching(renderer);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2048,6 +3000,8 @@ SDL_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
         return SDL_Unsupported();
     }
 
+    FlushRenderCommands(renderer);  /* we need to render before we read the results. */
+
     if (!format) {
         format = SDL_GetWindowPixelFormat(renderer->window);
     }
@@ -2078,7 +3032,9 @@ SDL_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, );
 
-    /* Don't draw while we're hidden */
+    FlushRenderCommands(renderer);  /* time to send everything to the GPU! */
+
+    /* Don't present while we're hidden */
     if (renderer->hidden) {
         return;
     }
@@ -2094,7 +3050,9 @@ SDL_DestroyTexture(SDL_Texture * texture)
 
     renderer = texture->renderer;
     if (texture == renderer->target) {
-        SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, NULL);
+        SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, NULL);  /* implies command queue flush */
+    } else {
+        FlushRenderCommandsIfTextureNeeded(texture);
     }
 
     texture->magic = NULL;
@@ -2123,10 +3081,43 @@ SDL_DestroyTexture(SDL_Texture * texture)
 void
 SDL_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
+    SDL_RenderCommand *cmd;
+    SDL_AllocVertGap *gap;
+    SDL_AllocVertGap *nextgap;
+
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, );
 
     SDL_DelEventWatch(SDL_RendererEventWatch, renderer);
 
+    if (renderer->render_commands_tail != NULL) {
+        renderer->render_commands_tail->next = renderer->render_commands_pool;
+        cmd = renderer->render_commands;
+    } else {
+        cmd = renderer->render_commands_pool;
+    }
+
+    renderer->render_commands_pool = NULL;
+    renderer->render_commands_tail = NULL;
+    renderer->render_commands = NULL;
+
+    while (cmd != NULL) {
+        SDL_RenderCommand *next = cmd->next;
+        SDL_free(cmd);
+        cmd = next;
+    }
+
+    SDL_free(renderer->vertex_data);
+
+    for (gap = renderer->vertex_data_gaps.next; gap; gap = nextgap) {
+        nextgap = gap->next;
+        SDL_free(gap);
+    }
+
+    for (gap = renderer->vertex_data_gaps_pool; gap; gap = nextgap) {
+        nextgap = gap->next;
+        SDL_free(gap);
+    }
+
     /* Free existing textures for this renderer */
     while (renderer->textures) {
         SDL_Texture *tex = renderer->textures; (void) tex;
@@ -2158,6 +3149,7 @@ int SDL_GL_BindTexture(SDL_Texture *texture, float *texw, float *texh)
     if (texture->native) {
         return SDL_GL_BindTexture(texture->native, texw, texh);
     } else if (renderer && renderer->GL_BindTexture) {
+        FlushRenderCommandsIfTextureNeeded(texture);  /* in case the app is going to mess with it. */
         return renderer->GL_BindTexture(renderer, texture, texw, texh);
     } else {
         return SDL_Unsupported();
@@ -2173,6 +3165,7 @@ int SDL_GL_UnbindTexture(SDL_Texture *texture)
     if (texture->native) {
         return SDL_GL_UnbindTexture(texture->native);
     } else if (renderer && renderer->GL_UnbindTexture) {
+        FlushRenderCommandsIfTextureNeeded(texture);  /* in case the app messed with it. */
         return renderer->GL_UnbindTexture(renderer, texture);
     }
 
@@ -2185,6 +3178,7 @@ SDL_RenderGetMetalLayer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, NULL);
 
     if (renderer->GetMetalLayer) {
+        FlushRenderCommands(renderer);  /* in case the app is going to mess with it. */
         return renderer->GetMetalLayer(renderer);
     }
     return NULL;
@@ -2196,6 +3190,7 @@ SDL_RenderGetMetalCommandEncoder(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     CHECK_RENDERER_MAGIC(renderer, NULL);
 
     if (renderer->GetMetalCommandEncoder) {
+        FlushRenderCommands(renderer);  /* in case the app is going to mess with it. */
         return renderer->GetMetalCommandEncoder(renderer);
     }
     return NULL;
diff --git a/src/render/SDL_sysrender.h b/src/render/SDL_sysrender.h
index 940bebcc1d..87586f1bb9 100644
--- a/src/render/SDL_sysrender.h
+++ b/src/render/SDL_sysrender.h
@@ -39,20 +39,6 @@ typedef enum
     SDL_ScaleModeBest
 } SDL_ScaleMode;
 
-typedef struct
-{
-    float x;
-    float y;
-} SDL_FPoint;
-
-typedef struct
-{
-    float x;
-    float y;
-    float w;
-    float h;
-} SDL_FRect;
-
 /* Define the SDL texture structure */
 struct SDL_Texture
 {
@@ -75,12 +61,63 @@ struct SDL_Texture
     int pitch;
     SDL_Rect locked_rect;
 
+    Uint32 last_command_generation; /* last command queue generation this texture was in. */
+
     void *driverdata;           /**< Driver specific texture representation */
 
     SDL_Texture *prev;
     SDL_Texture *next;
 };
 
+typedef enum
+{
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY,
+    SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX
+} SDL_RenderCommandType;
+
+typedef struct SDL_RenderCommand
+{
+    SDL_RenderCommandType command;
+    union {
+        struct {
+            size_t first;
+            SDL_Rect rect;
+        } viewport;
+        struct {
+            SDL_bool enabled;
+            SDL_Rect rect;
+        } cliprect;
+        struct {
+            size_t first;
+            size_t count;
+            Uint8 r, g, b, a;
+            SDL_BlendMode blend;
+            SDL_Texture *texture;
+        } draw;
+        struct {
+            size_t first;
+            Uint8 r, g, b, a;
+        } color;
+    } data;
+    struct SDL_RenderCommand *next;
+} SDL_RenderCommand;
+
+typedef struct SDL_AllocVertGap
+{
+    size_t offset;
+    size_t len;
+    struct SDL_AllocVertGap *next;
+} SDL_AllocVertGap;
+
+
 /* Define the SDL renderer structure */
 struct SDL_Renderer
 {
@@ -90,12 +127,20 @@ struct SDL_Renderer
     int (*GetOutputSize) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, int *w, int *h);
     SDL_bool (*SupportsBlendMode)(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
     int (*CreateTexture) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-    int (*SetTextureColorMod) (SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               SDL_Texture * texture);
-    int (*SetTextureAlphaMod) (SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               SDL_Texture * texture);
-    int (*SetTextureBlendMode) (SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                SDL_Texture * texture);
+    int (*QueueSetViewport) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd);
+    int (*QueueSetDrawColor) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd);
+    int (*QueueDrawPoints) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points,
+                             int count);
+    int (*QueueDrawLines) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points,
+                            int count);
+    int (*QueueFillRects) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects,
+                            int count);
+    int (*QueueCopy) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                       const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
+    int (*QueueCopyEx) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                        const SDL_Rect * srcquad, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+                        const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
+    int (*RunCommandQueue) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize);
     int (*UpdateTexture) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
                           const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels,
                           int pitch);
@@ -108,20 +153,6 @@ struct SDL_Renderer
                         const SDL_Rect * rect, void **pixels, int *pitch);
     void (*UnlockTexture) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
     int (*SetRenderTarget) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-    int (*UpdateViewport) (SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-    int (*UpdateClipRect) (SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-    int (*RenderClear) (SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-    int (*RenderDrawPoints) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                             int count);
-    int (*RenderDrawLines) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                            int count);
-    int (*RenderFillRects) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rects,
-                            int count);
-    int (*RenderCopy) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                       const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
-    int (*RenderCopyEx) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                       const SDL_Rect * srcquad, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                       const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
     int (*RenderReadPixels) (SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
                              Uint32 format, void * pixels, int pitch);
     void (*RenderPresent) (SDL_Renderer * renderer);
@@ -178,6 +209,26 @@ struct SDL_Renderer
     Uint8 r, g, b, a;                   /**< Color for drawing operations values */
     SDL_BlendMode blendMode;            /**< The drawing blend mode */
 
+    SDL_bool always_batch;
+    SDL_bool batching;
+    SDL_RenderCommand *render_commands;
+    SDL_RenderCommand *render_commands_tail;
+    SDL_RenderCommand *render_commands_pool;
+    Uint32 render_command_generation;
+    Uint32 last_queued_color;
+    SDL_Rect last_queued_viewport;
+    SDL_Rect last_queued_cliprect;
+    SDL_bool last_queued_cliprect_enabled;
+    SDL_bool color_queued;
+    SDL_bool viewport_queued;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_queued;
+
+    void *vertex_data;
+    size_t vertex_data_used;
+    size_t vertex_data_allocation;
+    SDL_AllocVertGap vertex_data_gaps;
+    SDL_AllocVertGap *vertex_data_gaps_pool;
+
     void *driverdata;
 };
 
@@ -209,6 +260,11 @@ extern SDL_BlendFactor SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
 extern SDL_BlendFactor SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
 extern SDL_BlendOperation SDL_GetBlendModeAlphaOperation(SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
 
+/* drivers call this during their Queue*() methods to make space in a array that are used
+   for a vertex buffer during RunCommandQueue(). Pointers returned here are only valid until
+   the next call, because it might be in an array that gets realloc()'d. */
+extern void *SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const size_t numbytes, const size_t alignment, size_t *offset);
+
 #endif /* SDL_sysrender_h_ */
 
 /* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/src/render/direct3d/SDL_render_d3d.c b/src/render/direct3d/SDL_render_d3d.c
index 69a9dff547..9d000ccdd1 100644
--- a/src/render/direct3d/SDL_render_d3d.c
+++ b/src/render/direct3d/SDL_render_d3d.c
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
 #include "SDL_hints.h"
 #include "SDL_loadso.h"
 #include "SDL_syswm.h"
+#include "SDL_log.h"
+#include "SDL_assert.h"
 #include "../SDL_sysrender.h"
 #include "../SDL_d3dmath.h"
 #include "../../video/windows/SDL_windowsvideo.h"
@@ -41,60 +43,22 @@
 
 #include "SDL_shaders_d3d.h"
 
-
-/* Direct3D renderer implementation */
-
-static SDL_Renderer *D3D_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
-static void D3D_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                            const SDL_WindowEvent *event);
-static SDL_bool D3D_SupportsBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
-static int D3D_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int D3D_RecreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int D3D_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                             const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels,
-                             int pitch);
-static int D3D_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                                const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                                const Uint8 *Yplane, int Ypitch,
-                                const Uint8 *Uplane, int Upitch,
-                                const Uint8 *Vplane, int Vpitch);
-static int D3D_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                           const SDL_Rect * rect, void **pixels, int *pitch);
-static void D3D_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int D3D_SetRenderTargetInternal(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int D3D_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int D3D_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int D3D_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int D3D_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int D3D_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int D3D_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int D3D_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               const SDL_FRect * rects, int count);
-static int D3D_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                          const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
-static int D3D_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                          const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                          const double angle, const SDL_FPoint * center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
-static int D3D_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                                Uint32 format, void * pixels, int pitch);
-static void D3D_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void D3D_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               SDL_Texture * texture);
-static void D3D_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
+typedef struct
+{
+    SDL_Rect viewport;
+    SDL_bool viewport_dirty;
+    SDL_Texture *texture;
+    SDL_BlendMode blend;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled_dirty;
+    SDL_Rect cliprect;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_dirty;
+    SDL_bool is_copy_ex;
+    LPDIRECT3DPIXELSHADER9 shader;
+} D3D_DrawStateCache;
 
 
-SDL_RenderDriver D3D_RenderDriver = {
-    D3D_CreateRenderer,
-    {
-     "direct3d",
-     (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
-     1,
-     {SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888},
-     0,
-     0}
-};
+/* Direct3D renderer implementation */
 
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -111,6 +75,11 @@ typedef struct
     IDirect3DSurface9 *currentRenderTarget;
     void* d3dxDLL;
     LPDIRECT3DPIXELSHADER9 shaders[NUM_SHADERS];
+    LPDIRECT3DVERTEXBUFFER9 vertexBuffers[8];
+    size_t vertexBufferSize[8];
+    int currentVertexBuffer;
+    SDL_bool reportedVboProblem;
+    D3D_DrawStateCache drawstate;
 } D3D_RenderData;
 
 typedef struct
@@ -265,9 +234,8 @@ D3D_InitRenderState(D3D_RenderData *data)
     D3DMATRIX matrix;
 
     IDirect3DDevice9 *device = data->device;
-
-    IDirect3DDevice9_SetVertexShader(device, NULL);
     IDirect3DDevice9_SetFVF(device, D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_DIFFUSE | D3DFVF_TEX1);
+    IDirect3DDevice9_SetVertexShader(device, NULL);
     IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(device, D3DRS_ZENABLE, D3DZB_FALSE);
     IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(device, D3DRS_CULLMODE, D3DCULL_NONE);
     IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(device, D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE);
@@ -300,21 +268,10 @@ D3D_InitRenderState(D3D_RenderData *data)
                                           D3DTOP_DISABLE);
 
     /* Set an identity world and view matrix */
+    SDL_zero(matrix);
     matrix.m[0][0] = 1.0f;
-    matrix.m[0][1] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[0][2] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[0][3] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[1][0] = 0.0f;
     matrix.m[1][1] = 1.0f;
-    matrix.m[1][2] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[1][3] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[2][0] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[2][1] = 0.0f;
     matrix.m[2][2] = 1.0f;
-    matrix.m[2][3] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[3][0] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[3][1] = 0.0f;
-    matrix.m[3][2] = 0.0f;
     matrix.m[3][3] = 1.0f;
     IDirect3DDevice9_SetTransform(device, D3DTS_WORLD, &matrix);
     IDirect3DDevice9_SetTransform(device, D3DTS_VIEW, &matrix);
@@ -326,63 +283,7 @@ D3D_InitRenderState(D3D_RenderData *data)
     data->beginScene = SDL_TRUE;
 }
 
-static int
-D3D_Reset(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    HRESULT result;
-    SDL_Texture *texture;
-
-    /* Release the default render target before reset */
-    if (data->defaultRenderTarget) {
-        IDirect3DSurface9_Release(data->defaultRenderTarget);
-        data->defaultRenderTarget = NULL;
-    }
-    if (data->currentRenderTarget != NULL) {
-        IDirect3DSurface9_Release(data->currentRenderTarget);
-        data->currentRenderTarget = NULL;
-    }
-
-    /* Release application render targets */
-    for (texture = renderer->textures; texture; texture = texture->next) {
-        if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET) {
-            D3D_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
-        } else {
-            D3D_RecreateTexture(renderer, texture);
-        }
-    }
-
-    result = IDirect3DDevice9_Reset(data->device, &data->pparams);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        if (result == D3DERR_DEVICELOST) {
-            /* Don't worry about it, we'll reset later... */
-            return 0;
-        } else {
-            return D3D_SetError("Reset()", result);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Allocate application render targets */
-    for (texture = renderer->textures; texture; texture = texture->next) {
-        if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET) {
-            D3D_CreateTexture(renderer, texture);
-        }
-    }
-
-    IDirect3DDevice9_GetRenderTarget(data->device, 0, &data->defaultRenderTarget);
-    D3D_InitRenderState(data);
-    D3D_SetRenderTargetInternal(renderer, renderer->target);
-    D3D_UpdateViewport(renderer);
-
-    /* Let the application know that render targets were reset */
-    {
-        SDL_Event event;
-        event.type = SDL_RENDER_TARGETS_RESET;
-        SDL_PushEvent(&event);
-    }
-
-    return 0;
-}
+static int D3D_Reset(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
 
 static int
 D3D_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
@@ -431,177 +332,6 @@ D3D_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     return 0;
 }
 
-SDL_Renderer *
-D3D_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
-{
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-    D3D_RenderData *data;
-    SDL_SysWMinfo windowinfo;
-    HRESULT result;
-    D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS pparams;
-    IDirect3DSwapChain9 *chain;
-    D3DCAPS9 caps;
-    DWORD device_flags;
-    Uint32 window_flags;
-    int w, h;
-    SDL_DisplayMode fullscreen_mode;
-    int displayIndex;
-
-    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
-    if (!renderer) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    data = (D3D_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
-    if (!data) {
-        SDL_free(renderer);
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (!D3D_LoadDLL(&data->d3dDLL, &data->d3d)) {
-        SDL_free(renderer);
-        SDL_free(data);
-        SDL_SetError("Unable to create Direct3D interface");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    renderer->WindowEvent = D3D_WindowEvent;
-    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = D3D_SupportsBlendMode;
-    renderer->CreateTexture = D3D_CreateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTexture = D3D_UpdateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTextureYUV = D3D_UpdateTextureYUV;
-    renderer->LockTexture = D3D_LockTexture;
-    renderer->UnlockTexture = D3D_UnlockTexture;
-    renderer->SetRenderTarget = D3D_SetRenderTarget;
-    renderer->UpdateViewport = D3D_UpdateViewport;
-    renderer->UpdateClipRect = D3D_UpdateClipRect;
-    renderer->RenderClear = D3D_RenderClear;
-    renderer->RenderDrawPoints = D3D_RenderDrawPoints;
-    renderer->RenderDrawLines = D3D_RenderDrawLines;
-    renderer->RenderFillRects = D3D_RenderFillRects;
-    renderer->RenderCopy = D3D_RenderCopy;
-    renderer->RenderCopyEx = D3D_RenderCopyEx;
-    renderer->RenderReadPixels = D3D_RenderReadPixels;
-    renderer->RenderPresent = D3D_RenderPresent;
-    renderer->DestroyTexture = D3D_DestroyTexture;
-    renderer->DestroyRenderer = D3D_DestroyRenderer;
-    renderer->info = D3D_RenderDriver.info;
-    renderer->info.flags = (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE);
-    renderer->driverdata = data;
-
-    SDL_VERSION(&windowinfo.version);
-    SDL_GetWindowWMInfo(window, &windowinfo);
-
-    window_flags = SDL_GetWindowFlags(window);
-    SDL_GetWindowSize(window, &w, &h);
-    SDL_GetWindowDisplayMode(window, &fullscreen_mode);
-
-    SDL_zero(pparams);
-    pparams.hDeviceWindow = windowinfo.info.win.window;
-    pparams.BackBufferWidth = w;
-    pparams.BackBufferHeight = h;
-    pparams.BackBufferCount = 1;
-    pparams.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
-
-    if (window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN && (window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN_DESKTOP) != SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN_DESKTOP) {
-        pparams.Windowed = FALSE;
-        pparams.BackBufferFormat = PixelFormatToD3DFMT(fullscreen_mode.format);
-        pparams.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = fullscreen_mode.refresh_rate;
-    } else {
-        pparams.Windowed = TRUE;
-        pparams.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;
-        pparams.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = 0;
-    }
-    if (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) {
-        pparams.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_ONE;
-    } else {
-        pparams.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
-    }
-
-    /* Get the adapter for the display that the window is on */
-    displayIndex = SDL_GetWindowDisplayIndex(window);
-    data->adapter = SDL_Direct3D9GetAdapterIndex(displayIndex);
-
-    IDirect3D9_GetDeviceCaps(data->d3d, data->adapter, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, &caps);
-
-    device_flags = D3DCREATE_FPU_PRESERVE;
-    if (caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT) {
-        device_flags |= D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
-    } else {
-        device_flags |= D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
-    }
-
-    if (SDL_GetHintBoolean(SDL_HINT_RENDER_DIRECT3D_THREADSAFE, SDL_FALSE)) {
-        device_flags |= D3DCREATE_MULTITHREADED;
-    }
-
-    result = IDirect3D9_CreateDevice(data->d3d, data->adapter,
-                                     D3DDEVTYPE_HAL,
-                                     pparams.hDeviceWindow,
-                                     device_flags,
-                                     &pparams, &data->device);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        D3D_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        D3D_SetError("CreateDevice()", result);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    /* Get presentation parameters to fill info */
-    result = IDirect3DDevice9_GetSwapChain(data->device, 0, &chain);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        D3D_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        D3D_SetError("GetSwapChain()", result);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    result = IDirect3DSwapChain9_GetPresentParameters(chain, &pparams);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        IDirect3DSwapChain9_Release(chain);
-        D3D_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        D3D_SetError("GetPresentParameters()", result);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    IDirect3DSwapChain9_Release(chain);
-    if (pparams.PresentationInterval == D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_ONE) {
-        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
-    }
-    data->pparams = pparams;
-
-    IDirect3DDevice9_GetDeviceCaps(data->device, &caps);
-    renderer->info.max_texture_width = caps.MaxTextureWidth;
-    renderer->info.max_texture_height = caps.MaxTextureHeight;
-    if (caps.NumSimultaneousRTs >= 2) {
-        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE;
-    }
-
-    if (caps.PrimitiveMiscCaps & D3DPMISCCAPS_SEPARATEALPHABLEND) {
-        data->enableSeparateAlphaBlend = SDL_TRUE;
-    }
-
-    /* Store the default render target */
-    IDirect3DDevice9_GetRenderTarget(data->device, 0, &data->defaultRenderTarget);
-    data->currentRenderTarget = NULL;
-
-    /* Set up parameters for rendering */
-    D3D_InitRenderState(data);
-
-    if (caps.MaxSimultaneousTextures >= 3) {
-        int i;
-        for (i = 0; i < SDL_arraysize(data->shaders); ++i) {
-            result = D3D9_CreatePixelShader(data->device, (D3D9_Shader)i, &data->shaders[i]);
-            if (FAILED(result)) {
-                D3D_SetError("CreatePixelShader()", result);
-            }
-        }
-        if (data->shaders[SHADER_YUV_JPEG] && data->shaders[SHADER_YUV_BT601] && data->shaders[SHADER_YUV_BT709]) {
-            renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12;
-            renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV;
-        }
-    }
-    return renderer;
-}
-
 static void
 D3D_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_WindowEvent *event)
 {
@@ -702,33 +432,6 @@ D3D_CreateStagingTexture(IDirect3DDevice9 *device, D3D_TextureRep *texture)
 }
 
 static int
-D3D_BindTextureRep(IDirect3DDevice9 *device, D3D_TextureRep *texture, DWORD sampler)
-{
-    HRESULT result;
-
-    if (texture->dirty && texture->staging) {
-        if (!texture->texture) {
-            result = IDirect3DDevice9_CreateTexture(device, texture->w, texture->h, 1, texture->usage,
-                PixelFormatToD3DFMT(texture->format), D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &texture->texture, NULL);
-            if (FAILED(result)) {
-                return D3D_SetError("CreateTexture(D3DPOOL_DEFAULT)", result);
-            }
-        }
-
-        result = IDirect3DDevice9_UpdateTexture(device, (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *)texture->staging, (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *)texture->texture);
-        if (FAILED(result)) {
-            return D3D_SetError("UpdateTexture()", result);
-        }
-        texture->dirty = SDL_FALSE;
-    }
-    result = IDirect3DDevice9_SetTexture(device, sampler, (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *)texture->texture);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        return D3D_SetError("SetTexture()", result);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
 D3D_RecreateTextureRep(IDirect3DDevice9 *device, D3D_TextureRep *texture)
 {
     if (texture->texture) {
@@ -1072,330 +775,254 @@ D3D_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
     return D3D_SetRenderTargetInternal(renderer, texture);
 }
 
+
 static int
-D3D_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+D3D_QueueSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    D3DVIEWPORT9 viewport;
-    D3DMATRIX matrix;
-
-    /* Set the viewport */
-    viewport.X = renderer->viewport.x;
-    viewport.Y = renderer->viewport.y;
-    viewport.Width = renderer->viewport.w;
-    viewport.Height = renderer->viewport.h;
-    viewport.MinZ = 0.0f;
-    viewport.MaxZ = 1.0f;
-    IDirect3DDevice9_SetViewport(data->device, &viewport);
-
-    /* Set an orthographic projection matrix */
-    if (renderer->viewport.w && renderer->viewport.h) {
-        matrix.m[0][0] = 2.0f / renderer->viewport.w;
-        matrix.m[0][1] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[0][2] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[0][3] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[1][0] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[1][1] = -2.0f / renderer->viewport.h;
-        matrix.m[1][2] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[1][3] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[2][0] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[2][1] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[2][2] = 1.0f;
-        matrix.m[2][3] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[3][0] = -1.0f;
-        matrix.m[3][1] = 1.0f;
-        matrix.m[3][2] = 0.0f;
-        matrix.m[3][3] = 1.0f;
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetTransform(data->device, D3DTS_PROJECTION, &matrix);
-    }
-
-    return 0;
+    return 0;  /* nothing to do in this backend. */
 }
 
 static int
-D3D_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+D3D_QueueDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
 {
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    const DWORD color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(cmd->data.draw.a, cmd->data.draw.r, cmd->data.draw.g, cmd->data.draw.b);
+    const size_t vertslen = count * sizeof (Vertex);
+    Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertslen, 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        const SDL_Rect *rect = &renderer->clip_rect;
-        RECT r;
-        HRESULT result;
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SCISSORTESTENABLE, TRUE);
-        r.left = renderer->viewport.x + rect->x;
-        r.top = renderer->viewport.y + rect->y;
-        r.right = renderer->viewport.x + rect->x + rect->w;
-        r.bottom = renderer->viewport.y + rect->y + rect->h;
+    SDL_memset(verts, '\0', vertslen);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
 
-        result = IDirect3DDevice9_SetScissorRect(data->device, &r);
-        if (result != D3D_OK) {
-            D3D_SetError("SetScissor()", result);
-            return -1;
-        }
-    } else {
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SCISSORTESTENABLE, FALSE);
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++, verts++, points++) {
+        verts->x = points->x;
+        verts->y = points->y;
+        verts->color = color;
     }
+
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-D3D_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+D3D_QueueFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
 {
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    DWORD color;
-    HRESULT result;
-    int BackBufferWidth, BackBufferHeight;
+    const DWORD color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(cmd->data.draw.a, cmd->data.draw.r, cmd->data.draw.g, cmd->data.draw.b);
+    const size_t vertslen = count * sizeof (Vertex) * 4;
+    Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertslen, 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    if (D3D_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(renderer->a, renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b);
-
-    if (renderer->target) {
-        BackBufferWidth = renderer->target->w;
-        BackBufferHeight = renderer->target->h;
-    } else {
-        BackBufferWidth = data->pparams.BackBufferWidth;
-        BackBufferHeight = data->pparams.BackBufferHeight;
-    }
+    SDL_memset(verts, '\0', vertslen);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
 
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SCISSORTESTENABLE, FALSE);
-    }
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        const SDL_FRect *rect = &rects[i];
+        const float minx = rect->x;
+        const float maxx = rect->x + rect->w;
+        const float miny = rect->y;
+        const float maxy = rect->y + rect->h;
 
-    /* Don't reset the viewport if we don't have to! */
-    if (!renderer->viewport.x && !renderer->viewport.y &&
-        renderer->viewport.w == BackBufferWidth &&
-        renderer->viewport.h == BackBufferHeight) {
-        result = IDirect3DDevice9_Clear(data->device, 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, color, 0.0f, 0);
-    } else {
-        D3DVIEWPORT9 viewport;
+        verts->x = minx;
+        verts->y = miny;
+        verts->color = color;
+        verts++;
 
-        /* Clear is defined to clear the entire render target */
-        viewport.X = 0;
-        viewport.Y = 0;
-        viewport.Width = BackBufferWidth;
-        viewport.Height = BackBufferHeight;
-        viewport.MinZ = 0.0f;
-        viewport.MaxZ = 1.0f;
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetViewport(data->device, &viewport);
+        verts->x = maxx;
+        verts->y = miny;
+        verts->color = color;
+        verts++;
 
-        result = IDirect3DDevice9_Clear(data->device, 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, color, 0.0f, 0);
+        verts->x = maxx;
+        verts->y = maxy;
+        verts->color = color;
+        verts++;
 
-        /* Reset the viewport */
-        viewport.X = renderer->viewport.x;
-        viewport.Y = renderer->viewport.y;
-        viewport.Width = renderer->viewport.w;
-        viewport.Height = renderer->viewport.h;
-        viewport.MinZ = 0.0f;
-        viewport.MaxZ = 1.0f;
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetViewport(data->device, &viewport);
+        verts->x = minx;
+        verts->y = maxy;
+        verts->color = color;
+        verts++;
     }
 
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SCISSORTESTENABLE, TRUE);
-    }
-
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        return D3D_SetError("Clear()", result);
-    }
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void
-D3D_SetBlendMode(D3D_RenderData * data, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
-{
-    if (blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_ALPHABLENDENABLE, FALSE);
-    } else {
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_ALPHABLENDENABLE, TRUE);
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SRCBLEND,
-                                        GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blendMode)));
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_DESTBLEND,
-                                        GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blendMode)));
-        if (data->enableSeparateAlphaBlend) {
-            IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SRCBLENDALPHA,
-                                            GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(blendMode)));
-            IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_DESTBLENDALPHA,
-                                            GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(blendMode)));
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 static int
-D3D_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                     int count)
+D3D_QueueCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                          const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
 {
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    DWORD color;
-    Vertex *vertices;
-    int i;
-    HRESULT result;
+    const DWORD color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(cmd->data.draw.a, cmd->data.draw.r, cmd->data.draw.g, cmd->data.draw.b);
+    float minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
+    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    const size_t vertslen = sizeof (Vertex) * 4;
+    Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertslen, 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    if (D3D_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    D3D_SetBlendMode(data, renderer->blendMode);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
 
-    result =
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetTexture(data->device, 0,
-                                    (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *) 0);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        return D3D_SetError("SetTexture()", result);
-    }
+    minx = dstrect->x - 0.5f;
+    miny = dstrect->y - 0.5f;
+    maxx = dstrect->x + dstrect->w - 0.5f;
+    maxy = dstrect->y + dstrect->h - 0.5f;
 
-    color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(renderer->a, renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b);
+    minu = (float) srcrect->x / texture->w;
+    maxu = (float) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
+    minv = (float) srcrect->y / texture->h;
+    maxv = (float) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+
+    verts->x = minx;
+    verts->y = miny;
+    verts->z = 0.0f;
+    verts->color = color;
+    verts->u = minu;
+    verts->v = minv;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->x = maxx;
+    verts->y = miny;
+    verts->z = 0.0f;
+    verts->color = color;
+    verts->u = maxu;
+    verts->v = minv;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->x = maxx;
+    verts->y = maxy;
+    verts->z = 0.0f;
+    verts->color = color;
+    verts->u = maxu;
+    verts->v = maxv;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->x = minx;
+    verts->y = maxy;
+    verts->z = 0.0f;
+    verts->color = color;
+    verts->u = minu;
+    verts->v = maxv;
+    verts++;
 
-    vertices = SDL_stack_alloc(Vertex, count);
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        vertices[i].x = points[i].x;
-        vertices[i].y = points[i].y;
-        vertices[i].z = 0.0f;
-        vertices[i].color = color;
-        vertices[i].u = 0.0f;
-        vertices[i].v = 0.0f;
-    }
-    result =
-        IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_POINTLIST, count,
-                                         vertices, sizeof(*vertices));
-    SDL_stack_free(vertices);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        return D3D_SetError("DrawPrimitiveUP()", result);
-    }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-D3D_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                    int count)
+D3D_QueueCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                        const SDL_Rect * srcquad, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+                        const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    DWORD color;
-    Vertex *vertices;
-    int i;
-    HRESULT result;
+    const DWORD color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(cmd->data.draw.a, cmd->data.draw.r, cmd->data.draw.g, cmd->data.draw.b);
+    float minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
+    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    const size_t vertslen = sizeof (Vertex) * 5;
+    Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertslen, 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    if (D3D_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    D3D_SetBlendMode(data, renderer->blendMode);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
 
-    result =
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetTexture(data->device, 0,
-                                    (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *) 0);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        return D3D_SetError("SetTexture()", result);
-    }
+    minx = -center->x;
+    maxx = dstrect->w - center->x;
+    miny = -center->y;
+    maxy = dstrect->h - center->y;
 
-    color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(renderer->a, renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b);
-
-    vertices = SDL_stack_alloc(Vertex, count);
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        vertices[i].x = points[i].x;
-        vertices[i].y = points[i].y;
-        vertices[i].z = 0.0f;
-        vertices[i].color = color;
-        vertices[i].u = 0.0f;
-        vertices[i].v = 0.0f;
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
+        minu = (float) (srcquad->x + srcquad->w) / texture->w;
+        maxu = (float) srcquad->x / texture->w;
+    } else {
+        minu = (float) srcquad->x / texture->w;
+        maxu = (float) (srcquad->x + srcquad->w) / texture->w;
     }
-    result =
-        IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_LINESTRIP, count-1,
-                                         vertices, sizeof(*vertices));
 
-    /* DirectX 9 has the same line rasterization semantics as GDI,
-       so we need to close the endpoint of the line */
-    if (count == 2 ||
-        points[0].x != points[count-1].x || points[0].y != points[count-1].y) {
-        vertices[0].x = points[count-1].x;
-        vertices[0].y = points[count-1].y;
-        result = IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_POINTLIST, 1, vertices, sizeof(*vertices));
-    }
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
+        minv = (float) (srcquad->y + srcquad->h) / texture->h;
+        maxv = (float) srcquad->y / texture->h;
+    } else {
+        minv = (float) srcquad->y / texture->h;
+        maxv = (float) (srcquad->y + srcquad->h) / texture->h;
+    }
+
+    verts->x = minx;
+    verts->y = miny;
+    verts->z = 0.0f;
+    verts->color = color;
+    verts->u = minu;
+    verts->v = minv;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->x = maxx;
+    verts->y = miny;
+    verts->z = 0.0f;
+    verts->color = color;
+    verts->u = maxu;
+    verts->v = minv;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->x = maxx;
+    verts->y = maxy;
+    verts->z = 0.0f;
+    verts->color = color;
+    verts->u = maxu;
+    verts->v = maxv;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->x = minx;
+    verts->y = maxy;
+    verts->z = 0.0f;
+    verts->color = color;
+    verts->u = minu;
+    verts->v = maxv;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->x = dstrect->x + center->x - 0.5f;  /* X translation */
+    verts->y = dstrect->y + center->y - 0.5f;  /* Y translation */
+    verts->z = (float)(M_PI * (float) angle / 180.0f);  /* rotation */
+    verts->color = 0;
+    verts->u = 0.0f;
+    verts->v = 0.0f;
+    verts++;
 
-    SDL_stack_free(vertices);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        return D3D_SetError("DrawPrimitiveUP()", result);
-    }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-D3D_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rects,
-                    int count)
+BindTextureRep(IDirect3DDevice9 *device, D3D_TextureRep *texture, DWORD sampler)
 {
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    DWORD color;
-    int i;
-    float minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
-    Vertex vertices[4];
     HRESULT result;
 
-    if (D3D_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    D3D_SetBlendMode(data, renderer->blendMode);
-
-    result =
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetTexture(data->device, 0,
-                                    (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *) 0);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        return D3D_SetError("SetTexture()", result);
-    }
-
-    color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(renderer->a, renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        const SDL_FRect *rect = &rects[i];
+    if (texture->dirty && texture->staging) {
+        if (!texture->texture) {
+            result = IDirect3DDevice9_CreateTexture(device, texture->w, texture->h, 1, texture->usage,
+                PixelFormatToD3DFMT(texture->format), D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &texture->texture, NULL);
+            if (FAILED(result)) {
+                return D3D_SetError("CreateTexture(D3DPOOL_DEFAULT)", result);
+            }
+        }
 
-        minx = rect->x;
-        miny = rect->y;
-        maxx = rect->x + rect->w;
-        maxy = rect->y + rect->h;
-
-        vertices[0].x = minx;
-        vertices[0].y = miny;
-        vertices[0].z = 0.0f;
-        vertices[0].color = color;
-        vertices[0].u = 0.0f;
-        vertices[0].v = 0.0f;
-
-        vertices[1].x = maxx;
-        vertices[1].y = miny;
-        vertices[1].z = 0.0f;
-        vertices[1].color = color;
-        vertices[1].u = 0.0f;
-        vertices[1].v = 0.0f;
-
-        vertices[2].x = maxx;
-        vertices[2].y = maxy;
-        vertices[2].z = 0.0f;
-        vertices[2].color = color;
-        vertices[2].u = 0.0f;
-        vertices[2].v = 0.0f;
-
-        vertices[3].x = minx;
-        vertices[3].y = maxy;
-        vertices[3].z = 0.0f;
-        vertices[3].color = color;
-        vertices[3].u = 0.0f;
-        vertices[3].v = 0.0f;
-
-        result =
-            IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN,
-                                             2, vertices, sizeof(*vertices));
+        result = IDirect3DDevice9_UpdateTexture(device, (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *)texture->staging, (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *)texture->texture);
         if (FAILED(result)) {
-            return D3D_SetError("DrawPrimitiveUP()", result);
+            return D3D_SetError("UpdateTexture()", result);
         }
+        texture->dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+    result = IDirect3DDevice9_SetTexture(device, sampler, (IDirect3DBaseTexture9 *)texture->texture);
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        return D3D_SetError("SetTexture()", result);
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static void
-D3D_UpdateTextureScaleMode(D3D_RenderData *data, D3D_TextureData *texturedata, unsigned index)
+UpdateTextureScaleMode(D3D_RenderData *data, D3D_TextureData *texturedata, unsigned index)
 {
     if (texturedata->scaleMode != data->scaleMode[index]) {
         IDirect3DDevice9_SetSamplerState(data->device, index, D3DSAMP_MINFILTER,
@@ -1411,22 +1038,20 @@ D3D_UpdateTextureScaleMode(D3D_RenderData *data, D3D_TextureData *texturedata, u
 }
 
 static int
-D3D_RenderSetupTextureState(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture, LPDIRECT3DPIXELSHADER9 *shader)
+SetupTextureState(D3D_RenderData *data, SDL_Texture * texture, LPDIRECT3DPIXELSHADER9 *shader)
 {
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    D3D_TextureData *texturedata;
+    D3D_TextureData *texturedata = (D3D_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
 
-    *shader = NULL;
+    SDL_assert(*shader == NULL);
 
-    texturedata = (D3D_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
     if (!texturedata) {
         SDL_SetError("Texture is not currently available");
         return -1;
     }
 
-    D3D_UpdateTextureScaleMode(data, texturedata, 0);
+    UpdateTextureScaleMode(data, texturedata, 0);
 
-    if (D3D_BindTextureRep(data->device, &texturedata->texture, 0) < 0) {
+    if (BindTextureRep(data->device, &texturedata->texture, 0) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -1445,13 +1070,13 @@ D3D_RenderSetupTextureState(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture, LPDI
             return SDL_SetError("Unsupported YUV conversion mode");
         }
 
-        D3D_UpdateTextureScaleMode(data, texturedata, 1);
-        D3D_UpdateTextureScaleMode(data, texturedata, 2);
+        UpdateTextureScaleMode(data, texturedata, 1);
+        UpdateTextureScaleMode(data, texturedata, 2);
 
-        if (D3D_BindTextureRep(data->device, &texturedata->utexture, 1) < 0) {
+        if (BindTextureRep(data->device, &texturedata->utexture, 1) < 0) {
             return -1;
         }
-        if (D3D_BindTextureRep(data->device, &texturedata->vtexture, 2) < 0) {
+        if (BindTextureRep(data->device, &texturedata->vtexture, 2) < 0) {
             return -1;
         }
     }
@@ -1459,193 +1084,325 @@ D3D_RenderSetupTextureState(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture, LPDI
 }
 
 static int
-D3D_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-               const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+SetDrawState(D3D_RenderData *data, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    LPDIRECT3DPIXELSHADER9 shader;
-    float minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
-    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
-    DWORD color;
-    Vertex vertices[4];
-    HRESULT result;
+    const SDL_bool was_copy_ex = data->drawstate.is_copy_ex;
+    const SDL_bool is_copy_ex = (cmd->command == SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX);
+    SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
+    const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+
+    if (texture != data->drawstate.texture) {
+        D3D_TextureData *oldtexturedata = data->drawstate.texture ? (D3D_TextureData *) data->drawstate.texture->driverdata : NULL;
+        D3D_TextureData *newtexturedata = texture ? (D3D_TextureData *) texture->driverdata : NULL;
+        LPDIRECT3DPIXELSHADER9 shader = NULL;
+
+        /* disable any enabled textures we aren't going to use, let SetupTextureState() do the rest. */
+        if (texture == NULL) {
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetTexture(data->device, 0, NULL);
+        }
+        if ((!newtexturedata || !newtexturedata->yuv) && (oldtexturedata && oldtexturedata->yuv)) {
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetTexture(data->device, 1, NULL);
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetTexture(data->device, 2, NULL);
+        }
+        if (texture && SetupTextureState(data, texture, &shader) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
 
-    if (D3D_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
+        if (shader != data->drawstate.shader) {
+            const HRESULT result = IDirect3DDevice9_SetPixelShader(data->device, shader);
+            if (FAILED(result)) {
+                return D3D_SetError("IDirect3DDevice9_SetPixelShader()", result);
+            }
+            data->drawstate.shader = shader;
+        }
 
-    minx = dstrect->x - 0.5f;
-    miny = dstrect->y - 0.5f;
-    maxx = dstrect->x + dstrect->w - 0.5f;
-    maxy = dstrect->y + dstrect->h - 0.5f;
+        data->drawstate.texture = texture;
+    }
 
-    minu = (float) srcrect->x / texture->w;
-    maxu = (float) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
-    minv = (float) srcrect->y / texture->h;
-    maxv = (float) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+    if (blend != data->drawstate.blend) {
+        if (blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_ALPHABLENDENABLE, FALSE);
+        } else {
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_ALPHABLENDENABLE, TRUE);
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SRCBLEND,
+                                            GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blend)));
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_DESTBLEND,
+                                            GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blend)));
+            if (data->enableSeparateAlphaBlend) {
+                IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SRCBLENDALPHA,
+                                                GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(blend)));
+                IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_DESTBLENDALPHA,
+                                                GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(blend)));
+            }
+        }
 
-    color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(texture->a, texture->r, texture->g, texture->b);
-
-    vertices[0].x = minx;
-    vertices[0].y = miny;
-    vertices[0].z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[0].color = color;
-    vertices[0].u = minu;
-    vertices[0].v = minv;
-
-    vertices[1].x = maxx;
-    vertices[1].y = miny;
-    vertices[1].z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[1].color = color;
-    vertices[1].u = maxu;
-    vertices[1].v = minv;
-
-    vertices[2].x = maxx;
-    vertices[2].y = maxy;
-    vertices[2].z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[2].color = color;
-    vertices[2].u = maxu;
-    vertices[2].v = maxv;
-
-    vertices[3].x = minx;
-    vertices[3].y = maxy;
-    vertices[3].z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[3].color = color;
-    vertices[3].u = minu;
-    vertices[3].v = maxv;
-
-    D3D_SetBlendMode(data, texture->blendMode);
-
-    if (D3D_RenderSetupTextureState(renderer, texture, &shader) < 0) {
-        return -1;
+        data->drawstate.blend = blend;
     }
-    
-    if (shader) {
-        result = IDirect3DDevice9_SetPixelShader(data->device, shader);
-        if (FAILED(result)) {
-            return D3D_SetError("SetShader()", result);
+
+    if (is_copy_ex != was_copy_ex) {
+        if (!is_copy_ex) {  /* SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX will set this, we only want to reset it here if necessary. */
+            const Float4X4 d3dmatrix = MatrixIdentity();
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetTransform(data->device, D3DTS_VIEW, (D3DMATRIX*) &d3dmatrix);
         }
+        data->drawstate.is_copy_ex = is_copy_ex;
+    }
+
+    if (data->drawstate.viewport_dirty) {
+        const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+        const D3DVIEWPORT9 d3dviewport = { viewport->x, viewport->y, viewport->w, viewport->h, 0.0f, 1.0f };
+        IDirect3DDevice9_SetViewport(data->device, &d3dviewport);
+
+        /* Set an orthographic projection matrix */
+        if (viewport->w && viewport->h) {
+            D3DMATRIX d3dmatrix;
+            SDL_zero(d3dmatrix);
+            d3dmatrix.m[0][0] = 2.0f / viewport->w;
+            d3dmatrix.m[1][1] = -2.0f / viewport->h;
+            d3dmatrix.m[2][2] = 1.0f;
+            d3dmatrix.m[3][0] = -1.0f;
+            d3dmatrix.m[3][1] = 1.0f;
+            d3dmatrix.m[3][3] = 1.0f;
+            IDirect3DDevice9_SetTransform(data->device, D3DTS_PROJECTION, &d3dmatrix);
+        }
+
+        data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
     }
-    result = IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN, 2,
-                                              vertices, sizeof(*vertices));
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        D3D_SetError("DrawPrimitiveUP()", result);
+
+    if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty) {
+        IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SCISSORTESTENABLE, data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled ? TRUE : FALSE);
+        data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
     }
-    if (shader) {
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetPixelShader(data->device, NULL);
+
+    if (data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty) {
+        const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+        const SDL_Rect *rect = &cmd->data.cliprect.rect;
+        const RECT d3drect = { viewport->x + rect->x, viewport->y + rect->y, viewport->x + rect->x + rect->w, viewport->y + rect->y + rect->h };
+        IDirect3DDevice9_SetScissorRect(data->device, &d3drect);
+        data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
     }
-    return FAILED(result) ? -1 : 0;
-}
 
+    return 0;
+}
 
 static int
-D3D_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-               const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-               const double angle, const SDL_FPoint * center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
+D3D_RunCommandQueue(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize)
 {
     D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    LPDIRECT3DPIXELSHADER9 shader = NULL;
-    float minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
-    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
-    float centerx, centery;
-    DWORD color;
-    Vertex vertices[4];
-    Float4X4 modelMatrix;
-    HRESULT result;
+    const int vboidx = data->currentVertexBuffer;
+    IDirect3DVertexBuffer9 *vbo = NULL;
+    const SDL_bool istarget = renderer->target != NULL;
+    size_t i;
 
     if (D3D_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    centerx = center->x;
-    centery = center->y;
-
-    minx = -centerx;
-    maxx = dstrect->w - centerx;
-    miny = -centery;
-    maxy = dstrect->h - centery;
-
-    minu = (float) srcrect->x / texture->w;
-    maxu = (float) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
-    minv = (float) srcrect->y / texture->h;
-    maxv = (float) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+    /* upload the new VBO data for this set of commands. */
+    vbo = data->vertexBuffers[vboidx];
+    if (!vbo || (data->vertexBufferSize[vboidx] < vertsize)) {
+        const DWORD usage = D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC | D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY;
+        const DWORD fvf = D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_DIFFUSE | D3DFVF_TEX1;
+        if (vbo) {
+            IDirect3DVertexBuffer9_Release(vbo);
+        }
 
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
-        float tmp = maxu;
-        maxu = minu;
-        minu = tmp;
-    }
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
-        float tmp = maxv;
-        maxv = minv;
-        minv = tmp;
-    }
-
-    color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(texture->a, texture->r, texture->g, texture->b);
-
-    vertices[0].x = minx;
-    vertices[0].y = miny;
-    vertices[0].z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[0].color = color;
-    vertices[0].u = minu;
-    vertices[0].v = minv;
-
-    vertices[1].x = maxx;
-    vertices[1].y = miny;
-    vertices[1].z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[1].color = color;
-    vertices[1].u = maxu;
-    vertices[1].v = minv;
-
-    vertices[2].x = maxx;
-    vertices[2].y = maxy;
-    vertices[2].z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[2].color = color;
-    vertices[2].u = maxu;
-    vertices[2].v = maxv;
-
-    vertices[3].x = minx;
-    vertices[3].y = maxy;
-    vertices[3].z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[3].color = color;
-    vertices[3].u = minu;
-    vertices[3].v = maxv;
-
-    D3D_SetBlendMode(data, texture->blendMode);
-
-    if (D3D_RenderSetupTextureState(renderer, texture, &shader) < 0) {
-        return -1;
+        if (FAILED(IDirect3DDevice9_CreateVertexBuffer(data->device, vertsize, usage, fvf, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &vbo, NULL))) {
+            vbo = NULL;
+        }
+        data->vertexBuffers[vboidx] = vbo;
+        data->vertexBufferSize[vboidx] = vbo ? vertsize : 0;
     }
 
-    /* Rotate and translate */
-    modelMatrix = MatrixMultiply(
-            MatrixRotationZ((float)(M_PI * (float) angle / 180.0f)),
-            MatrixTranslation(dstrect->x + center->x - 0.5f, dstrect->y + center->y - 0.5f, 0));
-    IDirect3DDevice9_SetTransform(data->device, D3DTS_VIEW, (D3DMATRIX*)&modelMatrix);
-    
-    if (shader) {
-        result = IDirect3DDevice9_SetPixelShader(data->device, shader);
-        if (FAILED(result)) {
-            D3D_SetError("SetShader()", result);
-            goto done;
+    if (vbo) {
+        void *ptr;
+        if (FAILED(IDirect3DVertexBuffer9_Lock(vbo, 0, vertsize, &ptr, D3DLOCK_DISCARD))) {
+            vbo = NULL;  /* oh well, we'll do immediate mode drawing.  :(  */
+        } else {
+            SDL_memcpy(ptr, vertices, vertsize);
+            if (FAILED(IDirect3DVertexBuffer9_Unlock(vbo))) {
+                vbo = NULL;  /* oh well, we'll do immediate mode drawing.  :(  */
+            }
         }
     }
-    result = IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN, 2,
-                                              vertices, sizeof(*vertices));
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        D3D_SetError("DrawPrimitiveUP()", result);
-    }
-done:
-    if (shader) {
-        IDirect3DDevice9_SetPixelShader(data->device, NULL);
-    }
 
-    modelMatrix = MatrixIdentity();
-    IDirect3DDevice9_SetTransform(data->device, D3DTS_VIEW, (D3DMATRIX*)&modelMatrix);
+    /* cycle through a few VBOs so D3D has some time with the data before we replace it. */
+    if (vbo) {
+        data->currentVertexBuffer++;
+        if (data->currentVertexBuffer >= SDL_arraysize(data->vertexBuffers)) {
+            data->currentVertexBuffer = 0;
+        }
+    } else if (!data->reportedVboProblem) {
+        SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RENDER, "SDL failed to get a vertex buffer for this Direct3D 9 rendering batch!");
+        SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RENDER, "Dropping back to a slower method.");
+        SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RENDER, "This might be a brief hiccup, but if performance is bad, this is probably why.");
+        SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RENDER, "This error will not be logged again for this renderer.");
+        data->reportedVboProblem = SDL_TRUE;
+    }
+
+    IDirect3DDevice9_SetStreamSource(data->device, 0, vbo, 0, sizeof (Vertex));
+
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR: {
+                /* currently this is sent with each vertex, but if we move to
+                   shaders, we can put this in a uniform here and reduce vertex
+                   buffer bandwidth */
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT: {
+                SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+                if (SDL_memcmp(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT: {
+                const SDL_Rect *rect = &cmd->data.cliprect.rect;
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled != cmd->data.cliprect.enabled) {
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled = cmd->data.cliprect.enabled;
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+
+                if (SDL_memcmp(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR: {
+                const DWORD color = D3DCOLOR_ARGB(cmd->data.color.a, cmd->data.color.r, cmd->data.color.g, cmd->data.color.b);
+                const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+                const int backw = istarget ? renderer->target->w : data->pparams.BackBufferWidth;
+                const int backh = istarget ? renderer->target->h : data->pparams.BackBufferHeight;
+
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled) {
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_SetRenderState(data->device, D3DRS_SCISSORTESTENABLE, FALSE);
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+
+                /* Don't reset the viewport if we don't have to! */
+                if (!viewport->x && !viewport->y && (viewport->w == backw) && (viewport->h == backh)) {
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_Clear(data->device, 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, color, 0.0f, 0);
+                } else {
+                    /* Clear is defined to clear the entire render target */
+                    const D3DVIEWPORT9 wholeviewport = { 0, 0, backw, backh, 0.0f, 1.0f };
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_SetViewport(data->device, &wholeviewport);
+                    data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_Clear(data->device, 0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET, color, 0.0f, 0);
+                }
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+                if (vbo) {
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitive(data->device, D3DPT_POINTLIST, first / sizeof (Vertex), count);
+                } else {
+                    const Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + first);
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_POINTLIST, count, vertices, sizeof (Vertex));
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                const Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + first);
+
+                /* DirectX 9 has the same line rasterization semantics as GDI,
+                   so we need to close the endpoint of the line with a second draw call. */
+                const SDL_bool close_endpoint = ((count == 2) || (verts[0].x != verts[count-1].x) || (verts[0].y != verts[count-1].y));
+
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+
+                if (vbo) {
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitive(data->device, D3DPT_LINESTRIP, first / sizeof (Vertex), count - 1);
+                    if (close_endpoint) {
+                        IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitive(data->device, D3DPT_POINTLIST, (first / sizeof (Vertex)) + (count - 1), 1);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_LINESTRIP, count - 1, verts, sizeof (Vertex));
+                    if (close_endpoint) {
+                        IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_POINTLIST, 1, &verts[count-1], sizeof (Vertex));
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+                if (vbo) {
+                    size_t offset = 0;
+                    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, offset += 4) {
+                        IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitive(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN, (first / sizeof (Vertex)) + offset, 2);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    const Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + first);
+                    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, verts += 4) {
+                        IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN, 2, verts, sizeof (Vertex));
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+                if (vbo) {
+                    size_t offset = 0;
+                    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, offset += 4) {
+                        IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitive(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN, (first / sizeof (Vertex)) + offset, 2);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    const Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + first);
+                    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, verts += 4) {
+                        IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN, 2, verts, sizeof (Vertex));
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX: {
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                const Vertex *verts = (Vertex *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + first);
+                const Vertex *transvert = verts + 4;
+                const float translatex = transvert->x;
+                const float translatey = transvert->y;
+                const float rotation = transvert->z;
+                const Float4X4 d3dmatrix = MatrixMultiply(MatrixRotationZ(rotation), MatrixTranslation(translatex, translatey, 0));
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+
+                IDirect3DDevice9_SetTransform(data->device, D3DTS_VIEW, (D3DMATRIX*)&d3dmatrix);
+
+                if (vbo) {
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitive(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN, first / sizeof (Vertex), 2);
+                } else {
+                    IDirect3DDevice9_DrawPrimitiveUP(data->device, D3DPT_TRIANGLEFAN, 2, verts, sizeof (Vertex));
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                break;
+        }
 
-    return FAILED(result) ? -1 : 0;
+        cmd = cmd->next;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
 }
 
+
 static int
 D3D_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
                      Uint32 format, void * pixels, int pitch)
@@ -1782,6 +1539,249 @@ D3D_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     }
     SDL_free(renderer);
 }
+
+static int
+D3D_Reset(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+{
+    D3D_RenderData *data = (D3D_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    HRESULT result;
+    SDL_Texture *texture;
+
+    /* Release the default render target before reset */
+    if (data->defaultRenderTarget) {
+        IDirect3DSurface9_Release(data->defaultRenderTarget);
+        data->defaultRenderTarget = NULL;
+    }
+    if (data->currentRenderTarget != NULL) {
+        IDirect3DSurface9_Release(data->currentRenderTarget);
+        data->currentRenderTarget = NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Release application render targets */
+    for (texture = renderer->textures; texture; texture = texture->next) {
+        if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET) {
+            D3D_DestroyTexture(renderer, texture);
+        } else {
+            D3D_RecreateTexture(renderer, texture);
+        }
+    }
+
+    result = IDirect3DDevice9_Reset(data->device, &data->pparams);
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        if (result == D3DERR_DEVICELOST) {
+            /* Don't worry about it, we'll reset later... */
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            return D3D_SetError("Reset()", result);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate application render targets */
+    for (texture = renderer->textures; texture; texture = texture->next) {
+        if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET) {
+            D3D_CreateTexture(renderer, texture);
+        }
+    }
+
+    IDirect3DDevice9_GetRenderTarget(data->device, 0, &data->defaultRenderTarget);
+    D3D_InitRenderState(data);
+    D3D_SetRenderTargetInternal(renderer, renderer->target);
+    data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+
+    /* Let the application know that render targets were reset */
+    {
+        SDL_Event event;
+        event.type = SDL_RENDER_TARGETS_RESET;
+        SDL_PushEvent(&event);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+SDL_Renderer *
+D3D_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
+{
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
+    D3D_RenderData *data;
+    SDL_SysWMinfo windowinfo;
+    HRESULT result;
+    D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS pparams;
+    IDirect3DSwapChain9 *chain;
+    D3DCAPS9 caps;
+    DWORD device_flags;
+    Uint32 window_flags;
+    int w, h;
+    SDL_DisplayMode fullscreen_mode;
+    int displayIndex;
+
+    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
+    if (!renderer) {
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    data = (D3D_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
+    if (!data) {
+        SDL_free(renderer);
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!D3D_LoadDLL(&data->d3dDLL, &data->d3d)) {
+        SDL_free(renderer);
+        SDL_free(data);
+        SDL_SetError("Unable to create Direct3D interface");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    renderer->WindowEvent = D3D_WindowEvent;
+    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = D3D_SupportsBlendMode;
+    renderer->CreateTexture = D3D_CreateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTexture = D3D_UpdateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTextureYUV = D3D_UpdateTextureYUV;
+    renderer->LockTexture = D3D_LockTexture;
+    renderer->UnlockTexture = D3D_UnlockTexture;
+    renderer->SetRenderTarget = D3D_SetRenderTarget;
+    renderer->QueueSetViewport = D3D_QueueSetViewport;
+    renderer->QueueSetDrawColor = D3D_QueueSetViewport;  /* SetViewport and SetDrawColor are (currently) no-ops. */
+    renderer->QueueDrawPoints = D3D_QueueDrawPoints;
+    renderer->QueueDrawLines = D3D_QueueDrawPoints;  /* lines and points queue vertices the same way. */
+    renderer->QueueFillRects = D3D_QueueFillRects;
+    renderer->QueueCopy = D3D_QueueCopy;
+    renderer->QueueCopyEx = D3D_QueueCopyEx;
+    renderer->RunCommandQueue = D3D_RunCommandQueue;
+    renderer->RenderReadPixels = D3D_RenderReadPixels;
+    renderer->RenderPresent = D3D_RenderPresent;
+    renderer->DestroyTexture = D3D_DestroyTexture;
+    renderer->DestroyRenderer = D3D_DestroyRenderer;
+    renderer->info = D3D_RenderDriver.info;
+    renderer->info.flags = (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE);
+    renderer->driverdata = data;
+
+    SDL_VERSION(&windowinfo.version);
+    SDL_GetWindowWMInfo(window, &windowinfo);
+
+    window_flags = SDL_GetWindowFlags(window);
+    SDL_GetWindowSize(window, &w, &h);
+    SDL_GetWindowDisplayMode(window, &fullscreen_mode);
+
+    SDL_zero(pparams);
+    pparams.hDeviceWindow = windowinfo.info.win.window;
+    pparams.BackBufferWidth = w;
+    pparams.BackBufferHeight = h;
+    pparams.BackBufferCount = 1;
+    pparams.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
+
+    if (window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN && (window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN_DESKTOP) != SDL_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN_DESKTOP) {
+        pparams.Windowed = FALSE;
+        pparams.BackBufferFormat = PixelFormatToD3DFMT(fullscreen_mode.format);
+        pparams.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = fullscreen_mode.refresh_rate;
+    } else {
+        pparams.Windowed = TRUE;
+        pparams.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;
+        pparams.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = 0;
+    }
+    if (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) {
+        pparams.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_ONE;
+    } else {
+        pparams.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
+    }
+
+    /* Get the adapter for the display that the window is on */
+    displayIndex = SDL_GetWindowDisplayIndex(window);
+    data->adapter = SDL_Direct3D9GetAdapterIndex(displayIndex);
+
+    IDirect3D9_GetDeviceCaps(data->d3d, data->adapter, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, &caps);
+
+    device_flags = D3DCREATE_FPU_PRESERVE;
+    if (caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT) {
+        device_flags |= D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
+    } else {
+        device_flags |= D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
+    }
+
+    if (SDL_GetHintBoolean(SDL_HINT_RENDER_DIRECT3D_THREADSAFE, SDL_FALSE)) {
+        device_flags |= D3DCREATE_MULTITHREADED;
+    }
+
+    result = IDirect3D9_CreateDevice(data->d3d, data->adapter,
+                                     D3DDEVTYPE_HAL,
+                                     pparams.hDeviceWindow,
+                                     device_flags,
+                                     &pparams, &data->device);
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        D3D_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        D3D_SetError("CreateDevice()", result);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* Get presentation parameters to fill info */
+    result = IDirect3DDevice9_GetSwapChain(data->device, 0, &chain);
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        D3D_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        D3D_SetError("GetSwapChain()", result);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    result = IDirect3DSwapChain9_GetPresentParameters(chain, &pparams);
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        IDirect3DSwapChain9_Release(chain);
+        D3D_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        D3D_SetError("GetPresentParameters()", result);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    IDirect3DSwapChain9_Release(chain);
+    if (pparams.PresentationInterval == D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_ONE) {
+        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
+    }
+    data->pparams = pparams;
+
+    IDirect3DDevice9_GetDeviceCaps(data->device, &caps);
+    renderer->info.max_texture_width = caps.MaxTextureWidth;
+    renderer->info.max_texture_height = caps.MaxTextureHeight;
+    if (caps.NumSimultaneousRTs >= 2) {
+        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE;
+    }
+
+    if (caps.PrimitiveMiscCaps & D3DPMISCCAPS_SEPARATEALPHABLEND) {
+        data->enableSeparateAlphaBlend = SDL_TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Store the default render target */
+    IDirect3DDevice9_GetRenderTarget(data->device, 0, &data->defaultRenderTarget);
+    data->currentRenderTarget = NULL;
+
+    /* Set up parameters for rendering */
+    D3D_InitRenderState(data);
+
+    if (caps.MaxSimultaneousTextures >= 3) {
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < SDL_arraysize(data->shaders); ++i) {
+            result = D3D9_CreatePixelShader(data->device, (D3D9_Shader)i, &data->shaders[i]);
+            if (FAILED(result)) {
+                D3D_SetError("CreatePixelShader()", result);
+            }
+        }
+        if (data->shaders[SHADER_YUV_JPEG] && data->shaders[SHADER_YUV_BT601] && data->shaders[SHADER_YUV_BT709]) {
+            renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12;
+            renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV;
+        }
+    }
+
+    data->drawstate.blend = SDL_BLENDMODE_INVALID;
+
+    return renderer;
+}
+
+SDL_RenderDriver D3D_RenderDriver = {
+    D3D_CreateRenderer,
+    {
+     "direct3d",
+     (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
+     1,
+     {SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888},
+     0,
+     0}
+};
 #endif /* SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_D3D && !SDL_RENDER_DISABLED */
 
 #ifdef __WIN32__
diff --git a/src/render/direct3d11/SDL_render_d3d11.c b/src/render/direct3d11/SDL_render_d3d11.c
index 7a370392fa..ea2fd3a5e8 100644
--- a/src/render/direct3d11/SDL_render_d3d11.c
+++ b/src/render/direct3d11/SDL_render_d3d11.c
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@ extern ISwapChainBackgroundPanelNative * WINRT_GlobalSwapChainBackgroundPanelNat
 #define SAFE_RELEASE(X) if ((X)) { IUnknown_Release(SDL_static_cast(IUnknown*, X)); X = NULL; }
 
 
+/* !!! FIXME: vertex buffer bandwidth could be significantly lower; move color to a uniform, only use UV coords
+   !!! FIXME:  when textures are needed, and don't ever pass Z, since it's always zero. */
+
 /* Vertex shader, common values */
 typedef struct
 {
@@ -120,7 +123,8 @@ typedef struct
     ID3D11RenderTargetView *mainRenderTargetView;
     ID3D11RenderTargetView *currentOffscreenRenderTargetView;
     ID3D11InputLayout *inputLayout;
-    ID3D11Buffer *vertexBuffer;
+    ID3D11Buffer *vertexBuffers[8];
+    size_t vertexBufferSizes[8];
     ID3D11VertexShader *vertexShader;
     ID3D11PixelShader *pixelShaders[NUM_SHADERS];
     int blendModesCount;
@@ -145,6 +149,14 @@ typedef struct
     ID3D11PixelShader *currentShader;
     ID3D11ShaderResourceView *currentShaderResource;
     ID3D11SamplerState *currentSampler;
+    SDL_bool cliprectDirty;
+    SDL_bool currentCliprectEnabled;
+    SDL_Rect currentCliprect;
+    SDL_Rect currentViewport;
+    int currentViewportRotation;
+    SDL_bool viewportDirty;
+    Float4X4 identity;
+    int currentVertexBuffer;
 } D3D11_RenderData;
 
 
@@ -175,75 +187,6 @@ static const GUID SDL_IID_ID3D11Debug = { 0x79cf2233, 0x7536, 0x4948, { 0x9d, 0x
 #endif
 
 
-/* Direct3D 11.1 renderer implementation */
-static SDL_Renderer *D3D11_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
-static void D3D11_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                            const SDL_WindowEvent *event);
-static SDL_bool D3D11_SupportsBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
-static int D3D11_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int D3D11_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                             const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *srcPixels,
-                             int srcPitch);
-static int D3D11_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                                  const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                                  const Uint8 *Yplane, int Ypitch,
-                                  const Uint8 *Uplane, int Upitch,
-                                  const Uint8 *Vplane, int Vpitch);
-static int D3D11_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                             const SDL_Rect * rect, void **pixels, int *pitch);
-static void D3D11_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int D3D11_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int D3D11_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int D3D11_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int D3D11_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int D3D11_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                  const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int D3D11_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int D3D11_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 const SDL_FRect * rects, int count);
-static int D3D11_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                            const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
-static int D3D11_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                              const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                              const double angle, const SDL_FPoint * center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
-static int D3D11_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                                  Uint32 format, void * pixels, int pitch);
-static void D3D11_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void D3D11_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 SDL_Texture * texture);
-static void D3D11_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-
-/* Direct3D 11.1 Internal Functions */
-static HRESULT D3D11_CreateDeviceResources(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static HRESULT D3D11_CreateWindowSizeDependentResources(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static HRESULT D3D11_UpdateForWindowSizeChange(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static HRESULT D3D11_HandleDeviceLost(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void D3D11_ReleaseMainRenderTargetView(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-
-SDL_RenderDriver D3D11_RenderDriver = {
-    D3D11_CreateRenderer,
-    {
-        "direct3d11",
-        (
-            SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED |
-            SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC |
-            SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE
-        ),                          /* flags.  see SDL_RendererFlags */
-        6,                          /* num_texture_formats */
-        {                           /* texture_formats */
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21
-        },
-        0,                          /* max_texture_width: will be filled in later */
-        0                           /* max_texture_height: will be filled in later */
-    }
-};
-
 
 Uint32
 D3D11_DXGIFormatToSDLPixelFormat(DXGI_FORMAT dxgiFormat)
@@ -276,84 +219,7 @@ SDLPixelFormatToDXGIFormat(Uint32 sdlFormat)
     }
 }
 
-SDL_Renderer *
-D3D11_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
-{
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-    D3D11_RenderData *data;
-
-    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
-    if (!renderer) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    data = (D3D11_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
-    if (!data) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    renderer->WindowEvent = D3D11_WindowEvent;
-    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = D3D11_SupportsBlendMode;
-    renderer->CreateTexture = D3D11_CreateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTexture = D3D11_UpdateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTextureYUV = D3D11_UpdateTextureYUV;
-    renderer->LockTexture = D3D11_LockTexture;
-    renderer->UnlockTexture = D3D11_UnlockTexture;
-    renderer->SetRenderTarget = D3D11_SetRenderTarget;
-    renderer->UpdateViewport = D3D11_UpdateViewport;
-    renderer->UpdateClipRect = D3D11_UpdateClipRect;
-    renderer->RenderClear = D3D11_RenderClear;
-    renderer->RenderDrawPoints = D3D11_RenderDrawPoints;
-    renderer->RenderDrawLines = D3D11_RenderDrawLines;
-    renderer->RenderFillRects = D3D11_RenderFillRects;
-    renderer->RenderCopy = D3D11_RenderCopy;
-    renderer->RenderCopyEx = D3D11_RenderCopyEx;
-    renderer->RenderReadPixels = D3D11_RenderReadPixels;
-    renderer->RenderPresent = D3D11_RenderPresent;
-    renderer->DestroyTexture = D3D11_DestroyTexture;
-    renderer->DestroyRenderer = D3D11_DestroyRenderer;
-    renderer->info = D3D11_RenderDriver.info;
-    renderer->info.flags = (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE);
-    renderer->driverdata = data;
-
-#if WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_PHONE_APP
-    /* VSync is required in Windows Phone, at least for Win Phone 8.0 and 8.1.
-     * Failure to use it seems to either result in:
-     *
-     *  - with the D3D11 debug runtime turned OFF, vsync seemingly gets turned
-     *    off (framerate doesn't get capped), but nothing appears on-screen
-     *
-     *  - with the D3D11 debug runtime turned ON, vsync gets automatically
-     *    turned back on, and the following gets output to the debug console:
-     *    
-     *    DXGI ERROR: IDXGISwapChain::Present: Interval 0 is not supported, changed to Interval 1. [ UNKNOWN ERROR #1024: ] 
-     */
-    renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
-#else
-    if ((flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC)) {
-        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    /* HACK: make sure the SDL_Renderer references the SDL_Window data now, in
-     * order to give init functions access to the underlying window handle:
-     */
-    renderer->window = window;
-
-    /* Initialize Direct3D resources */
-    if (FAILED(D3D11_CreateDeviceResources(renderer))) {
-        D3D11_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    if (FAILED(D3D11_CreateWindowSizeDependentResources(renderer))) {
-        D3D11_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    return renderer;
-}
+static void D3D11_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
 
 static void
 D3D11_ReleaseAll(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
@@ -378,7 +244,9 @@ D3D11_ReleaseAll(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
         SAFE_RELEASE(data->mainRenderTargetView);
         SAFE_RELEASE(data->currentOffscreenRenderTargetView);
         SAFE_RELEASE(data->inputLayout);
-        SAFE_RELEASE(data->vertexBuffer);
+        for (i = 0; i < SDL_arraysize(data->vertexBuffers); ++i) {
+            SAFE_RELEASE(data->vertexBuffers[i]);
+        }
         SAFE_RELEASE(data->vertexShader);
         for (i = 0; i < SDL_arraysize(data->pixelShaders); ++i) {
             SAFE_RELEASE(data->pixelShaders[i]);
@@ -477,7 +345,7 @@ static D3D11_BLEND_OP GetBlendEquation(SDL_BlendOperation operation)
     }
 }
 
-static SDL_bool
+static ID3D11BlendState *
 D3D11_CreateBlendState(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
 {
     D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
@@ -506,21 +374,21 @@ D3D11_CreateBlendState(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
     result = ID3D11Device_CreateBlendState(data->d3dDevice, &blendDesc, &blendState);
     if (FAILED(result)) {
         WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateBlendState"), result);
-        return SDL_FALSE;
+        return NULL;
     }
 
     blendModes = (D3D11_BlendMode *)SDL_realloc(data->blendModes, (data->blendModesCount + 1) * sizeof(*blendModes));
     if (!blendModes) {
         SAFE_RELEASE(blendState);
         SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return SDL_FALSE;
+        return NULL;
     }
     blendModes[data->blendModesCount].blendMode = blendMode;
     blendModes[data->blendModesCount].blendState = blendState;
     data->blendModes = blendModes;
     ++data->blendModesCount;
 
-    return SDL_TRUE;
+    return blendState;
 }
 
 /* Create resources that depend on the device. */
@@ -964,6 +832,45 @@ done:
     return result;
 }
 
+static void
+D3D11_ReleaseMainRenderTargetView(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+{
+    D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
+    ID3D11DeviceContext_OMSetRenderTargets(data->d3dContext, 0, NULL, NULL);
+    SAFE_RELEASE(data->mainRenderTargetView);
+}
+
+static HRESULT D3D11_UpdateForWindowSizeChange(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
+
+
+HRESULT
+D3D11_HandleDeviceLost(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+{
+    HRESULT result = S_OK;
+
+    D3D11_ReleaseAll(renderer);
+
+    result = D3D11_CreateDeviceResources(renderer);
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        /* D3D11_CreateDeviceResources will set the SDL error */
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    result = D3D11_UpdateForWindowSizeChange(renderer);
+    if (FAILED(result)) {
+        /* D3D11_UpdateForWindowSizeChange will set the SDL error */
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /* Let the application know that the device has been reset */
+    {
+        SDL_Event event;
+        event.type = SDL_RENDER_DEVICE_RESET;
+        SDL_PushEvent(&event);
+    }
+
+    return S_OK;
+}
 
 /* Initialize all resources that change when the window's size changes. */
 static HRESULT
@@ -1066,11 +973,7 @@ D3D11_CreateWindowSizeDependentResources(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
         goto done;
     }
 
-    if (D3D11_UpdateViewport(renderer) != 0) {
-        /* D3D11_UpdateViewport will set the SDL error if it fails. */
-        result = E_FAIL;
-        goto done;
-    }
+    data->viewportDirty = SDL_TRUE;
 
 done:
     SAFE_RELEASE(backBuffer);
@@ -1084,35 +987,6 @@ D3D11_UpdateForWindowSizeChange(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     return D3D11_CreateWindowSizeDependentResources(renderer);
 }
 
-HRESULT
-D3D11_HandleDeviceLost(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    HRESULT result = S_OK;
-
-    D3D11_ReleaseAll(renderer);
-
-    result = D3D11_CreateDeviceResources(renderer);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        /* D3D11_CreateDeviceResources will set the SDL error */
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    result = D3D11_UpdateForWindowSizeChange(renderer);
-    if (FAILED(result)) {
-        /* D3D11_UpdateForWindowSizeChange will set the SDL error */
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /* Let the application know that the device has been reset */
-    {
-        SDL_Event event;
-        event.type = SDL_RENDER_DEVICE_RESET;
-        SDL_PushEvent(&event);
-    }
-
-    return S_OK;
-}
-
 void
 D3D11_Trim(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
@@ -1671,39 +1545,345 @@ D3D11_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void
-D3D11_SetModelMatrix(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const Float4X4 *matrix)
+static int
+D3D11_QueueSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-    D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
+    return 0;  /* nothing to do in this backend. */
+}
+
+static int
+D3D11_QueueDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
+{
+    VertexPositionColor *verts = (VertexPositionColor *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * sizeof (VertexPositionColor), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    const float r = (float)(cmd->data.draw.r / 255.0f);
+    const float g = (float)(cmd->data.draw.g / 255.0f);
+    const float b = (float)(cmd->data.draw.b / 255.0f);
+    const float a = (float)(cmd->data.draw.a / 255.0f);
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        verts->pos.x = points[i].x + 0.5f;
+        verts->pos.y = points[i].y + 0.5f;
+        verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.x = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.y = 0.0f;
+        verts->color.x = r;
+        verts->color.y = g;
+        verts->color.z = b;
+        verts->color.w = a;
+        verts++;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+D3D11_QueueFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
+{
+    VertexPositionColor *verts = (VertexPositionColor *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * 4 * sizeof (VertexPositionColor), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    const float r = (float)(cmd->data.draw.r / 255.0f);
+    const float g = (float)(cmd->data.draw.g / 255.0f);
+    const float b = (float)(cmd->data.draw.b / 255.0f);
+    const float a = (float)(cmd->data.draw.a / 255.0f);
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        verts->pos.x = rects[i].x;
+        verts->pos.y = rects[i].y;
+        verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.x = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.y = 0.0f;
+        verts->color.x = r;
+        verts->color.y = g;
+        verts->color.z = b;
+        verts->color.w = a;
+        verts++;
+
+        verts->pos.x = rects[i].x;
+        verts->pos.y = rects[i].y + rects[i].h;
+        verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.x = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.y = 0.0f;
+        verts->color.x = r;
+        verts->color.y = g;
+        verts->color.z = b;
+        verts->color.w = a;
+        verts++;
+
+        verts->pos.x = rects[i].x + rects[i].w;
+        verts->pos.y = rects[i].y;
+        verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.x = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.y = 0.0f;
+        verts->color.x = r;
+        verts->color.y = g;
+        verts->color.z = b;
+        verts->color.w = a;
+        verts++;
+
+        verts->pos.x = rects[i].x + rects[i].w;
+        verts->pos.y = rects[i].y + rects[i].h;
+        verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.x = 0.0f;
+        verts->tex.y = 0.0f;
+        verts->color.x = r;
+        verts->color.y = g;
+        verts->color.z = b;
+        verts->color.w = a;
+        verts++;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+D3D11_QueueCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+             const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+{
+    VertexPositionColor *verts = (VertexPositionColor *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 4 * sizeof (VertexPositionColor), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    const float r = (float)(cmd->data.draw.r / 255.0f);
+    const float g = (float)(cmd->data.draw.g / 255.0f);
+    const float b = (float)(cmd->data.draw.b / 255.0f);
+    const float a = (float)(cmd->data.draw.a / 255.0f);
+    const float minu = (float) srcrect->x / texture->w;
+    const float maxu = (float) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
+    const float minv = (float) srcrect->y / texture->h;
+    const float maxv = (float) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    verts->pos.x = dstrect->x;
+    verts->pos.y = dstrect->y;
+    verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.x = minu;
+    verts->tex.y = minv;
+    verts->color.x = r;
+    verts->color.y = g;
+    verts->color.z = b;
+    verts->color.w = a;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->pos.x = dstrect->x;
+    verts->pos.y = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
+    verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.x = minu;
+    verts->tex.y = maxv;
+    verts->color.x = r;
+    verts->color.y = g;
+    verts->color.z = b;
+    verts->color.w = a;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->pos.x = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
+    verts->pos.y = dstrect->y;
+    verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.x = maxu;
+    verts->tex.y = minv;
+    verts->color.x = r;
+    verts->color.y = g;
+    verts->color.z = b;
+    verts->color.w = a;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->pos.x = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
+    verts->pos.y = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
+    verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.x = maxu;
+    verts->tex.y = maxv;
+    verts->color.x = r;
+    verts->color.y = g;
+    verts->color.z = b;
+    verts->color.w = a;
+    verts++;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+D3D11_QueueCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+               const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+               const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
+{
+    VertexPositionColor *verts = (VertexPositionColor *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 5 * sizeof (VertexPositionColor), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    const float r = (float)(cmd->data.draw.r / 255.0f);
+    const float g = (float)(cmd->data.draw.g / 255.0f);
+    const float b = (float)(cmd->data.draw.b / 255.0f);
+    const float a = (float)(cmd->data.draw.a / 255.0f);
+    float minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
+    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
 
-    if (matrix) {
-        data->vertexShaderConstantsData.model = *matrix;
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
+        minu = (float) srcrect->x / texture->w;
+        maxu = (float) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
     } else {
-        data->vertexShaderConstantsData.model = MatrixIdentity();
+        minu = (float) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
+        maxu = (float) srcrect->x / texture->w;
     }
 
-    ID3D11DeviceContext_UpdateSubresource(data->d3dContext,
-        (ID3D11Resource *)data->vertexShaderConstants,
-        0,
-        NULL,
-        &data->vertexShaderConstantsData,
-        0,
-        0
-        );
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
+        minv = (float) srcrect->y / texture->h;
+        maxv = (float) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+    } else {
+        minv = (float) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+        maxv = (float) srcrect->y / texture->h;
+    }
+
+    minx = -center->x;
+    maxx = dstrect->w - center->x;
+    miny = -center->y;
+    maxy = dstrect->h - center->y;
+
+    verts->pos.x = minx;
+    verts->pos.y = miny;
+    verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.x = minu;
+    verts->tex.y = minv;
+    verts->color.x = r;
+    verts->color.y = g;
+    verts->color.z = b;
+    verts->color.w = a;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->pos.x = minx;
+    verts->pos.y = maxy;
+    verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.x = minu;
+    verts->tex.y = maxv;
+    verts->color.x = r;
+    verts->color.y = g;
+    verts->color.z = b;
+    verts->color.w = a;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->pos.x = maxx;
+    verts->pos.y = miny;
+    verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.x = maxu;
+    verts->tex.y = minv;
+    verts->color.x = r;
+    verts->color.y = g;
+    verts->color.z = b;
+    verts->color.w = a;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->pos.x = maxx;
+    verts->pos.y = maxy;
+    verts->pos.z = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.x = maxu;
+    verts->tex.y = maxv;
+    verts->color.x = r;
+    verts->color.y = g;
+    verts->color.z = b;
+    verts->color.w = a;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->pos.x = dstrect->x + center->x;  /* X translation */
+    verts->pos.y = dstrect->y + center->y;  /* Y translation */
+    verts->pos.z = (float)(M_PI * (float) angle / 180.0f);  /* rotation */
+    verts->tex.x = 0.0f;
+    verts->tex.y = 0.0f;
+    verts->color.x = 0;
+    verts->color.y = 0;
+    verts->color.z = 0;
+    verts->color.w = 0;
+    verts++;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int
+D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(SDL_Renderer *renderer,
+                         const void * vertexData, size_t dataSizeInBytes)
+{
+    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    HRESULT result = S_OK;
+    const int vbidx = rendererData->currentVertexBuffer;
+
+    if (rendererData->vertexBuffers[vbidx] && rendererData->vertexBufferSizes[vbidx] >= dataSizeInBytes) {
+        D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mappedResource;
+        result = ID3D11DeviceContext_Map(rendererData->d3dContext,
+            (ID3D11Resource *)rendererData->vertexBuffers[vbidx],
+            0,
+            D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD,
+            0,
+            &mappedResource
+            );
+        if (FAILED(result)) {
+            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11DeviceContext1::Map [vertex buffer]"), result);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        SDL_memcpy(mappedResource.pData, vertexData, dataSizeInBytes);
+        ID3D11DeviceContext_Unmap(rendererData->d3dContext, (ID3D11Resource *)rendererData->vertexBuffers[vbidx], 0);
+    } else {
+        D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;
+        D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData;
+        const UINT stride = sizeof(VertexPositionColor);
+        const UINT offset = 0;
+
+        SAFE_RELEASE(rendererData->vertexBuffers[vbidx]);
+
+        SDL_zero(vertexBufferDesc);
+        vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = (UINT) dataSizeInBytes;
+        vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC;
+        vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
+        vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE;
+
+        SDL_zero(vertexBufferData);
+        vertexBufferData.pSysMem = vertexData;
+        vertexBufferData.SysMemPitch = 0;
+        vertexBufferData.SysMemSlicePitch = 0;
+
+        result = ID3D11Device_CreateBuffer(rendererData->d3dDevice,
+            &vertexBufferDesc,
+            &vertexBufferData,
+            &rendererData->vertexBuffers[vbidx]
+            );
+        if (FAILED(result)) {
+            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateBuffer [vertex buffer]"), result);
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        ID3D11DeviceContext_IASetVertexBuffers(rendererData->d3dContext,
+            0,
+            1,
+            &rendererData->vertexBuffers[vbidx],
+            &stride,
+            &offset
+            );
+    }
+
+    rendererData->currentVertexBuffer++;
+    if (rendererData->currentVertexBuffer >= SDL_arraysize(rendererData->vertexBuffers)) {
+        rendererData->currentVertexBuffer = 0;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
 D3D11_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
     D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->currentViewport;
     Float4X4 projection;
     Float4X4 view;
     SDL_FRect orientationAlignedViewport;
     BOOL swapDimensions;
-    D3D11_VIEWPORT viewport;
+    D3D11_VIEWPORT d3dviewport;
     const int rotation = D3D11_GetRotationForCurrentRenderTarget(renderer);
 
-    if (renderer->viewport.w == 0 || renderer->viewport.h == 0) {
+    if (viewport->w == 0 || viewport->h == 0) {
         /* If the viewport is empty, assume that it is because
          * SDL_CreateRenderer is calling it, and will call it again later
          * with a non-empty viewport.
@@ -1735,21 +1915,12 @@ D3D11_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     }
 
     /* Update the view matrix */
-    view.m[0][0] = 2.0f / renderer->viewport.w;
-    view.m[0][1] = 0.0f;
-    view.m[0][2] = 0.0f;
-    view.m[0][3] = 0.0f;
-    view.m[1][0] = 0.0f;
-    view.m[1][1] = -2.0f / renderer->viewport.h;
-    view.m[1][2] = 0.0f;
-    view.m[1][3] = 0.0f;
-    view.m[2][0] = 0.0f;
-    view.m[2][1] = 0.0f;
+    SDL_zero(view);
+    view.m[0][0] = 2.0f / viewport->w;
+    view.m[1][1] = -2.0f / viewport->h;
     view.m[2][2] = 1.0f;
-    view.m[2][3] = 0.0f;
     view.m[3][0] = -1.0f;
     view.m[3][1] = 1.0f;
-    view.m[3][2] = 0.0f;
     view.m[3][3] = 1.0f;
 
     /* Combine the projection + view matrix together now, as both only get
@@ -1760,9 +1931,6 @@ D3D11_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
             view,
             projection);
 
-    /* Reset the model matrix */
-    D3D11_SetModelMatrix(renderer, NULL);
-
     /* Update the Direct3D viewport, which seems to be aligned to the
      * swap buffer's coordinate space, which is always in either
      * a landscape mode, for all Windows 8/RT devices, or a portrait mode,
@@ -1770,158 +1938,58 @@ D3D11_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
      */
     swapDimensions = D3D11_IsDisplayRotated90Degrees(rotation);
     if (swapDimensions) {
-        orientationAlignedViewport.x = (float) renderer->viewport.y;
-        orientationAlignedViewport.y = (float) renderer->viewport.x;
-        orientationAlignedViewport.w = (float) renderer->viewport.h;
-        orientationAlignedViewport.h = (float) renderer->viewport.w;
+        orientationAlignedViewport.x = (float) viewport->y;
+        orientationAlignedViewport.y = (float) viewport->x;
+        orientationAlignedViewport.w = (float) viewport->h;
+        orientationAlignedViewport.h = (float) viewport->w;
     } else {
-        orientationAlignedViewport.x = (float) renderer->viewport.x;
-        orientationAlignedViewport.y = (float) renderer->viewport.y;
-        orientationAlignedViewport.w = (float) renderer->viewport.w;
-        orientationAlignedViewport.h = (float) renderer->viewport.h;
+        orientationAlignedViewport.x = (float) viewport->x;
+        orientationAlignedViewport.y = (float) viewport->y;
+        orientationAlignedViewport.w = (float) viewport->w;
+        orientationAlignedViewport.h = (float) viewport->h;
     }
     /* TODO, WinRT: get custom viewports working with non-Landscape modes (Portrait, PortraitFlipped, and LandscapeFlipped) */
 
-    viewport.TopLeftX = orientationAlignedViewport.x;
-    viewport.TopLeftY = orientationAlignedViewport.y;
-    viewport.Width = orientationAlignedViewport.w;
-    viewport.Height = orientationAlignedViewport.h;
-    viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
-    viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
-    /* SDL_Log("%s: D3D viewport = {%f,%f,%f,%f}\n", __FUNCTION__, viewport.TopLeftX, viewport.TopLeftY, viewport.Width, viewport.Height); */
-    ID3D11DeviceContext_RSSetViewports(data->d3dContext, 1, &viewport);
+    d3dviewport.TopLeftX = orientationAlignedViewport.x;
+    d3dviewport.TopLeftY = orientationAlignedViewport.y;
+    d3dviewport.Width = orientationAlignedViewport.w;
+    d3dviewport.Height = orientationAlignedViewport.h;
+    d3dviewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
+    d3dviewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
+    /* SDL_Log("%s: D3D viewport = {%f,%f,%f,%f}\n", __FUNCTION__, d3dviewport.TopLeftX, d3dviewport.TopLeftY, d3dviewport.Width, d3dviewport.Height); */
+    ID3D11DeviceContext_RSSetViewports(data->d3dContext, 1, &d3dviewport);
 
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-D3D11_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (!renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        ID3D11DeviceContext_RSSetScissorRects(data->d3dContext, 0, NULL);
-    } else {
-        D3D11_RECT scissorRect;
-        if (D3D11_GetViewportAlignedD3DRect(renderer, &renderer->clip_rect, &scissorRect, TRUE) != 0) {
-            /* D3D11_GetViewportAlignedD3DRect will have set the SDL error */
-            return -1;
-        }
-        ID3D11DeviceContext_RSSetScissorRects(data->d3dContext, 1, &scissorRect);
-    }
+    data->viewportDirty = SDL_FALSE;
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void
-D3D11_ReleaseMainRenderTargetView(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
-    ID3D11DeviceContext_OMSetRenderTargets(data->d3dContext, 0, NULL, NULL);
-    SAFE_RELEASE(data->mainRenderTargetView);
-}
-
 static ID3D11RenderTargetView *
 D3D11_GetCurrentRenderTargetView(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
-    D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
     if (data->currentOffscreenRenderTargetView) {
         return data->currentOffscreenRenderTargetView;
-    } else {
+    }
+    else {
         return data->mainRenderTargetView;
     }
 }
 
 static int
-D3D11_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *data = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    const float colorRGBA[] = {
-        (renderer->r / 255.0f),
-        (renderer->g / 255.0f),
-        (renderer->b / 255.0f),
-        (renderer->a / 255.0f)
-    };
-    ID3D11DeviceContext_ClearRenderTargetView(data->d3dContext,
-        D3D11_GetCurrentRenderTargetView(renderer),
-        colorRGBA
-        );
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(SDL_Renderer *renderer,
-                         const void * vertexData, size_t dataSizeInBytes)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    D3D11_BUFFER_DESC vertexBufferDesc;
-    HRESULT result = S_OK;
-    D3D11_SUBRESOURCE_DATA vertexBufferData;
-    const UINT stride = sizeof(VertexPositionColor);
-    const UINT offset = 0;
-
-    if (rendererData->vertexBuffer) {
-        ID3D11Buffer_GetDesc(rendererData->vertexBuffer, &vertexBufferDesc);
-    } else {
-        SDL_zero(vertexBufferDesc);
-    }
-
-    if (rendererData->vertexBuffer && vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth >= dataSizeInBytes) {
-        D3D11_MAPPED_SUBRESOURCE mappedResource;
-        result = ID3D11DeviceContext_Map(rendererData->d3dContext,
-            (ID3D11Resource *)rendererData->vertexBuffer,
-            0,
-            D3D11_MAP_WRITE_DISCARD,
-            0,
-            &mappedResource
-            );
-        if (FAILED(result)) {
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11DeviceContext1::Map [vertex buffer]"), result);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        SDL_memcpy(mappedResource.pData, vertexData, dataSizeInBytes);
-        ID3D11DeviceContext_Unmap(rendererData->d3dContext, (ID3D11Resource *)rendererData->vertexBuffer, 0);
-    } else {
-        SAFE_RELEASE(rendererData->vertexBuffer);
-
-        vertexBufferDesc.ByteWidth = (UINT) dataSizeInBytes;
-        vertexBufferDesc.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DYNAMIC;
-        vertexBufferDesc.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_VERTEX_BUFFER;
-        vertexBufferDesc.CPUAccessFlags = D3D11_CPU_ACCESS_WRITE;
-
-        SDL_zero(vertexBufferData);
-        vertexBufferData.pSysMem = vertexData;
-        vertexBufferData.SysMemPitch = 0;
-        vertexBufferData.SysMemSlicePitch = 0;
-
-        result = ID3D11Device_CreateBuffer(rendererData->d3dDevice,
-            &vertexBufferDesc,
-            &vertexBufferData,
-            &rendererData->vertexBuffer
-            );
-        if (FAILED(result)) {
-            WIN_SetErrorFromHRESULT(SDL_COMPOSE_ERROR("ID3D11Device1::CreateBuffer [vertex buffer]"), result);
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        ID3D11DeviceContext_IASetVertexBuffers(rendererData->d3dContext,
-            0,
-            1,
-            &rendererData->vertexBuffer,
-            &stride,
-            &offset
-            );
-    }
+D3D11_SetDrawState(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, ID3D11PixelShader * shader,
+                     const int numShaderResources, ID3D11ShaderResourceView ** shaderResources,
+                     ID3D11SamplerState * sampler, const Float4X4 *matrix)
 
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-D3D11_RenderStartDrawOp(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
     D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
+    const Float4X4 *newmatrix = matrix ? matrix : &rendererData->identity;
     ID3D11RasterizerState *rasterizerState;
     ID3D11RenderTargetView *renderTargetView = D3D11_GetCurrentRenderTargetView(renderer);
+    ID3D11ShaderResourceView *shaderResource;
+    const SDL_BlendMode blendMode = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+    ID3D11BlendState *blendState = NULL;
+
     if (renderTargetView != rendererData->currentRenderTargetView) {
         ID3D11DeviceContext_OMSetRenderTargets(rendererData->d3dContext,
             1,
@@ -1931,7 +1999,25 @@ D3D11_RenderStartDrawOp(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
         rendererData->currentRenderTargetView = renderTargetView;
     }
 
-    if (!renderer->clipping_enabled) {
+    if (rendererData->viewportDirty) {
+        D3D11_UpdateViewport(renderer);
+    }
+
+    if (rendererData->cliprectDirty) {
+        if (!rendererData->currentCliprectEnabled) {
+            ID3D11DeviceContext_RSSetScissorRects(rendererData->d3dContext, 0, NULL);
+        } else {
+            D3D11_RECT scissorRect;
+            if (D3D11_GetViewportAlignedD3DRect(renderer, &rendererData->currentCliprect, &scissorRect, TRUE) != 0) {
+                /* D3D11_GetViewportAlignedD3DRect will have set the SDL error */
+                return -1;
+            }
+            ID3D11DeviceContext_RSSetScissorRects(rendererData->d3dContext, 1, &scissorRect);
+        }
+        rendererData->cliprectDirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (!rendererData->currentCliprectEnabled) {
         rasterizerState = rendererData->mainRasterizer;
     } else {
         rasterizerState = rendererData->clippedRasterizer;
@@ -1940,13 +2026,7 @@ D3D11_RenderStartDrawOp(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
         ID3D11DeviceContext_RSSetState(rendererData->d3dContext, rasterizerState);
         rendererData->currentRasterizerState = rasterizerState;
     }
-}
 
-static void
-D3D11_RenderSetBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
-    ID3D11BlendState *blendState = NULL;
     if (blendMode != SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
         int i;
         for (i = 0; i < rendererData->blendModesCount; ++i) {
@@ -1956,28 +2036,17 @@ D3D11_RenderSetBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
             }
         }
         if (!blendState) {
-            if (D3D11_CreateBlendState(renderer, blendMode)) {
-                /* Successfully created the blend state, try again */
-                D3D11_RenderSetBlendMode(renderer, blendMode);
+            blendState = D3D11_CreateBlendState(renderer, blendMode);
+            if (!blendState) {
+                return -1;
             }
-            return;
         }
     }
     if (blendState != rendererData->currentBlendState) {
         ID3D11DeviceContext_OMSetBlendState(rendererData->d3dContext, blendState, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF);
         rendererData->currentBlendState = blendState;
     }
-}
 
-static void
-D3D11_SetPixelShader(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                     ID3D11PixelShader * shader,
-                     int numShaderResources,
-                     ID3D11ShaderResourceView ** shaderResources,
-                     ID3D11SamplerState * sampler)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    ID3D11ShaderResourceView *shaderResource;
     if (shader != rendererData->currentShader) {
         ID3D11DeviceContext_PSSetShader(rendererData->d3dContext, shader, NULL, 0);
         rendererData->currentShader = shader;
@@ -1995,146 +2064,26 @@ D3D11_SetPixelShader(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
         ID3D11DeviceContext_PSSetSamplers(rendererData->d3dContext, 0, 1, &sampler);
         rendererData->currentSampler = sampler;
     }
-}
-
-static void
-D3D11_RenderFinishDrawOp(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                         D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY primitiveTopology,
-                         UINT vertexCount)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    ID3D11DeviceContext_IASetPrimitiveTopology(rendererData->d3dContext, primitiveTopology);
-    ID3D11DeviceContext_Draw(rendererData->d3dContext, vertexCount, 0);
-}
-
-static int
-D3D11_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                       const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    float r, g, b, a;
-    VertexPositionColor *vertices;
-    int i;
-
-    r = (float)(renderer->r / 255.0f);
-    g = (float)(renderer->g / 255.0f);
-    b = (float)(renderer->b / 255.0f);
-    a = (float)(renderer->a / 255.0f);
-
-    vertices = SDL_stack_alloc(VertexPositionColor, count);
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        const VertexPositionColor v = { { points[i].x + 0.5f, points[i].y + 0.5f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f }, { r, g, b, a } };
-        vertices[i] = v;
-    }
 
-    D3D11_RenderStartDrawOp(renderer);
-    D3D11_RenderSetBlendMode(renderer, renderer->blendMode);
-    if (D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, vertices, (unsigned int)count * sizeof(VertexPositionColor)) != 0) {
-        SDL_stack_free(vertices);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    D3D11_SetPixelShader(
-        renderer,
-        rendererData->pixelShaders[SHADER_SOLID],
-        0,
-        NULL,
-        NULL);
-
-    D3D11_RenderFinishDrawOp(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST, count);
-    SDL_stack_free(vertices);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-D3D11_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                      const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    float r, g, b, a;
-    VertexPositionColor *vertices;
-    int i;
-
-    r = (float)(renderer->r / 255.0f);
-    g = (float)(renderer->g / 255.0f);
-    b = (float)(renderer->b / 255.0f);
-    a = (float)(renderer->a / 255.0f);
-
-    vertices = SDL_stack_alloc(VertexPositionColor, count);
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        const VertexPositionColor v = { { points[i].x + 0.5f, points[i].y + 0.5f, 0.0f }, { 0.0f, 0.0f }, { r, g, b, a } };
-        vertices[i] = v;
-    }
-
-    D3D11_RenderStartDrawOp(renderer);
-    D3D11_RenderSetBlendMode(renderer, renderer->blendMode);
-    if (D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, vertices, (unsigned int)count * sizeof(VertexPositionColor)) != 0) {
-        SDL_stack_free(vertices);
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    D3D11_SetPixelShader(
-        renderer,
-        rendererData->pixelShaders[SHADER_SOLID],
-        0,
-        NULL,
-        NULL);
-
-    D3D11_RenderFinishDrawOp(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINESTRIP, count);
-
-    if (points[0].x != points[count - 1].x || points[0].y != points[count - 1].y) {
-        ID3D11DeviceContext_IASetPrimitiveTopology(rendererData->d3dContext, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST);
-        ID3D11DeviceContext_Draw(rendererData->d3dContext, 1, count - 1);
-    }
-
-    SDL_stack_free(vertices);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-D3D11_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                      const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
-{
-    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    float r, g, b, a;
-    int i;
-
-    r = (float)(renderer->r / 255.0f);
-    g = (float)(renderer->g / 255.0f);
-    b = (float)(renderer->b / 255.0f);
-    a = (float)(renderer->a / 255.0f);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        VertexPositionColor vertices[] = {
-            { { rects[i].x, rects[i].y, 0.0f },                             { 0.0f, 0.0f}, {r, g, b, a} },
-            { { rects[i].x, rects[i].y + rects[i].h, 0.0f },                { 0.0f, 0.0f }, { r, g, b, a } },
-            { { rects[i].x + rects[i].w, rects[i].y, 0.0f },                { 0.0f, 0.0f }, { r, g, b, a } },
-            { { rects[i].x + rects[i].w, rects[i].y + rects[i].h, 0.0f },   { 0.0f, 0.0f }, { r, g, b, a } },
-        };
-
-        D3D11_RenderStartDrawOp(renderer);
-        D3D11_RenderSetBlendMode(renderer, renderer->blendMode);
-        if (D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, vertices, sizeof(vertices)) != 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        D3D11_SetPixelShader(
-            renderer,
-            rendererData->pixelShaders[SHADER_SOLID],
+    if (SDL_memcmp(&rendererData->vertexShaderConstantsData.model, newmatrix, sizeof (*newmatrix)) != 0) {
+        SDL_memcpy(&rendererData->vertexShaderConstantsData.model, newmatrix, sizeof (*newmatrix));
+        ID3D11DeviceContext_UpdateSubresource(rendererData->d3dContext,
+            (ID3D11Resource *)rendererData->vertexShaderConstants,
             0,
             NULL,
-            NULL);
-
-        D3D11_RenderFinishDrawOp(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP, SDL_arraysize(vertices));
+            &rendererData->vertexShaderConstantsData,
+            0,
+            0
+            );
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-D3D11_RenderSetupSampler(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
+D3D11_SetCopyState(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const Float4X4 *matrix)
 {
+    SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
     D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     D3D11_TextureData *textureData = (D3D11_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
     ID3D11SamplerState *textureSampler;
@@ -2172,12 +2121,8 @@ D3D11_RenderSetupSampler(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             return SDL_SetError("Unsupported YUV conversion mode");
         }
 
-        D3D11_SetPixelShader(
-            renderer,
-            rendererData->pixelShaders[shader],
-            SDL_arraysize(shaderResources),
-            shaderResources,
-            textureSampler);
+        return D3D11_SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, rendererData->pixelShaders[shader],
+                                  SDL_arraysize(shaderResources), shaderResources, textureSampler, matrix);
 
     } else if (textureData->nv12) {
         ID3D11ShaderResourceView *shaderResources[] = {
@@ -2200,189 +2145,141 @@ D3D11_RenderSetupSampler(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
             return SDL_SetError("Unsupported YUV conversion mode");
         }
 
-        D3D11_SetPixelShader(
-            renderer,
-            rendererData->pixelShaders[shader],
-            SDL_arraysize(shaderResources),
-            shaderResources,
-            textureSampler);
+        return D3D11_SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, rendererData->pixelShaders[shader],
+                                  SDL_arraysize(shaderResources), shaderResources, textureSampler, matrix);
 
-    } else {
-        D3D11_SetPixelShader(
-            renderer,
-            rendererData->pixelShaders[SHADER_RGB],
-            1,
-            &textureData->mainTextureResourceView,
-            textureSampler);
     }
 
-    return 0;
+    return D3D11_SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, rendererData->pixelShaders[SHADER_RGB],
+                              1, &textureData->mainTextureResourceView, textureSampler, matrix);
+}
+
+static void
+D3D11_DrawPrimitives(SDL_Renderer * renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY primitiveTopology, const size_t vertexStart, const size_t vertexCount)
+{
+    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    ID3D11DeviceContext_IASetPrimitiveTopology(rendererData->d3dContext, primitiveTopology);
+    ID3D11DeviceContext_Draw(rendererData->d3dContext, (UINT) vertexCount, (UINT) vertexStart);
 }
 
 static int
-D3D11_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                 const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+D3D11_RunCommandQueue(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize)
 {
-    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
-    Float4 color;
-    VertexPositionColor vertices[4];
-
-    D3D11_RenderStartDrawOp(renderer);
-    D3D11_RenderSetBlendMode(renderer, texture->blendMode);
-
-    minu = (float) srcrect->x / texture->w;
-    maxu = (float) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
-    minv = (float) srcrect->y / texture->h;
-    maxv = (float) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
-
-    color.x = 1.0f;     /* red */
-    color.y = 1.0f;     /* green */
-    color.z = 1.0f;     /* blue */
-    color.w = 1.0f;     /* alpha */
-    if (texture->modMode & SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_COLOR) {
-        color.x = (float)(texture->r / 255.0f);     /* red */
-        color.y = (float)(texture->g / 255.0f);     /* green */
-        color.z = (float)(texture->b / 255.0f);     /* blue */
-    }
-    if (texture->modMode & SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_ALPHA) {
-        color.w = (float)(texture->a / 255.0f);     /* alpha */
-    }
-
-    vertices[0].pos.x = dstrect->x;
-    vertices[0].pos.y = dstrect->y;
-    vertices[0].pos.z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[0].tex.x = minu;
-    vertices[0].tex.y = minv;
-    vertices[0].color = color;
-
-    vertices[1].pos.x = dstrect->x;
-    vertices[1].pos.y = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
-    vertices[1].pos.z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[1].tex.x = minu;
-    vertices[1].tex.y = maxv;
-    vertices[1].color = color;
-
-    vertices[2].pos.x = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
-    vertices[2].pos.y = dstrect->y;
-    vertices[2].pos.z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[2].tex.x = maxu;
-    vertices[2].tex.y = minv;
-    vertices[2].color = color;
-
-    vertices[3].pos.x = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
-    vertices[3].pos.y = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
-    vertices[3].pos.z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[3].tex.x = maxu;
-    vertices[3].tex.y = maxv;
-    vertices[3].color = color;
-
-    if (D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, vertices, sizeof(vertices)) != 0) {
-        return -1;
+    D3D11_RenderData *rendererData = (D3D11_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    const int viewportRotation = D3D11_GetRotationForCurrentRenderTarget(renderer);
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (rendererData->currentViewportRotation != viewportRotation) {
+        rendererData->currentViewportRotation = viewportRotation;
+        rendererData->viewportDirty = SDL_TRUE;
     }
 
-    if (D3D11_RenderSetupSampler(renderer, texture) < 0) {
+    if (D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, vertices, vertsize) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    D3D11_RenderFinishDrawOp(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP, sizeof(vertices) / sizeof(VertexPositionColor));
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR: {
+                break;  /* this isn't currently used in this render backend. */
+            }
 
-    return 0;
-}
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT: {
+                SDL_Rect *viewport = &rendererData->currentViewport;
+                if (SDL_memcmp(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    rendererData->viewportDirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
 
-static int
-D3D11_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                   const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                   const double angle, const SDL_FPoint * center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
-{
-    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
-    Float4 color;
-    Float4X4 modelMatrix;
-    float minx, maxx, miny, maxy;
-    VertexPositionColor vertices[4];
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT: {
+                const SDL_Rect *rect = &cmd->data.cliprect.rect;
+                if (rendererData->currentCliprectEnabled != cmd->data.cliprect.enabled) {
+                    rendererData->currentCliprectEnabled = cmd->data.cliprect.enabled;
+                    rendererData->cliprectDirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                if (SDL_memcmp(&rendererData->currentCliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(&rendererData->currentCliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    rendererData->cliprectDirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
 
-    D3D11_RenderStartDrawOp(renderer);
-    D3D11_RenderSetBlendMode(renderer, texture->blendMode);
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR: {
+                const float colorRGBA[] = {
+                    (cmd->data.color.r / 255.0f),
+                    (cmd->data.color.g / 255.0f),
+                    (cmd->data.color.b / 255.0f),
+                    (cmd->data.color.a / 255.0f)
+                };
+                ID3D11DeviceContext_ClearRenderTargetView(rendererData->d3dContext, D3D11_GetCurrentRenderTargetView(renderer), colorRGBA);
+                break;
+            }
 
-    minu = (float) srcrect->x / texture->w;
-    maxu = (float) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
-    minv = (float) srcrect->y / texture->h;
-    maxv = (float) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                const size_t start = first / sizeof (VertexPositionColor);
+                D3D11_SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, rendererData->pixelShaders[SHADER_SOLID], 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+                D3D11_DrawPrimitives(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST, start, count);
+                break;
+            }
 
-    color.x = 1.0f;     /* red */
-    color.y = 1.0f;     /* green */
-    color.z = 1.0f;     /* blue */
-    color.w = 1.0f;     /* alpha */
-    if (texture->modMode & SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_COLOR) {
-        color.x = (float)(texture->r / 255.0f);     /* red */
-        color.y = (float)(texture->g / 255.0f);     /* green */
-        color.z = (float)(texture->b / 255.0f);     /* blue */
-    }
-    if (texture->modMode & SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_ALPHA) {
-        color.w = (float)(texture->a / 255.0f);     /* alpha */
-    }
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                const size_t start = first / sizeof (VertexPositionColor);
+                const VertexPositionColor *verts = (VertexPositionColor *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + first);
+                D3D11_SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, rendererData->pixelShaders[SHADER_SOLID], 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+                D3D11_DrawPrimitives(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_LINESTRIP, start, count);
+                if (verts[0].pos.x != verts[count - 1].pos.x || verts[0].pos.y != verts[count - 1].pos.y) {
+                    D3D11_DrawPrimitives(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_POINTLIST, start + (count-1), 1);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
 
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
-        float tmp = maxu;
-        maxu = minu;
-        minu = tmp;
-    }
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
-        float tmp = maxv;
-        maxv = minv;
-        minv = tmp;
-    }
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                const size_t start = first / sizeof (VertexPositionColor);
+                size_t offset = 0;
+                D3D11_SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, rendererData->pixelShaders[SHADER_SOLID], 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+                for (i = 0; i < count; i++, offset += 4) {
+                    D3D11_DrawPrimitives(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP, start + offset, 4);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
 
-    modelMatrix = MatrixMultiply(
-            MatrixRotationZ((float)(M_PI * (float) angle / 180.0f)),
-            MatrixTranslation(dstrect->x + center->x, dstrect->y + center->y, 0)
-            );
-    D3D11_SetModelMatrix(renderer, &modelMatrix);
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY: {
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                const size_t start = first / sizeof (VertexPositionColor);
+                D3D11_SetCopyState(renderer, cmd, NULL);
+                D3D11_DrawPrimitives(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP, start, 4);
+                break;
+            }
 
-    minx = -center->x;
-    maxx = dstrect->w - center->x;
-    miny = -center->y;
-    maxy = dstrect->h - center->y;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX: {
+                const size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+                const size_t start = first / sizeof (VertexPositionColor);
+                const VertexPositionColor *verts = (VertexPositionColor *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + first);
+                const VertexPositionColor *transvert = verts + 4;
+                const float translatex = transvert->pos.x;
+                const float translatey = transvert->pos.y;
+                const float rotation = transvert->pos.z;
+                const Float4X4 matrix = MatrixMultiply(MatrixRotationZ(rotation), MatrixTranslation(translatex, translatey, 0));
+                D3D11_SetCopyState(renderer, cmd, &matrix);
+                D3D11_DrawPrimitives(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP, start, 4);
+                break;
+            }
 
-    vertices[0].pos.x = minx;
-    vertices[0].pos.y = miny;
-    vertices[0].pos.z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[0].tex.x = minu;
-    vertices[0].tex.y = minv;
-    vertices[0].color = color;
-    
-    vertices[1].pos.x = minx;
-    vertices[1].pos.y = maxy;
-    vertices[1].pos.z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[1].tex.x = minu;
-    vertices[1].tex.y = maxv;
-    vertices[1].color = color;
-    
-    vertices[2].pos.x = maxx;
-    vertices[2].pos.y = miny;
-    vertices[2].pos.z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[2].tex.x = maxu;
-    vertices[2].tex.y = minv;
-    vertices[2].color = color;
-    
-    vertices[3].pos.x = maxx;
-    vertices[3].pos.y = maxy;
-    vertices[3].pos.z = 0.0f;
-    vertices[3].tex.x = maxu;
-    vertices[3].tex.y = maxv;
-    vertices[3].color = color;
-
-    if (D3D11_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, vertices, sizeof(vertices)) != 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                break;
+        }
 
-    if (D3D11_RenderSetupSampler(renderer, texture) < 0) {
-        return -1;
+        cmd = cmd->next;
     }
 
-    D3D11_RenderFinishDrawOp(renderer, D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLESTRIP, sizeof(vertices) / sizeof(VertexPositionColor));
-
-    D3D11_SetModelMatrix(renderer, NULL);
-
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2550,6 +2447,110 @@ D3D11_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     }
 }
 
+SDL_Renderer *
+D3D11_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
+{
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
+    D3D11_RenderData *data;
+
+    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
+    if (!renderer) {
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    data = (D3D11_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
+    if (!data) {
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    data->identity = MatrixIdentity();
+
+    renderer->WindowEvent = D3D11_WindowEvent;
+    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = D3D11_SupportsBlendMode;
+    renderer->CreateTexture = D3D11_CreateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTexture = D3D11_UpdateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTextureYUV = D3D11_UpdateTextureYUV;
+    renderer->LockTexture = D3D11_LockTexture;
+    renderer->UnlockTexture = D3D11_UnlockTexture;
+    renderer->SetRenderTarget = D3D11_SetRenderTarget;
+    renderer->QueueSetViewport = D3D11_QueueSetViewport;
+    renderer->QueueSetDrawColor = D3D11_QueueSetViewport;  /* SetViewport and SetDrawColor are (currently) no-ops. */
+    renderer->QueueDrawPoints = D3D11_QueueDrawPoints;
+    renderer->QueueDrawLines = D3D11_QueueDrawPoints;  /* lines and points queue vertices the same way. */
+    renderer->QueueFillRects = D3D11_QueueFillRects;
+    renderer->QueueCopy = D3D11_QueueCopy;
+    renderer->QueueCopyEx = D3D11_QueueCopyEx;
+    renderer->RunCommandQueue = D3D11_RunCommandQueue;
+    renderer->RenderReadPixels = D3D11_RenderReadPixels;
+    renderer->RenderPresent = D3D11_RenderPresent;
+    renderer->DestroyTexture = D3D11_DestroyTexture;
+    renderer->DestroyRenderer = D3D11_DestroyRenderer;
+    renderer->info = D3D11_RenderDriver.info;
+    renderer->info.flags = (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE);
+    renderer->driverdata = data;
+
+#if WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_PHONE_APP
+    /* VSync is required in Windows Phone, at least for Win Phone 8.0 and 8.1.
+     * Failure to use it seems to either result in:
+     *
+     *  - with the D3D11 debug runtime turned OFF, vsync seemingly gets turned
+     *    off (framerate doesn't get capped), but nothing appears on-screen
+     *
+     *  - with the D3D11 debug runtime turned ON, vsync gets automatically
+     *    turned back on, and the following gets output to the debug console:
+     *    
+     *    DXGI ERROR: IDXGISwapChain::Present: Interval 0 is not supported, changed to Interval 1. [ UNKNOWN ERROR #1024: ] 
+     */
+    renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
+#else
+    if ((flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC)) {
+        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* HACK: make sure the SDL_Renderer references the SDL_Window data now, in
+     * order to give init functions access to the underlying window handle:
+     */
+    renderer->window = window;
+
+    /* Initialize Direct3D resources */
+    if (FAILED(D3D11_CreateDeviceResources(renderer))) {
+        D3D11_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (FAILED(D3D11_CreateWindowSizeDependentResources(renderer))) {
+        D3D11_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return renderer;
+}
+
+SDL_RenderDriver D3D11_RenderDriver = {
+    D3D11_CreateRenderer,
+    {
+        "direct3d11",
+        (
+            SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED |
+            SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC |
+            SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE
+        ),                          /* flags.  see SDL_RendererFlags */
+        6,                          /* num_texture_formats */
+        {                           /* texture_formats */
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21
+        },
+        0,                          /* max_texture_width: will be filled in later */
+        0                           /* max_texture_height: will be filled in later */
+    }
+};
+
 #endif /* SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_D3D11 && !SDL_RENDER_DISABLED */
 
 /* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/src/render/metal/SDL_render_metal.m b/src/render/metal/SDL_render_metal.m
index 5b4d8ea27c..d8f5b4328f 100644
--- a/src/render/metal/SDL_render_metal.m
+++ b/src/render/metal/SDL_render_metal.m
@@ -46,64 +46,6 @@
 
 /* Apple Metal renderer implementation */
 
-static SDL_Renderer *METAL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
-static void METAL_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                           const SDL_WindowEvent *event);
-static int METAL_GetOutputSize(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int *w, int *h);
-static SDL_bool METAL_SupportsBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
-static int METAL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int METAL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                            const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels,
-                            int pitch);
-static int METAL_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                               const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                               const Uint8 *Yplane, int Ypitch,
-                               const Uint8 *Uplane, int Upitch,
-                               const Uint8 *Vplane, int Vpitch);
-static int METAL_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                          const SDL_Rect * rect, void **pixels, int *pitch);
-static void METAL_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int METAL_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int METAL_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int METAL_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int METAL_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int METAL_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int METAL_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                              const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int METAL_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                              const SDL_FRect * rects, int count);
-static int METAL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                         const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
-static int METAL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                         const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                         const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
-static int METAL_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                               Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch);
-static void METAL_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void METAL_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static void METAL_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void *METAL_GetMetalLayer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void *METAL_GetMetalCommandEncoder(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-
-SDL_RenderDriver METAL_RenderDriver = {
-    METAL_CreateRenderer,
-    {
-        "metal",
-        (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
-        6,
-        {
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12,
-            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21
-        },
-    0, 0,
-    }
-};
-
 /* macOS requires constants in a buffer to have a 256 byte alignment. */
 #ifdef __MACOSX__
 #define CONSTANT_ALIGN 256
@@ -113,6 +55,7 @@ SDL_RenderDriver METAL_RenderDriver = {
 
 #define ALIGN_CONSTANTS(size) ((size + CONSTANT_ALIGN - 1) & (~(CONSTANT_ALIGN - 1)))
 
+static const size_t CONSTANTS_OFFSET_INVALID = 0xFFFFFFFF;
 static const size_t CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY = 0;
 static const size_t CONSTANTS_OFFSET_HALF_PIXEL_TRANSFORM = ALIGN_CONSTANTS(CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY + sizeof(float) * 16);
 static const size_t CONSTANTS_OFFSET_DECODE_JPEG = ALIGN_CONSTANTS(CONSTANTS_OFFSET_HALF_PIXEL_TRANSFORM + sizeof(float) * 16);
@@ -457,248 +400,8 @@ ChoosePipelineState(METAL_RenderData *data, METAL_ShaderPipelines *pipelines, SD
     return MakePipelineState(data, cache, [NSString stringWithFormat:@" (blend=custom 0x%x)", blendmode], blendmode);
 }
 
-static SDL_Renderer *
-METAL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
-{ @autoreleasepool {
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer = NULL;
-    METAL_RenderData *data = NULL;
-    id<MTLDevice> mtldevice = nil;
-    SDL_SysWMinfo syswm;
-
-    SDL_VERSION(&syswm.version);
-    if (!SDL_GetWindowWMInfo(window, &syswm)) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    if (IsMetalAvailable(&syswm) == -1) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
-    if (!renderer) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    // !!! FIXME: MTLCopyAllDevices() can find other GPUs on macOS...
-    mtldevice = MTLCreateSystemDefaultDevice();
-
-    if (mtldevice == nil) {
-        SDL_free(renderer);
-        SDL_SetError("Failed to obtain Metal device");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    // !!! FIXME: error checking on all of this.
-    data = [[METAL_RenderData alloc] init];
-
-    renderer->driverdata = (void*)CFBridgingRetain(data);
-    renderer->window = window;
-
-#ifdef __MACOSX__
-    NSView *view = Cocoa_Mtl_AddMetalView(window);
-    CAMetalLayer *layer = (CAMetalLayer *)[view layer];
-
-    layer.device = mtldevice;
-
-    //layer.colorspace = nil;
-
-#else
-    UIView *view = UIKit_Mtl_AddMetalView(window);
-    CAMetalLayer *layer = (CAMetalLayer *)[view layer];
-#endif
-
-    // Necessary for RenderReadPixels.
-    layer.framebufferOnly = NO;
-
-    data.mtldevice = layer.device;
-    data.mtllayer = layer;
-    id<MTLCommandQueue> mtlcmdqueue = [data.mtldevice newCommandQueue];
-    data.mtlcmdqueue = mtlcmdqueue;
-    data.mtlcmdqueue.label = @"SDL Metal Renderer";
-    data.mtlpassdesc = [MTLRenderPassDescriptor renderPassDescriptor];
-
-    NSError *err = nil;
-
-    // The compiled .metallib is embedded in a static array in a header file
-    // but the original shader source code is in SDL_shaders_metal.metal.
-    dispatch_data_t mtllibdata = dispatch_data_create(sdl_metallib, sdl_metallib_len, dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0), ^{});
-    id<MTLLibrary> mtllibrary = [data.mtldevice newLibraryWithData:mtllibdata error:&err];
-    data.mtllibrary = mtllibrary;
-    SDL_assert(err == nil);
-#if !__has_feature(objc_arc)
-    dispatch_release(mtllibdata);
-#endif
-    data.mtllibrary.label = @"SDL Metal renderer shader library";
-
-    /* Do some shader pipeline state loading up-front rather than on demand. */
-    data.pipelinescount = 0;
-    data.allpipelines = NULL;
-    ChooseShaderPipelines(data, MTLPixelFormatBGRA8Unorm);
-
-    MTLSamplerDescriptor *samplerdesc = [[MTLSamplerDescriptor alloc] init];
-
-    samplerdesc.minFilter = MTLSamplerMinMagFilterNearest;
-    samplerdesc.magFilter = MTLSamplerMinMagFilterNearest;
-    id<MTLSamplerState> mtlsamplernearest = [data.mtldevice newSamplerStateWithDescriptor:samplerdesc];
-    data.mtlsamplernearest = mtlsamplernearest;
-
-    samplerdesc.minFilter = MTLSamplerMinMagFilterLinear;
-    samplerdesc.magFilter = MTLSamplerMinMagFilterLinear;
-    id<MTLSamplerState> mtlsamplerlinear = [data.mtldevice newSamplerStateWithDescriptor:samplerdesc];
-    data.mtlsamplerlinear = mtlsamplerlinear;
-
-    /* Note: matrices are column major. */
-    float identitytransform[16] = {
-        1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-        0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-        0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-        0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-    };
-
-    float halfpixeltransform[16] = {
-        1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-        0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-        0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
-        0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-    };
-
-    /* Metal pads float3s to 16 bytes. */
-    float decodetransformJPEG[4*4] = {
-        0.0, -0.501960814, -0.501960814, 0.0, /* offset */
-        1.0000,  0.0000,  1.4020, 0.0,        /* Rcoeff */
-        1.0000, -0.3441, -0.7141, 0.0,        /* Gcoeff */
-        1.0000,  1.7720,  0.0000, 0.0,        /* Bcoeff */
-    };
-
-    float decodetransformBT601[4*4] = {
-        -0.0627451017, -0.501960814, -0.501960814, 0.0, /* offset */
-        1.1644,  0.0000,  1.5960, 0.0,                  /* Rcoeff */
-        1.1644, -0.3918, -0.8130, 0.0,                  /* Gcoeff */
-        1.1644,  2.0172,  0.0000, 0.0,                  /* Bcoeff */
-    };
-
-    float decodetransformBT709[4*4] = {
-        0.0, -0.501960814, -0.501960814, 0.0, /* offset */
-        1.0000,  0.0000,  1.4020, 0.0,        /* Rcoeff */
-        1.0000, -0.3441, -0.7141, 0.0,        /* Gcoeff */
-        1.0000,  1.7720,  0.0000, 0.0,        /* Bcoeff */
-    };
-
-    float clearverts[6] = {0.0f, 0.0f,  0.0f, 2.0f,  2.0f, 0.0f};
-
-    id<MTLBuffer> mtlbufconstantstaging = [data.mtldevice newBufferWithLength:CONSTANTS_LENGTH options:MTLResourceStorageModeShared];
-    mtlbufconstantstaging.label = @"SDL constant staging data";
-
-    id<MTLBuffer> mtlbufconstants = [data.mtldevice newBufferWithLength:CONSTANTS_LENGTH options:MTLResourceStorageModePrivate];
-    data.mtlbufconstants = mtlbufconstants;
-    data.mtlbufconstants.label = @"SDL constant data";
-
-    char *constantdata = [mtlbufconstantstaging contents];
-    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY, identitytransform, sizeof(identitytransform));
-    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_HALF_PIXEL_TRANSFORM, halfpixeltransform, sizeof(halfpixeltransform));
-    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_DECODE_JPEG, decodetransformJPEG, sizeof(decodetransformJPEG));
-    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_DECODE_BT601, decodetransformBT601, sizeof(decodetransformBT601));
-    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_DECODE_BT709, decodetransformBT709, sizeof(decodetransformBT709));
-    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_CLEAR_VERTS, clearverts, sizeof(clearverts));
-
-    id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdbuffer = [data.mtlcmdqueue commandBuffer];
-    id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> blitcmd = [cmdbuffer blitCommandEncoder];
-
-    [blitcmd copyFromBuffer:mtlbufconstantstaging sourceOffset:0 toBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants destinationOffset:0 size:CONSTANTS_LENGTH];
-
-    [blitcmd endEncoding];
-    [cmdbuffer commit];
-
-    // !!! FIXME: force more clears here so all the drawables are sane to start, and our static buffers are definitely flushed.
-
-    renderer->WindowEvent = METAL_WindowEvent;
-    renderer->GetOutputSize = METAL_GetOutputSize;
-    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = METAL_SupportsBlendMode;
-    renderer->CreateTexture = METAL_CreateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTexture = METAL_UpdateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTextureYUV = METAL_UpdateTextureYUV;
-    renderer->LockTexture = METAL_LockTexture;
-    renderer->UnlockTexture = METAL_UnlockTexture;
-    renderer->SetRenderTarget = METAL_SetRenderTarget;
-    renderer->UpdateViewport = METAL_UpdateViewport;
-    renderer->UpdateClipRect = METAL_UpdateClipRect;
-    renderer->RenderClear = METAL_RenderClear;
-    renderer->RenderDrawPoints = METAL_RenderDrawPoints;
-    renderer->RenderDrawLines = METAL_RenderDrawLines;
-    renderer->RenderFillRects = METAL_RenderFillRects;
-    renderer->RenderCopy = METAL_RenderCopy;
-    renderer->RenderCopyEx = METAL_RenderCopyEx;
-    renderer->RenderReadPixels = METAL_RenderReadPixels;
-    renderer->RenderPresent = METAL_RenderPresent;
-    renderer->DestroyTexture = METAL_DestroyTexture;
-    renderer->DestroyRenderer = METAL_DestroyRenderer;
-    renderer->GetMetalLayer = METAL_GetMetalLayer;
-    renderer->GetMetalCommandEncoder = METAL_GetMetalCommandEncoder;
-
-    renderer->info = METAL_RenderDriver.info;
-    renderer->info.flags = (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE);
-
-#if defined(__MACOSX__) && defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_13)
-    if (@available(macOS 10.13, *)) {
-        data.mtllayer.displaySyncEnabled = (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) != 0;
-    } else
-#endif
-    {
-        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
-    }
-
-    /* https://developer.apple.com/metal/Metal-Feature-Set-Tables.pdf */
-    int maxtexsize = 4096;
-#if defined(__MACOSX__)
-    maxtexsize = 16384;
-#elif defined(__TVOS__)
-    maxtexsize = 8192;
-#ifdef __TVOS_11_0
-    if (@available(tvOS 11.0, *)) {
-        if ([mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1]) {
-            maxtexsize = 16384;
-        }
-    }
-#endif
-#else
-#ifdef __IPHONE_11_0
-    if ([mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily4_v1]) {
-        maxtexsize = 16384;
-    } else
-#endif
-#ifdef __IPHONE_10_0
-    if ([mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily3_v1]) {
-        maxtexsize = 16384;
-    } else
-#endif
-    if ([mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily2_v2] || [mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily1_v2]) {
-        maxtexsize = 8192;
-    } else {
-        maxtexsize = 4096;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    renderer->info.max_texture_width = maxtexsize;
-    renderer->info.max_texture_height = maxtexsize;
-
-#if !__has_feature(objc_arc)
-    [mtlcmdqueue release];
-    [mtllibrary release];
-    [samplerdesc release];
-    [mtlsamplernearest release];
-    [mtlsamplerlinear release];
-    [mtlbufconstants release];
-    [view release];
-    [data release];
-    [mtldevice release];
-#endif
-
-    return renderer;
-}}
-
 static void
-METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(SDL_Renderer * renderer, MTLLoadAction load)
+METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(SDL_Renderer * renderer, MTLLoadAction load, MTLClearColor *clear_color)
 {
     METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
 
@@ -725,8 +428,8 @@ METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(SDL_Renderer * renderer, MTLLoadAction load)
         SDL_assert(mtltexture);
 
         if (load == MTLLoadActionClear) {
-            MTLClearColor color = MTLClearColorMake(renderer->r/255.0, renderer->g/255.0, renderer->b/255.0, renderer->a/255.0);
-            data.mtlpassdesc.colorAttachments[0].clearColor = color;
+            SDL_assert(clear_color != NULL);
+            data.mtlpassdesc.colorAttachments[0].clearColor = *clear_color;
         }
 
         data.mtlpassdesc.colorAttachments[0].loadAction = load;
@@ -743,9 +446,10 @@ METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(SDL_Renderer * renderer, MTLLoadAction load)
 
         data.activepipelines = ChooseShaderPipelines(data, mtltexture.pixelFormat);
 
-        /* Make sure the viewport and clip rect are set on the new render pass. */
-        METAL_UpdateViewport(renderer);
-        METAL_UpdateClipRect(renderer);
+        // make sure this has a definite place in the queue. This way it will
+        //  execute reliably whether the app tries to make its own command buffers
+        //  or whatever. This means we can _always_ batch rendering commands!
+        [data.mtlcmdbuffer enqueue];
     }
 }
 
@@ -849,7 +553,7 @@ METAL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
         mtltexdesc.height = (texture->h + 1) / 2;
     }
 
-    if (yuv || nv12) {
+    if (yuv || nc12) {
         mtltexture_uv = [data.mtldevice newTextureWithDescriptor:mtltexdesc];
         if (mtltexture_uv == nil) {
 #if !__has_feature(objc_arc)
@@ -1027,322 +731,466 @@ METAL_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
     return 0;
 }}
 
+
+// normalize a value from 0.0f to len into 0.0f to 1.0f.
+static inline float
+normtex(const float _val, const float len)
+{
+    return _val / len;
+}
+
 static int
-METAL_SetOrthographicProjection(SDL_Renderer *renderer, int w, int h)
-{ @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    float projection[4][4];
+METAL_QueueSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
+{
+    float projection[4][4];    /* Prepare an orthographic projection */
+    const int w = cmd->data.viewport.rect.w;
+    const int h = cmd->data.viewport.rect.h;
+    const size_t matrixlen = sizeof (projection);
+    float *matrix = (float *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, matrixlen, CONSTANT_ALIGN, &cmd->data.viewport.first);
+    if (!matrix) {
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-    if (!w || !h) {
-        return 0;
+    SDL_memset(projection, '\0', matrixlen);
+    if (w && h) {
+        projection[0][0] = 2.0f / w;
+        projection[1][1] = -2.0f / h;
+        projection[3][0] = -1.0f;
+        projection[3][1] = 1.0f;
+        projection[3][3] = 1.0f;
     }
+    SDL_memcpy(matrix, projection, matrixlen);
 
-    /* Prepare an orthographic projection */
-    projection[0][0] = 2.0f / w;
-    projection[0][1] = 0.0f;
-    projection[0][2] = 0.0f;
-    projection[0][3] = 0.0f;
-    projection[1][0] = 0.0f;
-    projection[1][1] = -2.0f / h;
-    projection[1][2] = 0.0f;
-    projection[1][3] = 0.0f;
-    projection[2][0] = 0.0f;
-    projection[2][1] = 0.0f;
-    projection[2][2] = 0.0f;
-    projection[2][3] = 0.0f;
-    projection[3][0] = -1.0f;
-    projection[3][1] = 1.0f;
-    projection[3][2] = 0.0f;
-    projection[3][3] = 1.0f;
-
-    // !!! FIXME: This should be in a buffer...
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBytes:projection length:sizeof(float)*16 atIndex:2];
     return 0;
-}}
+}
 
 static int
-METAL_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{ @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    if (data.mtlcmdencoder) {
-        MTLViewport viewport;
-        viewport.originX = renderer->viewport.x;
-        viewport.originY = renderer->viewport.y;
-        viewport.width = renderer->viewport.w;
-        viewport.height = renderer->viewport.h;
-        viewport.znear = 0.0;
-        viewport.zfar = 1.0;
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setViewport:viewport];
-        METAL_SetOrthographicProjection(renderer, renderer->viewport.w, renderer->viewport.h);
+METAL_QueueSetDrawColor(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
+{
+    const size_t vertlen = sizeof (float) * 4;
+    float *verts = (float *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertlen, CONSTANT_ALIGN, &cmd->data.color.first);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
+    *(verts++) = ((float)cmd->data.color.r) / 255.0f;
+    *(verts++) = ((float)cmd->data.color.g) / 255.0f;
+    *(verts++) = ((float)cmd->data.color.b) / 255.0f;
+    *(verts++) = ((float)cmd->data.color.a) / 255.0f;
     return 0;
-}}
+}
 
 static int
-METAL_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{ @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    if (data.mtlcmdencoder) {
-        MTLScissorRect mtlrect;
-        // !!! FIXME: should this care about the viewport?
-        if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-            const SDL_Rect *rect = &renderer->clip_rect;
-            mtlrect.x = renderer->viewport.x + rect->x;
-            mtlrect.y = renderer->viewport.x + rect->y;
-            mtlrect.width = rect->w;
-            mtlrect.height = rect->h;
-        } else {
-            mtlrect.x = renderer->viewport.x;
-            mtlrect.y = renderer->viewport.y;
-            mtlrect.width = renderer->viewport.w;
-            mtlrect.height = renderer->viewport.h;
-        }
-        if (mtlrect.width > 0 && mtlrect.height > 0) {
-            [data.mtlcmdencoder setScissorRect:mtlrect];
-        }
+METAL_QueueDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
+{
+    const size_t vertlen = (sizeof (float) * 2) * count;
+    float *verts = (float *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertlen, 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
+    SDL_memcpy(verts, points, vertlen);
     return 0;
-}}
+}
 
 static int
-METAL_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{ @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+METAL_QueueFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
+{
+    // !!! FIXME: use an index buffer
+    const size_t vertlen = (sizeof (float) * 8) * count;
+    float *verts = (float *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertlen, 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-    /* Since we set up the render command encoder lazily when a draw is
-     * requested, we can do the fast path hardware clear if no draws have
-     * happened since the last SetRenderTarget. */
-    if (data.mtlcmdencoder == nil) {
-        METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionClear);
-    } else {
-        // !!! FIXME: render color should live in a dedicated uniform buffer.
-        const float color[4] = { ((float)renderer->r) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->g) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->b) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->a) / 255.0f };
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
 
-        MTLViewport viewport;  // RenderClear ignores the viewport state, though, so reset that.
-        viewport.originX = viewport.originY = 0.0;
-        viewport.width = data.mtlpassdesc.colorAttachments[0].texture.width;
-        viewport.height = data.mtlpassdesc.colorAttachments[0].texture.height;
-        viewport.znear = 0.0;
-        viewport.zfar = 1.0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++, rects++) {
+        if ((rects->w <= 0.0f) || (rects->h <= 0.0f)) {
+            cmd->data.draw.count--;
+        } else {
+            *(verts++) = rects->x;
+            *(verts++) = rects->y + rects->h;
+            *(verts++) = rects->x;
+            *(verts++) = rects->y;
+            *(verts++) = rects->x + rects->w;
+            *(verts++) = rects->y + rects->h;
+            *(verts++) = rects->x + rects->w;
+            *(verts++) = rects->y;
+        }
+    }
 
-        // Slow path for clearing: draw a filled fullscreen triangle.
-        METAL_SetOrthographicProjection(renderer, 1, 1);
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setViewport:viewport];
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setRenderPipelineState:ChoosePipelineState(data, data.activepipelines, SDL_METAL_FRAGMENT_SOLID, SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE)];
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants offset:CONSTANTS_OFFSET_CLEAR_VERTS atIndex:0];
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants offset:CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY atIndex:3];
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentBytes:color length:sizeof(color) atIndex:0];
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangle vertexStart:0 vertexCount:3];
-
-        // reset the viewport for the rest of our usual drawing work...
-        viewport.originX = renderer->viewport.x;
-        viewport.originY = renderer->viewport.y;
-        viewport.width = renderer->viewport.w;
-        viewport.height = renderer->viewport.h;
-        viewport.znear = 0.0;
-        viewport.zfar = 1.0;
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setViewport:viewport];
-        METAL_SetOrthographicProjection(renderer, renderer->viewport.w, renderer->viewport.h);
+    if (cmd->data.draw.count == 0) {
+        cmd->command = SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP;  // nothing to do, just skip this one later.
     }
 
     return 0;
-}}
-
-// normalize a value from 0.0f to len into 0.0f to 1.0f.
-static inline float
-normtex(const float _val, const float len)
-{
-    return _val / len;
 }
 
 static int
-DrawVerts(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count,
-          const MTLPrimitiveType primtype)
-{ @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad);
-
-    const size_t vertlen = (sizeof (float) * 2) * count;
-    METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    // !!! FIXME: render color should live in a dedicated uniform buffer.
-    const float color[4] = { ((float)renderer->r) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->g) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->b) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->a) / 255.0f };
-
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setRenderPipelineState:ChoosePipelineState(data, data.activepipelines, SDL_METAL_FRAGMENT_SOLID, renderer->blendMode)];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentBytes:color length:sizeof(color) atIndex:0];
+METAL_QueueCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+{
+    METAL_TextureData *texturedata = (__bridge METAL_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
+    const float texw = (float) texturedata.mtltexture.width;
+    const float texh = (float) texturedata.mtltexture.height;
+    // !!! FIXME: use an index buffer
+    const size_t vertlen = (sizeof (float) * 16);
+    float *verts = (float *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertlen, 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBytes:points length:vertlen atIndex:0];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants offset:CONSTANTS_OFFSET_HALF_PIXEL_TRANSFORM atIndex:3];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:primtype vertexStart:0 vertexCount:count];
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->x;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->x;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->y;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->y;
+
+    *(verts++) = normtex(srcrect->x, texw);
+    *(verts++) = normtex(srcrect->y + srcrect->h, texh);
+    *(verts++) = normtex(srcrect->x, texw);
+    *(verts++) = normtex(srcrect->y, texh);
+    *(verts++) = normtex(srcrect->x + srcrect->w, texw);
+    *(verts++) = normtex(srcrect->y + srcrect->h, texh);
+    *(verts++) = normtex(srcrect->x + srcrect->w, texw);
+    *(verts++) = normtex(srcrect->y, texh);
 
     return 0;
-}}
-
-static int
-METAL_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
-{
-    return DrawVerts(renderer, points, count, MTLPrimitiveTypePoint);
 }
 
 static int
-METAL_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
+METAL_QueueCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                  const SDL_Rect * srcquad, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+                  const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-    return DrawVerts(renderer, points, count, MTLPrimitiveTypeLineStrip);
-}
-
-static int
-METAL_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
-{ @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad);
-    METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    // !!! FIXME: render color should live in a dedicated uniform buffer.
-    const float color[4] = { ((float)renderer->r) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->g) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->b) / 255.0f, ((float)renderer->a) / 255.0f };
+    METAL_TextureData *texturedata = (__bridge METAL_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
+    const float texw = (float) texturedata.mtltexture.width;
+    const float texh = (float) texturedata.mtltexture.height;
+    const float rads = (float)(M_PI * (float) angle / 180.0f);
+    const float c = cosf(rads), s = sinf(rads);
+    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    const size_t vertlen = (sizeof (float) * 32);
+    float *verts;
 
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setRenderPipelineState:ChoosePipelineState(data, data.activepipelines, SDL_METAL_FRAGMENT_SOLID, renderer->blendMode)];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentBytes:color length:sizeof(color) atIndex:0];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants offset:CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY atIndex:3];
+    // cheat and store this offset in (count) because it needs to be aligned in ways other fields don't and we aren't using count otherwise.
+    verts = (float *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertlen, CONSTANT_ALIGN, &cmd->data.draw.count);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++, rects++) {
-        if ((rects->w <= 0.0f) || (rects->h <= 0.0f)) continue;
+    // transform matrix
+    SDL_memset(verts, '\0', sizeof (*verts) * 16);
+    verts[10] = verts[15] = 1.0f;
+    // rotation
+    verts[0] = c;
+    verts[1] = s;
+    verts[4] = -s;
+    verts[5] = c;
+
+    // translation
+    verts[12] = dstrect->x + center->x;
+    verts[13] = dstrect->y + center->y;
+
+    // rest of the vertices don't need the aggressive alignment. Pack them in.
+    verts = (float *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, vertlen, 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-        const float verts[] = {
-            rects->x, rects->y + rects->h,
-            rects->x, rects->y,
-            rects->x + rects->w, rects->y + rects->h,
-            rects->x + rects->w, rects->y
-        };
+    minu = normtex(srcquad->x, texw);
+    maxu = normtex(srcquad->x + srcquad->w, texw);
+    minv = normtex(srcquad->y, texh);
+    maxv = normtex(srcquad->y + srcquad->h, texh);
 
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBytes:verts length:sizeof(verts) atIndex:0];
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangleStrip vertexStart:0 vertexCount:4];
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
+        float tmp = maxu;
+        maxu = minu;
+        minu = tmp;
+    }
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
+        float tmp = maxv;
+        maxv = minv;
+        minv = tmp;
     }
 
+    // vertices
+    *(verts++) = -center->x;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->h - center->y;
+    *(verts++) = -center->x;
+    *(verts++) = -center->y;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->w - center->x;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->h - center->y;
+    *(verts++) = dstrect->w - center->x;
+    *(verts++) = -center->y;
+
+    // texcoords
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+
     return 0;
-}}
+}
+
+
+typedef struct
+{
+    #if __has_feature(objc_arc)
+    __unsafe_unretained id<MTLRenderPipelineState> pipeline;
+    #else
+    id<MTLRenderPipelineState> pipeline;
+    #endif
+    size_t constants_offset;
+    SDL_Texture *texture;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_dirty;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled;
+    SDL_Rect cliprect;
+    SDL_bool viewport_dirty;
+    SDL_Rect viewport;
+    size_t projection_offset;
+    SDL_bool color_dirty;
+    size_t color_offset;
+} METAL_DrawStateCache;
 
 static void
-METAL_SetupRenderCopy(METAL_RenderData *data, SDL_Texture *texture, METAL_TextureData *texturedata)
+SetDrawState(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_MetalFragmentFunction shader,
+             const size_t constants_offset, id<MTLBuffer> mtlbufvertex, METAL_DrawStateCache *statecache)
 {
-    float color[4] = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };
-    if (texture->modMode) {
-        color[0] = ((float)texture->r) / 255.0f;
-        color[1] = ((float)texture->g) / 255.0f;
-        color[2] = ((float)texture->b) / 255.0f;
-        color[3] = ((float)texture->a) / 255.0f;
+    METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+    size_t first = cmd->data.draw.first;
+    id<MTLRenderPipelineState> newpipeline;
+
+    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad, NULL);
+
+    if (statecache->viewport_dirty) {
+        MTLViewport viewport;
+        viewport.originX = statecache->viewport.x;
+        viewport.originY = statecache->viewport.y;
+        viewport.width = statecache->viewport.w;
+        viewport.height = statecache->viewport.h;
+        viewport.znear = 0.0;
+        viewport.zfar = 1.0;
+        [data.mtlcmdencoder setViewport:viewport];
+        [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:mtlbufvertex offset:statecache->projection_offset atIndex:2];  // projection
+        statecache->viewport_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (statecache->cliprect_dirty) {
+        MTLScissorRect mtlrect;
+        if (statecache->cliprect_enabled) {
+            const SDL_Rect *rect = &statecache->cliprect;
+            mtlrect.x = statecache->viewport.x + rect->x;
+            mtlrect.y = statecache->viewport.y + rect->y;
+            mtlrect.width = rect->w;
+            mtlrect.height = rect->h;
+        } else {
+            mtlrect.x = statecache->viewport.x;
+            mtlrect.y = statecache->viewport.y;
+            mtlrect.width = statecache->viewport.w;
+            mtlrect.height = statecache->viewport.h;
+        }
+        if (mtlrect.width > 0 && mtlrect.height > 0) {
+            [data.mtlcmdencoder setScissorRect:mtlrect];
+        }
+        statecache->cliprect_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
     }
 
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setRenderPipelineState:ChoosePipelineState(data, data.activepipelines, texturedata.fragmentFunction, texture->blendMode)];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentBytes:color length:sizeof(color) atIndex:0];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentSamplerState:texturedata.mtlsampler atIndex:0];
+    if (statecache->color_dirty) {
+        [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentBuffer:mtlbufvertex offset:statecache->color_offset atIndex:0];
+        statecache->color_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
 
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentTexture:texturedata.mtltexture atIndex:0];
+    newpipeline = ChoosePipelineState(data, data.activepipelines, shader, blend);
+    if (newpipeline != statecache->pipeline) {
+        [data.mtlcmdencoder setRenderPipelineState:newpipeline];
+        statecache->pipeline = newpipeline;
+    }
 
-    if (texturedata.yuv || texturedata.nv12) {
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentTexture:texturedata.mtltexture_uv atIndex:1];
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants offset:texturedata.conversionBufferOffset atIndex:1];
+    if (constants_offset != statecache->constants_offset) {
+        if (constants_offset != CONSTANTS_OFFSET_INVALID) {
+            [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants offset:constants_offset atIndex:3];
+        }
+        statecache->constants_offset = constants_offset;
     }
+
+    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:mtlbufvertex offset:first atIndex:0];  // position
 }
 
-static int
-METAL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-              const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
-{ @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad);
+static void
+SetCopyState(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const size_t constants_offset,
+             id<MTLBuffer> mtlbufvertex, METAL_DrawStateCache *statecache)
+{
     METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
     METAL_TextureData *texturedata = (__bridge METAL_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
-    const float texw = (float) texturedata.mtltexture.width;
-    const float texh = (float) texturedata.mtltexture.height;
 
-    METAL_SetupRenderCopy(data, texture, texturedata);
+    SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, texturedata.fragmentFunction, constants_offset, mtlbufvertex, statecache);
 
-    const float xy[] = {
-        dstrect->x, dstrect->y + dstrect->h,
-        dstrect->x, dstrect->y,
-        dstrect->x + dstrect->w, dstrect->y + dstrect->h,
-        dstrect->x + dstrect->w, dstrect->y
-    };
-
-    const float uv[] = {
-        normtex(srcrect->x, texw), normtex(srcrect->y + srcrect->h, texh),
-        normtex(srcrect->x, texw), normtex(srcrect->y, texh),
-        normtex(srcrect->x + srcrect->w, texw), normtex(srcrect->y + srcrect->h, texh),
-        normtex(srcrect->x + srcrect->w, texw), normtex(srcrect->y, texh)
-    };
+    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:mtlbufvertex offset:cmd->data.draw.first+(8*sizeof (float)) atIndex:1];  // texcoords
 
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBytes:xy length:sizeof(xy) atIndex:0];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBytes:uv length:sizeof(uv) atIndex:1];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants offset:CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY atIndex:3];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangleStrip vertexStart:0 vertexCount:4];
+    if (texture != statecache->texture) {
+        METAL_TextureData *oldtexturedata = NULL;
+        if (statecache->texture) {
+            oldtexturedata = (__bridge METAL_TextureData *) statecache->texture->driverdata;
+        }
+        if (!oldtexturedata || (texturedata.mtlsampler != oldtexturedata.mtlsampler)) {
+            [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentSamplerState:texturedata.mtlsampler atIndex:0];
+        }
 
-    return 0;
-}}
+        [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentTexture:texturedata.mtltexture atIndex:0];
+        if (texturedata.yuv || texturedata.nv12) {
+            [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentTexture:texturedata.mtltexture_uv atIndex:1];
+            [data.mtlcmdencoder setFragmentBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants offset:texturedata.conversionBufferOffset atIndex:1];
+        }
+        statecache->texture = texture;
+    }
+}
 
 static int
-METAL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-              const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-              const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
+METAL_RunCommandQueue(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize)
 { @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad);
     METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    METAL_TextureData *texturedata = (__bridge METAL_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
-    const float texw = (float) texturedata.mtltexture.width;
-    const float texh = (float) texturedata.mtltexture.height;
-    float transform[16];
-    float minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    METAL_DrawStateCache statecache;
+    id<MTLBuffer> mtlbufvertex = nil;
+
+    statecache.pipeline = nil;
+    statecache.constants_offset = CONSTANTS_OFFSET_INVALID;
+    statecache.texture = NULL;
+    statecache.color_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+    statecache.cliprect_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+    statecache.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+    statecache.projection_offset = 0;
+    statecache.color_offset = 0;
+
+    // !!! FIXME: have a ring of pre-made MTLBuffers we cycle through? How expensive is creation?
+    if (vertsize > 0) {
+        id<MTLBuffer> mtlbufvertexstaging = [data.mtldevice newBufferWithLength:vertsize options:MTLResourceStorageModeShared];
+        #if !__has_feature(objc_arc)
+        [mtlbufvertexstaging autorelease];
+        #endif
+        mtlbufvertexstaging.label = @"SDL vertex staging data";
+        SDL_memcpy([mtlbufvertexstaging contents], vertices, vertsize);
+
+        // Move our new vertex buffer from system RAM to GPU memory so any draw calls can use it.
+        mtlbufvertex = [data.mtldevice newBufferWithLength:vertsize options:MTLResourceStorageModePrivate];
+        #if !__has_feature(objc_arc)
+        [mtlbufvertex autorelease];
+        #endif
+        mtlbufvertex.label = @"SDL vertex data";
+        id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdbuffer = [data.mtlcmdqueue commandBuffer];
+        id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> blitcmd = [cmdbuffer blitCommandEncoder];
+        [blitcmd copyFromBuffer:mtlbufvertexstaging sourceOffset:0 toBuffer:mtlbufvertex destinationOffset:0 size:vertsize];
+        [blitcmd endEncoding];
+        [cmdbuffer commit];
+    }
 
-    METAL_SetupRenderCopy(data, texture, texturedata);
+    // If there's a command buffer here unexpectedly (app requested one?). Commit it so we can start fresh.
+    [data.mtlcmdencoder endEncoding];
+    [data.mtlcmdbuffer commit];
+    data.mtlcmdencoder = nil;
+    data.mtlcmdbuffer = nil;
 
-    minu = normtex(srcrect->x, texw);
-    maxu = normtex(srcrect->x + srcrect->w, texw);
-    minv = normtex(srcrect->y, texh);
-    maxv = normtex(srcrect->y + srcrect->h, texh);
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT: {
+                SDL_memcpy(&statecache.viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (statecache.viewport));
+                statecache.projection_offset = cmd->data.viewport.first;
+                statecache.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
 
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
-        float tmp = maxu;
-        maxu = minu;
-        minu = tmp;
-    }
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
-        float tmp = maxv;
-        maxv = minv;
-        minv = tmp;
-    }
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT: {
+                SDL_memcpy(&statecache.cliprect, &cmd->data.cliprect.rect, sizeof (statecache.cliprect));
+                statecache.cliprect_enabled = cmd->data.cliprect.enabled;
+                statecache.cliprect_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
 
-    const float uv[] = {
-        minu, maxv,
-        minu, minv,
-        maxu, maxv,
-        maxu, minv
-    };
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR: {
+                statecache.color_offset = cmd->data.color.first;
+                statecache.color_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
 
-    const float xy[] = {
-        -center->x, dstrect->h - center->y,
-        -center->x, -center->y,
-        dstrect->w - center->x, dstrect->h - center->y,
-        dstrect->w - center->x, -center->y
-    };
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR: {
+                /* If we're already encoding a command buffer, dump it without committing it. We'd just
+                    clear all its work anyhow, and starting a new encoder will let us use a hardware clear
+                    operation via MTLLoadActionClear. */
+                if (data.mtlcmdencoder != nil) {
+                    [data.mtlcmdencoder endEncoding];
+
+                    // !!! FIXME: have to commit, or an uncommitted but enqueued buffer will prevent the frame from finishing.
+                    [data.mtlcmdbuffer commit];
+                    data.mtlcmdencoder = nil;
+                    data.mtlcmdbuffer = nil;
+                }
 
-    {
-        float rads = (float)(M_PI * (float) angle / 180.0f);
-        float c = cosf(rads), s = sinf(rads);
-        SDL_memset(transform, 0, sizeof(transform));
+                // force all this state to be reconfigured on next command buffer.
+                statecache.pipeline = nil;
+                statecache.constants_offset = CONSTANTS_OFFSET_INVALID;
+                statecache.texture = NULL;
+                statecache.color_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                statecache.cliprect_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                statecache.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                MTLClearColor color = MTLClearColorMake(r / 255.0f, g / 255.0f, b / 255.0f, a / 255.0f);
+
+                // get new command encoder, set up with an initial clear operation.
+                METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionClear, &color);
+                break;
+            }
 
-        transform[10] = transform[15] = 1.0f;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS:
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const MTLPrimitiveType primtype = (cmd->command == SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS) ? MTLPrimitiveTypePoint : MTLPrimitiveTypeLineStrip;
+                SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, SDL_METAL_FRAGMENT_SOLID, CONSTANTS_OFFSET_HALF_PIXEL_TRANSFORM, mtlbufvertex, &statecache);
+                [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:primtype vertexStart:0 vertexCount:count];
+                break;
+            }
 
-        /* Rotation */
-        transform[0]  = c;
-        transform[1]  = s;
-        transform[4]  = -s;
-        transform[5]  = c;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                size_t start = 0;
+                SetDrawState(renderer, cmd, SDL_METAL_FRAGMENT_SOLID, CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY, mtlbufvertex, &statecache);
+                for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++, start += 4) {   // !!! FIXME: can we do all of these this with a single draw call, using MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangle and an index buffer?
+                    [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangleStrip vertexStart:start vertexCount:4];
+                }
+                break;
+            }
 
-        /* Translation */
-        transform[12] = dstrect->x + center->x;
-        transform[13] = dstrect->y + center->y;
-    }
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY: {
+                SetCopyState(renderer, cmd, CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY, mtlbufvertex, &statecache);
+                [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangleStrip vertexStart:0 vertexCount:4];
+                break;
+            }
 
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBytes:xy length:sizeof(xy) atIndex:0];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBytes:uv length:sizeof(uv) atIndex:1];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBytes:transform length:sizeof(transform) atIndex:3];
-    [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangleStrip vertexStart:0 vertexCount:4];
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX: {
+                SetCopyState(renderer, cmd, CONSTANTS_OFFSET_INVALID, mtlbufvertex, &statecache);
+                [data.mtlcmdencoder setVertexBuffer:mtlbufvertex offset:cmd->data.draw.count atIndex:3];  // transform
+                [data.mtlcmdencoder drawPrimitives:MTLPrimitiveTypeTriangleStrip vertexStart:0 vertexCount:4];
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                break;
+        }
+        cmd = cmd->next;
+    }
 
     return 0;
 }}
@@ -1352,21 +1200,14 @@ METAL_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
                     Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch)
 { @autoreleasepool {
     METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad, NULL);
 
-    /* Make sure we have a valid MTLTexture to read from, and an active command
-     * buffer we can wait for. */
-    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad);
-
-    /* Wait for the current command buffer to finish, so we don't read from the
-     * texture before the GPU finishes rendering to it. */
-    if (data.mtlcmdencoder) {
-        [data.mtlcmdencoder endEncoding];
-        [data.mtlcmdbuffer commit];
-        [data.mtlcmdbuffer waitUntilCompleted];
-
-        data.mtlcmdencoder = nil;
-        data.mtlcmdbuffer = nil;
-    }
+    // Commit any current command buffer, and waitUntilCompleted, so any output is ready to be read.
+    [data.mtlcmdencoder endEncoding];
+    [data.mtlcmdbuffer commit];
+    [data.mtlcmdbuffer waitUntilCompleted];
+    data.mtlcmdencoder = nil;
+    data.mtlcmdbuffer = nil;
 
     id<MTLTexture> mtltexture = data.mtlpassdesc.colorAttachments[0].texture;
     MTLRegion mtlregion = MTLRegionMake2D(rect->x, rect->y, rect->w, rect->h);
@@ -1383,13 +1224,6 @@ METAL_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
     const Uint32 temp_format = (mtltexture.pixelFormat == MTLPixelFormatBGRA8Unorm) ? SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888 : SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888;
     const int status = SDL_ConvertPixels(rect->w, rect->h, temp_format, temp_pixels, temp_pitch, pixel_format, pixels, pitch);
     SDL_free(temp_pixels);
-
-    /* Set up an active command buffer and encoder once we're done. It will use
-     * the same texture that was active before (even if it's part of the swap
-     * chain), since we didn't clear that when waiting for the command buffer to
-     * complete. */
-    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad);
-
     return status;
 }}
 
@@ -1445,11 +1279,274 @@ METAL_GetMetalLayer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 static void *
 METAL_GetMetalCommandEncoder(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 { @autoreleasepool {
-    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad);
+    METAL_ActivateRenderCommandEncoder(renderer, MTLLoadActionLoad, NULL);
     METAL_RenderData *data = (__bridge METAL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     return (__bridge void*)data.mtlcmdencoder;
 }}
 
+static SDL_Renderer *
+METAL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
+{ @autoreleasepool {
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer = NULL;
+    METAL_RenderData *data = NULL;
+    id<MTLDevice> mtldevice = nil;
+    SDL_SysWMinfo syswm;
+
+    SDL_VERSION(&syswm.version);
+    if (!SDL_GetWindowWMInfo(window, &syswm)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (IsMetalAvailable(&syswm) == -1) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
+    if (!renderer) {
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // !!! FIXME: MTLCopyAllDevices() can find other GPUs on macOS...
+    mtldevice = MTLCreateSystemDefaultDevice();
+
+    if (mtldevice == nil) {
+        SDL_free(renderer);
+        SDL_SetError("Failed to obtain Metal device");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // !!! FIXME: error checking on all of this.
+    data = [[METAL_RenderData alloc] init];
+
+    renderer->driverdata = (void*)CFBridgingRetain(data);
+    renderer->window = window;
+
+#ifdef __MACOSX__
+    NSView *view = Cocoa_Mtl_AddMetalView(window);
+    CAMetalLayer *layer = (CAMetalLayer *)[view layer];
+
+    layer.device = mtldevice;
+
+    //layer.colorspace = nil;
+
+#else
+    UIView *view = UIKit_Mtl_AddMetalView(window);
+    CAMetalLayer *layer = (CAMetalLayer *)[view layer];
+#endif
+
+    // Necessary for RenderReadPixels.
+    layer.framebufferOnly = NO;
+
+    data.mtldevice = layer.device;
+    data.mtllayer = layer;
+    id<MTLCommandQueue> mtlcmdqueue = [data.mtldevice newCommandQueue];
+    data.mtlcmdqueue = mtlcmdqueue;
+    data.mtlcmdqueue.label = @"SDL Metal Renderer";
+    data.mtlpassdesc = [MTLRenderPassDescriptor renderPassDescriptor];
+
+    NSError *err = nil;
+
+    // The compiled .metallib is embedded in a static array in a header file
+    // but the original shader source code is in SDL_shaders_metal.metal.
+    dispatch_data_t mtllibdata = dispatch_data_create(sdl_metallib, sdl_metallib_len, dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0), ^{});
+    id<MTLLibrary> mtllibrary = [data.mtldevice newLibraryWithData:mtllibdata error:&err];
+    data.mtllibrary = mtllibrary;
+    SDL_assert(err == nil);
+#if !__has_feature(objc_arc)
+    dispatch_release(mtllibdata);
+#endif
+    data.mtllibrary.label = @"SDL Metal renderer shader library";
+
+    /* Do some shader pipeline state loading up-front rather than on demand. */
+    data.pipelinescount = 0;
+    data.allpipelines = NULL;
+    ChooseShaderPipelines(data, MTLPixelFormatBGRA8Unorm);
+
+    MTLSamplerDescriptor *samplerdesc = [[MTLSamplerDescriptor alloc] init];
+
+    samplerdesc.minFilter = MTLSamplerMinMagFilterNearest;
+    samplerdesc.magFilter = MTLSamplerMinMagFilterNearest;
+    id<MTLSamplerState> mtlsamplernearest = [data.mtldevice newSamplerStateWithDescriptor:samplerdesc];
+    data.mtlsamplernearest = mtlsamplernearest;
+
+    samplerdesc.minFilter = MTLSamplerMinMagFilterLinear;
+    samplerdesc.magFilter = MTLSamplerMinMagFilterLinear;
+    id<MTLSamplerState> mtlsamplerlinear = [data.mtldevice newSamplerStateWithDescriptor:samplerdesc];
+    data.mtlsamplerlinear = mtlsamplerlinear;
+
+    /* Note: matrices are column major. */
+    float identitytransform[16] = {
+        1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
+        0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
+        0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
+        0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
+    };
+
+    float halfpixeltransform[16] = {
+        1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
+        0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
+        0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
+        0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
+    };
+
+    /* Metal pads float3s to 16 bytes. */
+    float decodetransformJPEG[4*4] = {
+        0.0, -0.501960814, -0.501960814, 0.0, /* offset */
+        1.0000,  0.0000,  1.4020, 0.0,        /* Rcoeff */
+        1.0000, -0.3441, -0.7141, 0.0,        /* Gcoeff */
+        1.0000,  1.7720,  0.0000, 0.0,        /* Bcoeff */
+    };
+
+    float decodetransformBT601[4*4] = {
+        -0.0627451017, -0.501960814, -0.501960814, 0.0, /* offset */
+        1.1644,  0.0000,  1.5960, 0.0,                  /* Rcoeff */
+        1.1644, -0.3918, -0.8130, 0.0,                  /* Gcoeff */
+        1.1644,  2.0172,  0.0000, 0.0,                  /* Bcoeff */
+    };
+
+    float decodetransformBT709[4*4] = {
+        0.0, -0.501960814, -0.501960814, 0.0, /* offset */
+        1.0000,  0.0000,  1.4020, 0.0,        /* Rcoeff */
+        1.0000, -0.3441, -0.7141, 0.0,        /* Gcoeff */
+        1.0000,  1.7720,  0.0000, 0.0,        /* Bcoeff */
+    };
+
+    float clearverts[6] = {0.0f, 0.0f,  0.0f, 2.0f,  2.0f, 0.0f};
+
+    id<MTLBuffer> mtlbufconstantstaging = [data.mtldevice newBufferWithLength:CONSTANTS_LENGTH options:MTLResourceStorageModeShared];
+    #if !__has_feature(objc_arc)
+    [mtlbufconstantstaging autorelease];
+    #endif
+    mtlbufconstantstaging.label = @"SDL constant staging data";
+
+    id<MTLBuffer> mtlbufconstants = [data.mtldevice newBufferWithLength:CONSTANTS_LENGTH options:MTLResourceStorageModePrivate];
+    data.mtlbufconstants = mtlbufconstants;
+    data.mtlbufconstants.label = @"SDL constant data";
+
+    char *constantdata = [mtlbufconstantstaging contents];
+    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_IDENTITY, identitytransform, sizeof(identitytransform));
+    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_HALF_PIXEL_TRANSFORM, halfpixeltransform, sizeof(halfpixeltransform));
+    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_DECODE_JPEG, decodetransformJPEG, sizeof(decodetransformJPEG));
+    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_DECODE_BT601, decodetransformBT601, sizeof(decodetransformBT601));
+    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_DECODE_BT709, decodetransformBT709, sizeof(decodetransformBT709));
+    SDL_memcpy(constantdata + CONSTANTS_OFFSET_CLEAR_VERTS, clearverts, sizeof(clearverts));
+
+    id<MTLCommandBuffer> cmdbuffer = [data.mtlcmdqueue commandBuffer];
+    id<MTLBlitCommandEncoder> blitcmd = [cmdbuffer blitCommandEncoder];
+
+    [blitcmd copyFromBuffer:mtlbufconstantstaging sourceOffset:0 toBuffer:data.mtlbufconstants destinationOffset:0 size:CONSTANTS_LENGTH];
+
+    [blitcmd endEncoding];
+    [cmdbuffer commit];
+
+    // !!! FIXME: force more clears here so all the drawables are sane to start, and our static buffers are definitely flushed.
+
+    renderer->WindowEvent = METAL_WindowEvent;
+    renderer->GetOutputSize = METAL_GetOutputSize;
+    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = METAL_SupportsBlendMode;
+    renderer->CreateTexture = METAL_CreateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTexture = METAL_UpdateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTextureYUV = METAL_UpdateTextureYUV;
+    renderer->LockTexture = METAL_LockTexture;
+    renderer->UnlockTexture = METAL_UnlockTexture;
+    renderer->SetRenderTarget = METAL_SetRenderTarget;
+    renderer->QueueSetViewport = METAL_QueueSetViewport;
+    renderer->QueueSetDrawColor = METAL_QueueSetDrawColor;
+    renderer->QueueDrawPoints = METAL_QueueDrawPoints;
+    renderer->QueueDrawLines = METAL_QueueDrawPoints;  // lines and points queue the same way.
+    renderer->QueueFillRects = METAL_QueueFillRects;
+    renderer->QueueCopy = METAL_QueueCopy;
+    renderer->QueueCopyEx = METAL_QueueCopyEx;
+    renderer->RunCommandQueue = METAL_RunCommandQueue;
+    renderer->RenderReadPixels = METAL_RenderReadPixels;
+    renderer->RenderPresent = METAL_RenderPresent;
+    renderer->DestroyTexture = METAL_DestroyTexture;
+    renderer->DestroyRenderer = METAL_DestroyRenderer;
+    renderer->GetMetalLayer = METAL_GetMetalLayer;
+    renderer->GetMetalCommandEncoder = METAL_GetMetalCommandEncoder;
+
+    renderer->info = METAL_RenderDriver.info;
+    renderer->info.flags = (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE);
+
+    renderer->always_batch = SDL_TRUE;
+
+#if defined(__MACOSX__) && defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_13)
+    if (@available(macOS 10.13, *)) {
+        data.mtllayer.displaySyncEnabled = (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) != 0;
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
+    }
+
+    /* https://developer.apple.com/metal/Metal-Feature-Set-Tables.pdf */
+    int maxtexsize = 4096;
+#if defined(__MACOSX__)
+    maxtexsize = 16384;
+#elif defined(__TVOS__)
+    maxtexsize = 8192;
+#ifdef __TVOS_11_0
+    if (@available(tvOS 11.0, *)) {
+        if ([mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_tvOS_GPUFamily2_v1]) {
+            maxtexsize = 16384;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#else
+#ifdef __IPHONE_11_0
+    if ([mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily4_v1]) {
+        maxtexsize = 16384;
+    } else
+#endif
+#ifdef __IPHONE_10_0
+    if ([mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily3_v1]) {
+        maxtexsize = 16384;
+    } else
+#endif
+    if ([mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily2_v2] || [mtldevice supportsFeatureSet:MTLFeatureSet_iOS_GPUFamily1_v2]) {
+        maxtexsize = 8192;
+    } else {
+        maxtexsize = 4096;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    renderer->info.max_texture_width = maxtexsize;
+    renderer->info.max_texture_height = maxtexsize;
+
+#if !__has_feature(objc_arc)
+    [mtlcmdqueue release];
+    [mtllibrary release];
+    [samplerdesc release];
+    [mtlsamplernearest release];
+    [mtlsamplerlinear release];
+    [mtlbufconstants release];
+    [view release];
+    [data release];
+    [mtldevice release];
+#endif
+
+    return renderer;
+}}
+
+SDL_RenderDriver METAL_RenderDriver = {
+    METAL_CreateRenderer,
+    {
+        "metal",
+        (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
+        6,
+        {
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12,
+            SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21
+        },
+    0, 0,
+    }
+};
+
 #endif /* SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_METAL && !SDL_RENDER_DISABLED */
 
 /* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/src/render/opengl/SDL_render_gl.c b/src/render/opengl/SDL_render_gl.c
index 09db12de80..01d6dadf01 100644
--- a/src/render/opengl/SDL_render_gl.c
+++ b/src/render/opengl/SDL_render_gl.c
@@ -51,57 +51,6 @@ extern int SDL_RecreateWindow(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
 
 static const float inv255f = 1.0f / 255.0f;
 
-static SDL_Renderer *GL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
-static void GL_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                           const SDL_WindowEvent *event);
-static int GL_GetOutputSize(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int *w, int *h);
-static SDL_bool GL_SupportsBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
-static int GL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int GL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                            const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels,
-                            int pitch);
-static int GL_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                               const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                               const Uint8 *Yplane, int Ypitch,
-                               const Uint8 *Uplane, int Upitch,
-                               const Uint8 *Vplane, int Vpitch);
-static int GL_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                          const SDL_Rect * rect, void **pixels, int *pitch);
-static void GL_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int GL_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int GL_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int GL_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int GL_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int GL_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int GL_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                              const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int GL_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                              const SDL_FRect * rects, int count);
-static int GL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                         const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
-static int GL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                         const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                         const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
-static int GL_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                               Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch);
-static void GL_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void GL_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static void GL_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int GL_BindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, float *texw, float *texh);
-static int GL_UnbindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture);
-
-SDL_RenderDriver GL_RenderDriver = {
-    GL_CreateRenderer,
-    {
-     "opengl",
-     (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
-     1,
-     {SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888},
-     0,
-     0}
-};
-
 typedef struct GL_FBOList GL_FBOList;
 
 struct GL_FBOList
@@ -113,6 +62,25 @@ struct GL_FBOList
 
 typedef struct
 {
+    SDL_bool viewport_dirty;
+    SDL_Rect viewport;
+    SDL_Texture *texture;
+    SDL_Texture *target;
+    int drawablew;
+    int drawableh;
+    SDL_BlendMode blend;
+    GL_Shader shader;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled_dirty;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_dirty;
+    SDL_Rect cliprect;
+    SDL_bool texturing;
+    Uint32 color;
+    Uint32 clear_color;
+} GL_DrawStateCache;
+
+typedef struct
+{
     SDL_GLContext context;
 
     SDL_bool debug_enabled;
@@ -122,14 +90,10 @@ typedef struct
     GLDEBUGPROCARB next_error_callback;
     GLvoid *next_error_userparam;
 
+    GLenum textype;
+
     SDL_bool GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two_supported;
     SDL_bool GL_ARB_texture_rectangle_supported;
-    struct {
-        GL_Shader shader;
-        Uint32 color;
-        SDL_BlendMode blendMode;
-    } current;
-
     SDL_bool GL_EXT_framebuffer_object_supported;
     GL_FBOList *framebuffers;
 
@@ -152,12 +116,12 @@ typedef struct
     /* Shader support */
     GL_ShaderContext *shaders;
 
+    GL_DrawStateCache drawstate;
 } GL_RenderData;
 
 typedef struct
 {
     GLuint texture;
-    GLenum type;
     GLfloat texw;
     GLfloat texh;
     GLenum format;
@@ -284,21 +248,15 @@ GL_LoadFunctions(GL_RenderData * data)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static SDL_GLContext SDL_CurrentContext = NULL;
-
 static int
 GL_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
     GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
 
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext != data->context ||
-        SDL_GL_GetCurrentContext() != data->context) {
+    if (SDL_GL_GetCurrentContext() != data->context) {
         if (SDL_GL_MakeCurrent(renderer->window, data->context) < 0) {
             return -1;
         }
-        SDL_CurrentContext = data->context;
-
-        GL_UpdateViewport(renderer);
     }
 
     GL_ClearErrors(renderer);
@@ -306,33 +264,6 @@ GL_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     return 0;
 }
 
-/* This is called if we need to invalidate all of the SDL OpenGL state */
-static void
-GL_ResetState(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
-{
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (SDL_GL_GetCurrentContext() == data->context) {
-        GL_UpdateViewport(renderer);
-    } else {
-        GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-    }
-
-    data->current.shader = SHADER_NONE;
-    data->current.color = 0xffffffff;
-    data->current.blendMode = SDL_BLENDMODE_INVALID;
-
-    data->glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
-    data->glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
-    /* This ended up causing video discrepancies between OpenGL and Direct3D */
-    /* data->glEnable(GL_LINE_SMOOTH); */
-
-    data->glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
-    data->glLoadIdentity();
-
-    GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-}
-
 static void APIENTRY
 GL_HandleDebugMessage(GLenum source, GLenum type, GLuint id, GLenum severity, GLsizei length, const char *message, const void *userParam)
 {
@@ -384,215 +315,6 @@ GL_GetFBO(GL_RenderData *data, Uint32 w, Uint32 h)
     return result;
 }
 
-SDL_Renderer *
-GL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
-{
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-    GL_RenderData *data;
-    GLint value;
-    Uint32 window_flags;
-    int profile_mask = 0, major = 0, minor = 0;
-    SDL_bool changed_window = SDL_FALSE;
-
-    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, &profile_mask);
-    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, &major);
-    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, &minor);
-    
-    window_flags = SDL_GetWindowFlags(window);
-    if (!(window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) ||
-        profile_mask == SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES || major != RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR || minor != RENDERER_CONTEXT_MINOR) {
-
-        changed_window = SDL_TRUE;
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, 0);
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR);
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, RENDERER_CONTEXT_MINOR);
-
-        if (SDL_RecreateWindow(window, window_flags | SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) < 0) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-
-    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
-    if (!renderer) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    data = (GL_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
-    if (!data) {
-        SDL_free(renderer);
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    renderer->WindowEvent = GL_WindowEvent;
-    renderer->GetOutputSize = GL_GetOutputSize;
-    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = GL_SupportsBlendMode;
-    renderer->CreateTexture = GL_CreateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTexture = GL_UpdateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTextureYUV = GL_UpdateTextureYUV;
-    renderer->LockTexture = GL_LockTexture;
-    renderer->UnlockTexture = GL_UnlockTexture;
-    renderer->SetRenderTarget = GL_SetRenderTarget;
-    renderer->UpdateViewport = GL_UpdateViewport;
-    renderer->UpdateClipRect = GL_UpdateClipRect;
-    renderer->RenderClear = GL_RenderClear;
-    renderer->RenderDrawPoints = GL_RenderDrawPoints;
-    renderer->RenderDrawLines = GL_RenderDrawLines;
-    renderer->RenderFillRects = GL_RenderFillRects;
-    renderer->RenderCopy = GL_RenderCopy;
-    renderer->RenderCopyEx = GL_RenderCopyEx;
-    renderer->RenderReadPixels = GL_RenderReadPixels;
-    renderer->RenderPresent = GL_RenderPresent;
-    renderer->DestroyTexture = GL_DestroyTexture;
-    renderer->DestroyRenderer = GL_DestroyRenderer;
-    renderer->GL_BindTexture = GL_BindTexture;
-    renderer->GL_UnbindTexture = GL_UnbindTexture;
-    renderer->info = GL_RenderDriver.info;
-    renderer->info.flags = SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED;
-    renderer->driverdata = data;
-    renderer->window = window;
-
-    data->context = SDL_GL_CreateContext(window);
-    if (!data->context) {
-        SDL_free(renderer);
-        SDL_free(data);
-        goto error;
-    }
-    if (SDL_GL_MakeCurrent(window, data->context) < 0) {
-        SDL_GL_DeleteContext(data->context);
-        SDL_free(renderer);
-        SDL_free(data);
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (GL_LoadFunctions(data) < 0) {
-        SDL_GL_DeleteContext(data->context);
-        SDL_free(renderer);
-        SDL_free(data);
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-#ifdef __MACOSX__
-    /* Enable multi-threaded rendering */
-    /* Disabled until Ryan finishes his VBO/PBO code...
-       CGLEnable(CGLGetCurrentContext(), kCGLCEMPEngine);
-     */
-#endif
-
-    if (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) {
-        SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(1);
-    } else {
-        SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(0);
-    }
-    if (SDL_GL_GetSwapInterval() > 0) {
-        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
-    }
-
-    /* Check for debug output support */
-    if (SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_FLAGS, &value) == 0 &&
-        (value & SDL_GL_CONTEXT_DEBUG_FLAG)) {
-        data->debug_enabled = SDL_TRUE;
-    }
-    if (data->debug_enabled && SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_debug_output")) {
-        PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGECALLBACKARBPROC glDebugMessageCallbackARBFunc = (PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGECALLBACKARBPROC) SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glDebugMessageCallbackARB");
-
-        data->GL_ARB_debug_output_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-        data->glGetPointerv(GL_DEBUG_CALLBACK_FUNCTION_ARB, (GLvoid **)(char *)&data->next_error_callback);
-        data->glGetPointerv(GL_DEBUG_CALLBACK_USER_PARAM_ARB, &data->next_error_userparam);
-        glDebugMessageCallbackARBFunc(GL_HandleDebugMessage, renderer);
-
-        /* Make sure our callback is called when errors actually happen */
-        data->glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SYNCHRONOUS_ARB);
-    }
-
-    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two")) {
-        data->GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-    } else if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_texture_rectangle") ||
-               SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_EXT_texture_rectangle")) {
-        data->GL_ARB_texture_rectangle_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-    }
-    if (data->GL_ARB_texture_rectangle_supported) {
-        data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_RECTANGLE_TEXTURE_SIZE_ARB, &value);
-        renderer->info.max_texture_width = value;
-        renderer->info.max_texture_height = value;
-    } else {
-        data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &value);
-        renderer->info.max_texture_width = value;
-        renderer->info.max_texture_height = value;
-    }
-
-    /* Check for multitexture support */
-    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_multitexture")) {
-        data->glActiveTextureARB = (PFNGLACTIVETEXTUREARBPROC) SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glActiveTextureARB");
-        if (data->glActiveTextureARB) {
-            data->GL_ARB_multitexture_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-            data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_UNITS_ARB, &data->num_texture_units);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Check for shader support */
-    if (SDL_GetHintBoolean(SDL_HINT_RENDER_OPENGL_SHADERS, SDL_TRUE)) {
-        data->shaders = GL_CreateShaderContext();
-    }
-    SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RENDER, "OpenGL shaders: %s",
-                data->shaders ? "ENABLED" : "DISABLED");
-
-    /* We support YV12 textures using 3 textures and a shader */
-    if (data->shaders && data->num_texture_units >= 3) {
-        renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12;
-        renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV;
-        renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12;
-        renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21;
-    }
-
-#ifdef __MACOSX__
-    renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_UYVY;
-#endif
-
-    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_object")) {
-        data->GL_EXT_framebuffer_object_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-        data->glGenFramebuffersEXT = (PFNGLGENFRAMEBUFFERSEXTPROC)
-            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glGenFramebuffersEXT");
-        data->glDeleteFramebuffersEXT = (PFNGLDELETEFRAMEBUFFERSEXTPROC)
-            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glDeleteFramebuffersEXT");
-        data->glFramebufferTexture2DEXT = (PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE2DEXTPROC)
-            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glFramebufferTexture2DEXT");
-        data->glBindFramebufferEXT = (PFNGLBINDFRAMEBUFFEREXTPROC)
-            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glBindFramebufferEXT");
-        data->glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT = (PFNGLCHECKFRAMEBUFFERSTATUSEXTPROC)
-            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT");
-        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE;
-    }
-    data->framebuffers = NULL;
-
-    /* Set up parameters for rendering */
-    GL_ResetState(renderer);
-
-    return renderer;
-
-error:
-    if (changed_window) {
-        /* Uh oh, better try to put it back... */
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, profile_mask);
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, major);
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, minor);
-        SDL_RecreateWindow(window, window_flags);
-    }
-    return NULL;
-}
-
-static void
-GL_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_WindowEvent *event)
-{
-    if (event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SIZE_CHANGED ||
-        event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SHOWN ||
-        event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_HIDDEN) {
-        /* Rebind the context to the window area and update matrices */
-        SDL_CurrentContext = NULL;
-    }
-}
-
 static int
 GL_GetOutputSize(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int *w, int *h)
 {
@@ -712,6 +434,7 @@ static int
 GL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
 {
     GL_RenderData *renderdata = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    const GLenum textype = renderdata->textype;
     GL_TextureData *data;
     GLint internalFormat;
     GLenum format, type;
@@ -775,19 +498,16 @@ GL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
     texture->driverdata = data;
 
     if (renderdata->GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two_supported) {
-        data->type = GL_TEXTURE_2D;
         texture_w = texture->w;
         texture_h = texture->h;
         data->texw = 1.0f;
         data->texh = 1.0f;
     } else if (renderdata->GL_ARB_texture_rectangle_supported) {
-        data->type = GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB;
         texture_w = texture->w;
         texture_h = texture->h;
         data->texw = (GLfloat) texture_w;
         data->texh = (GLfloat) texture_h;
     } else {
-        data->type = GL_TEXTURE_2D;
         texture_w = power_of_2(texture->w);
         texture_h = power_of_2(texture->h);
         data->texw = (GLfloat) (texture->w) / texture_w;
@@ -797,17 +517,17 @@ GL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
     data->format = format;
     data->formattype = type;
     scaleMode = (texture->scaleMode == SDL_ScaleModeNearest) ? GL_NEAREST : GL_LINEAR;
-    renderdata->glEnable(data->type);
-    renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->texture);
-    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
-    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
+    renderdata->glEnable(textype);
+    renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->texture);
+    renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
+    renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
     /* According to the spec, CLAMP_TO_EDGE is the default for TEXTURE_RECTANGLE
        and setting it causes an INVALID_ENUM error in the latest NVidia drivers.
     */
-    if (data->type != GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB) {
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
+    if (textype != GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB) {
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
                                     GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                                     GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
     }
 #ifdef __MACOSX__
@@ -821,10 +541,10 @@ GL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
 #define STORAGE_SHARED_APPLE                0x85BF
 #endif
     if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING) {
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_STORAGE_HINT_APPLE,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_STORAGE_HINT_APPLE,
                                     GL_STORAGE_SHARED_APPLE);
     } else {
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_STORAGE_HINT_APPLE,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_STORAGE_HINT_APPLE,
                                     GL_STORAGE_CACHED_APPLE);
     }
     if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING
@@ -834,17 +554,17 @@ GL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
         renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
         renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH,
                           (data->pitch / SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format)));
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->type, 0, internalFormat, texture_w,
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(textype, 0, internalFormat, texture_w,
                                  texture_h, 0, format, type, data->pixels);
         renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_CLIENT_STORAGE_APPLE, GL_FALSE);
     }
     else
 #endif
     {
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->type, 0, internalFormat, texture_w,
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(textype, 0, internalFormat, texture_w,
                                  texture_h, 0, format, type, NULL);
     }
-    renderdata->glDisable(data->type);
+    renderdata->glDisable(textype);
     if (GL_CheckError("glTexImage2D()", renderer) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
@@ -855,33 +575,33 @@ GL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
 
         renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->utexture);
         renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->vtexture);
-        renderdata->glEnable(data->type);
+        renderdata->glEnable(textype);
 
-        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->utexture);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
+        renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->utexture);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
                                     scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
                                     scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
                                     GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                                     GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->type, 0, internalFormat, (texture_w+1)/2,
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(textype, 0, internalFormat, (texture_w+1)/2,
                                  (texture_h+1)/2, 0, format, type, NULL);
 
-        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->vtexture);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
+        renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->vtexture);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
                                     scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
                                     scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
                                     GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                                     GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->type, 0, internalFormat, (texture_w+1)/2,
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(textype, 0, internalFormat, (texture_w+1)/2,
                                  (texture_h+1)/2, 0, format, type, NULL);
 
-        renderdata->glDisable(data->type);
+        renderdata->glDisable(textype);
     }
 
     if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12 ||
@@ -889,20 +609,20 @@ GL_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
         data->nv12 = SDL_TRUE;
 
         renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->utexture);
-        renderdata->glEnable(data->type);
+        renderdata->glEnable(textype);
 
-        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->utexture);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
+        renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->utexture);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
                                     scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,
                                     scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
                                     GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(textype, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
                                     GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->type, 0, GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA, (texture_w+1)/2,
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(textype, 0, GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA, (texture_w+1)/2,
                                  (texture_h+1)/2, 0, GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
-        renderdata->glDisable(data->type);
+        renderdata->glDisable(textype);
     }
 
     return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
@@ -913,6 +633,7 @@ GL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
                  const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels, int pitch)
 {
     GL_RenderData *renderdata = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    const GLenum textype = renderdata->textype;
     GL_TextureData *data = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
     const int texturebpp = SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format);
 
@@ -920,11 +641,11 @@ GL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
 
     GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
 
-    renderdata->glEnable(data->type);
-    renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->texture);
+    renderdata->glEnable(textype);
+    renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->texture);
     renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
     renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, (pitch / texturebpp));
-    renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(data->type, 0, rect->x, rect->y, rect->w,
+    renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(textype, 0, rect->x, rect->y, rect->w,
                                 rect->h, data->format, data->formattype,
                                 pixels);
     if (data->yuv) {
@@ -933,22 +654,22 @@ GL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
         /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
         pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + rect->h * pitch);
         if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12) {
-            renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->vtexture);
+            renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->vtexture);
         } else {
-            renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->utexture);
+            renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->utexture);
         }
-        renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(data->type, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
+        renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(textype, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
                                     (rect->w+1)/2, (rect->h+1)/2,
                                     data->format, data->formattype, pixels);
 
         /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
         pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + ((rect->h + 1) / 2) * ((pitch + 1) / 2));
         if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12) {
-            renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->utexture);
+            renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->utexture);
         } else {
-            renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->vtexture);
+            renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->vtexture);
         }
-        renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(data->type, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
+        renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(textype, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
                                     (rect->w+1)/2, (rect->h+1)/2,
                                     data->format, data->formattype, pixels);
     }
@@ -958,12 +679,12 @@ GL_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
 
         /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
         pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + rect->h * pitch);
-        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->utexture);
-        renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(data->type, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
+        renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->utexture);
+        renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(textype, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
                                     (rect->w + 1)/2, (rect->h + 1)/2,
                                     GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixels);
     }
-    renderdata->glDisable(data->type);
+    renderdata->glDisable(textype);
 
     return GL_CheckError("glTexSubImage2D()", renderer);
 }
@@ -976,30 +697,31 @@ GL_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
                     const Uint8 *Vplane, int Vpitch)
 {
     GL_RenderData *renderdata = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    const GLenum textype = renderdata->textype;
     GL_TextureData *data = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
 
     GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
 
-    renderdata->glEnable(data->type);
-    renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->texture);
+    renderdata->glEnable(textype);
+    renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->texture);
     renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
     renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, Ypitch);
-    renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(data->type, 0, rect->x, rect->y, rect->w,
+    renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(textype, 0, rect->x, rect->y, rect->w,
                                 rect->h, data->format, data->formattype,
                                 Yplane);
 
     renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, Upitch);
-    renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->utexture);
-    renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(data->type, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
+    renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->utexture);
+    renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(textype, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
                                 (rect->w + 1)/2, (rect->h + 1)/2,
                                 data->format, data->formattype, Uplane);
 
     renderdata->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ROW_LENGTH, Vpitch);
-    renderdata->glBindTexture(data->type, data->vtexture);
-    renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(data->type, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
+    renderdata->glBindTexture(textype, data->vtexture);
+    renderdata->glTexSubImage2D(textype, 0, rect->x/2, rect->y/2,
                                 (rect->w + 1)/2, (rect->h + 1)/2,
                                 data->format, data->formattype, Vplane);
-    renderdata->glDisable(data->type);
+    renderdata->glDisable(textype);
 
     return GL_CheckError("glTexSubImage2D()", renderer);
 }
@@ -1053,7 +775,7 @@ GL_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
     texturedata = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
     data->glBindFramebufferEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, texturedata->fbo->FBO);
     /* TODO: check if texture pixel format allows this operation */
-    data->glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, texturedata->type, texturedata->texture, 0);
+    data->glFramebufferTexture2DEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0_EXT, data->textype, texturedata->texture, 0);
     /* Check FBO status */
     status = data->glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_EXT);
     if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE_EXT) {
@@ -1062,337 +784,71 @@ GL_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* !!! FIXME: all these Queue* calls set up the vertex buffer the way the immediate mode
+   !!! FIXME:  renderer wants it, but this might want to operate differently if we move to
+   !!! FIXME:  VBOs at some point. */
 static int
-GL_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+GL_QueueSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext != data->context) {
-        /* We'll update the viewport after we rebind the context */
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (renderer->target) {
-        data->glViewport(renderer->viewport.x, renderer->viewport.y,
-                         renderer->viewport.w, renderer->viewport.h);
-    } else {
-        int w, h;
-
-        SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &w, &h);
-        data->glViewport(renderer->viewport.x, (h - renderer->viewport.y - renderer->viewport.h),
-                         renderer->viewport.w, renderer->viewport.h);
-    }
-
-    data->glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
-    data->glLoadIdentity();
-    if (renderer->viewport.w && renderer->viewport.h) {
-        if (renderer->target) {
-            data->glOrtho((GLdouble) 0,
-                          (GLdouble) renderer->viewport.w,
-                          (GLdouble) 0,
-                          (GLdouble) renderer->viewport.h,
-                           0.0, 1.0);
-        } else {
-            data->glOrtho((GLdouble) 0,
-                          (GLdouble) renderer->viewport.w,
-                          (GLdouble) renderer->viewport.h,
-                          (GLdouble) 0,
-                           0.0, 1.0);
-        }
-    }
-    data->glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
-
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+    return 0;  /* nothing to do in this backend. */
 }
 
 static int
-GL_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+GL_QueueDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
 {
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        const SDL_Rect *rect = &renderer->clip_rect;
-        data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-        if (renderer->target) {
-            data->glScissor(renderer->viewport.x + rect->x, renderer->viewport.y + rect->y, rect->w, rect->h);
-        } else {
-            int w, h;
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * 2 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-            SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &w, &h);
-            data->glScissor(renderer->viewport.x + rect->x, h - renderer->viewport.y - rect->y - rect->h, rect->w, rect->h);
-        }
-    } else {
-        data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-GL_SetShader(GL_RenderData * data, GL_Shader shader)
-{
-    if (data->shaders && shader != data->current.shader) {
-        GL_SelectShader(data->shaders, shader);
-        data->current.shader = shader;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-GL_SetColor(GL_RenderData * data, Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b, Uint8 a)
-{
-    Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
-
-    if (color != data->current.color) {
-        data->glColor4f((GLfloat) r * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) g * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) b * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) a * inv255f);
-        data->current.color = color;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-GL_SetBlendMode(GL_RenderData * data, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
-{
-    if (blendMode != data->current.blendMode) {
-        if (blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
-            data->glDisable(GL_BLEND);
-        } else {
-            data->glEnable(GL_BLEND);
-            data->glBlendFuncSeparate(GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blendMode)),
-                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blendMode)),
-                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(blendMode)),
-                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(blendMode)));
-            data->glBlendEquation(GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeColorOperation(blendMode)));
-        }
-        data->current.blendMode = blendMode;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-GL_SetDrawingState(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    GL_SetColor(data, renderer->r,
-                      renderer->g,
-                      renderer->b,
-                      renderer->a);
-
-    GL_SetBlendMode(data, renderer->blendMode);
-
-    GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_SOLID);
-}
-
-static int
-GL_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    data->glClearColor((GLfloat) renderer->r * inv255f,
-                       (GLfloat) renderer->g * inv255f,
-                       (GLfloat) renderer->b * inv255f,
-                       (GLfloat) renderer->a * inv255f);
-
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-    }
-
-    data->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
-
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-GL_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                    int count)
-{
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    int i;
-
-    GL_SetDrawingState(renderer);
-
-    data->glBegin(GL_POINTS);
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        data->glVertex2f(0.5f + points[i].x, 0.5f + points[i].y);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        *(verts++) = 0.5f + points[i].x;
+        *(verts++) = 0.5f + points[i].y;
     }
-    data->glEnd();
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GL_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                   int count)
+GL_QueueFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
 {
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    int i;
-
-    GL_SetDrawingState(renderer);
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * 4 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    if (count > 2 &&
-        points[0].x == points[count-1].x && points[0].y == points[count-1].y) {
-        data->glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
-        /* GL_LINE_LOOP takes care of the final segment */
-        --count;
-        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            data->glVertex2f(0.5f + points[i].x, 0.5f + points[i].y);
-        }
-        data->glEnd();
-    } else {
-#if defined(__MACOSX__) || defined(__WIN32__)
-#else
-        int x1, y1, x2, y2;
-#endif
-
-        data->glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
-        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            data->glVertex2f(0.5f + points[i].x, 0.5f + points[i].y);
-        }
-        data->glEnd();
-
-        /* The line is half open, so we need one more point to complete it.
-         * http://www.opengl.org/documentation/specs/version1.1/glspec1.1/node47.html
-         * If we have to, we can use vertical line and horizontal line textures
-         * for vertical and horizontal lines, and then create custom textures
-         * for diagonal lines and software render those.  It's terrible, but at
-         * least it would be pixel perfect.
-         */
-        data->glBegin(GL_POINTS);
-#if defined(__MACOSX__) || defined(__WIN32__)
-        /* Mac OS X and Windows seem to always leave the last point open */
-        data->glVertex2f(0.5f + points[count-1].x, 0.5f + points[count-1].y);
-#else
-        /* Linux seems to leave the right-most or bottom-most point open */
-        x1 = points[0].x;
-        y1 = points[0].y;
-        x2 = points[count-1].x;
-        y2 = points[count-1].y;
-
-        if (x1 > x2) {
-            data->glVertex2f(0.5f + x1, 0.5f + y1);
-        } else if (x2 > x1) {
-            data->glVertex2f(0.5f + x2, 0.5f + y2);
-        }
-        if (y1 > y2) {
-            data->glVertex2f(0.5f + x1, 0.5f + y1);
-        } else if (y2 > y1) {
-            data->glVertex2f(0.5f + x2, 0.5f + y2);
-        }
-#endif
-        data->glEnd();
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-}
 
-static int
-GL_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
-{
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    int i;
-
-    GL_SetDrawingState(renderer);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
         const SDL_FRect *rect = &rects[i];
-
-        data->glRectf(rect->x, rect->y, rect->x + rect->w, rect->y + rect->h);
+        *(verts++) = rect->x;
+        *(verts++) = rect->y;
+        *(verts++) = rect->x + rect->w;
+        *(verts++) = rect->y + rect->h;
     }
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-}
-
-static int
-GL_SetupCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
-{
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    GL_TextureData *texturedata = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
-
-    data->glEnable(texturedata->type);
-    if (texturedata->yuv) {
-        data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE2_ARB);
-        data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->vtexture);
-
-        data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE1_ARB);
-        data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->utexture);
 
-        data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE0_ARB);
-    }
-    if (texturedata->nv12) {
-        data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE1_ARB);
-        data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->utexture);
-
-        data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE0_ARB);
-    }
-    data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->texture);
-
-    if (texture->modMode) {
-        GL_SetColor(data, texture->r, texture->g, texture->b, texture->a);
-    } else {
-        GL_SetColor(data, 255, 255, 255, 255);
-    }
-
-    GL_SetBlendMode(data, texture->blendMode);
-
-    if (texturedata->yuv || texturedata->nv12) {
-        switch (SDL_GetYUVConversionModeForResolution(texture->w, texture->h)) {
-        case SDL_YUV_CONVERSION_JPEG:
-            if (texturedata->yuv) {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_YUV_JPEG);
-            } else if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12) {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_NV12_JPEG);
-            } else {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_NV21_JPEG);
-            }
-            break;
-        case SDL_YUV_CONVERSION_BT601:
-            if (texturedata->yuv) {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_YUV_BT601);
-            } else if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12) {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_NV12_BT601);
-            } else {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_NV21_BT601);
-            }
-            break;
-        case SDL_YUV_CONVERSION_BT709:
-            if (texturedata->yuv) {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_YUV_BT709);
-            } else if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12) {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_NV12_BT709);
-            } else {
-                GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_NV21_BT709);
-            }
-            break;
-        default:
-            return SDL_SetError("Unsupported YUV conversion mode");
-        }
-    } else {
-        GL_SetShader(data, SHADER_RGB);
-    }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-              const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+GL_QueueCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+             const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
 {
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     GL_TextureData *texturedata = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
     GLfloat minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
     GLfloat minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 8 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    if (GL_SetupCopy(renderer, texture) < 0) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+
     minx = dstrect->x;
     miny = dstrect->y;
     maxx = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
@@ -1407,36 +863,30 @@ GL_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     maxv = (GLfloat) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
     maxv *= texturedata->texh;
 
-    data->glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);
-    data->glTexCoord2f(minu, minv);
-    data->glVertex2f(minx, miny);
-    data->glTexCoord2f(maxu, minv);
-    data->glVertex2f(maxx, miny);
-    data->glTexCoord2f(minu, maxv);
-    data->glVertex2f(minx, maxy);
-    data->glTexCoord2f(maxu, maxv);
-    data->glVertex2f(maxx, maxy);
-    data->glEnd();
-
-    data->glDisable(texturedata->type);
-
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-              const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-              const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
+GL_QueueCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+               const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+               const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     GL_TextureData *texturedata = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
     GLfloat minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
     GLfloat centerx, centery;
     GLfloat minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 11 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    if (GL_SetupCopy(renderer, texture) < 0) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -1470,24 +920,383 @@ GL_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     maxv = (GLfloat) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
     maxv *= texturedata->texh;
 
-    /* Translate to flip, rotate, translate to position */
-    data->glPushMatrix();
-    data->glTranslatef((GLfloat)dstrect->x + centerx, (GLfloat)dstrect->y + centery, (GLfloat)0.0);
-    data->glRotated(angle, (GLdouble)0.0, (GLdouble)0.0, (GLdouble)1.0);
-
-    data->glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);
-    data->glTexCoord2f(minu, minv);
-    data->glVertex2f(minx, miny);
-    data->glTexCoord2f(maxu, minv);
-    data->glVertex2f(maxx, miny);
-    data->glTexCoord2f(minu, maxv);
-    data->glVertex2f(minx, maxy);
-    data->glTexCoord2f(maxu, maxv);
-    data->glVertex2f(maxx, maxy);
-    data->glEnd();
-    data->glPopMatrix();
-
-    data->glDisable(texturedata->type);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+    *(verts++) = (GLfloat) dstrect->x + centerx;
+    *(verts++) = (GLfloat) dstrect->y + centery;
+    *(verts++) = (GLfloat) angle;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+SetDrawState(GL_RenderData *data, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const GL_Shader shader)
+{
+    const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+
+    if (data->drawstate.viewport_dirty) {
+        const SDL_bool istarget = data->drawstate.target != NULL;
+        const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+        data->glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
+        data->glLoadIdentity();
+        data->glViewport(viewport->x,
+                         istarget ? viewport->y : (data->drawstate.drawableh - viewport->y - viewport->h),
+                         viewport->w, viewport->h);
+        if (viewport->w && viewport->h) {
+            data->glOrtho((GLdouble) 0, (GLdouble) viewport->w,
+                          (GLdouble) istarget ? 0 : viewport->h,
+                          (GLdouble) istarget ? viewport->h : 0,
+                          0.0, 1.0);
+        }
+        data->glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
+        data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty) {
+        if (!data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled) {
+            data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+        } else {
+            data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+        }
+        data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled && data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty) {
+        const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+        const SDL_Rect *rect = &data->drawstate.cliprect;
+        data->glScissor(viewport->x + rect->x,
+                        data->drawstate.target ? viewport->y + rect->y : data->drawstate.drawableh - viewport->y - rect->y - rect->h,
+                        rect->w, rect->h);
+        data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (blend != data->drawstate.blend) {
+        if (blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
+            data->glDisable(GL_BLEND);
+        } else {
+            data->glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+            data->glBlendFuncSeparate(GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blend)),
+                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blend)),
+                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(blend)),
+                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(blend)));
+            data->glBlendEquation(GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeColorOperation(blend)));
+        }
+        data->drawstate.blend = blend;
+    }
+
+    if (data->shaders && (shader != data->drawstate.shader)) {
+        GL_SelectShader(data->shaders, shader);
+        data->drawstate.shader = shader;
+    }
+
+    if ((cmd->data.draw.texture != NULL) != data->drawstate.texturing) {
+        if (cmd->data.draw.texture == NULL) {
+            data->glDisable(data->textype);
+            data->drawstate.texturing = SDL_FALSE;
+        } else {
+            data->glEnable(data->textype);
+            data->drawstate.texturing = SDL_TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+SetCopyState(GL_RenderData *data, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
+{
+    SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
+    const GL_TextureData *texturedata = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
+    GL_Shader shader = SHADER_RGB;
+
+    if (data->shaders) {
+        if (texturedata->yuv || texturedata->nv12) {
+            switch (SDL_GetYUVConversionModeForResolution(texture->w, texture->h)) {
+                case SDL_YUV_CONVERSION_JPEG:
+                    if (texturedata->yuv) {
+                        shader = SHADER_YUV_JPEG;
+                    } else if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12) {
+                        shader = SHADER_NV12_JPEG;
+                    } else {
+                        shader = SHADER_NV21_JPEG;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case SDL_YUV_CONVERSION_BT601:
+                    if (texturedata->yuv) {
+                        shader = SHADER_YUV_BT601;
+                    } else if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12) {
+                        shader = SHADER_NV12_BT601;
+                    } else {
+                        shader = SHADER_NV21_BT601;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case SDL_YUV_CONVERSION_BT709:
+                    if (texturedata->yuv) {
+                        shader = SHADER_YUV_BT709;
+                    } else if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12) {
+                        shader = SHADER_NV12_BT709;
+                    } else {
+                        shader = SHADER_NV21_BT709;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    SDL_assert(!"unsupported YUV conversion mode");
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    SetDrawState(data, cmd, shader);
+
+    if (texture != data->drawstate.texture) {
+        const GLenum textype = data->textype;
+        if (texturedata->yuv) {
+            data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE2_ARB);
+            data->glBindTexture(textype, texturedata->vtexture);
+
+            data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE1_ARB);
+            data->glBindTexture(textype, texturedata->utexture);
+        }
+        if (texturedata->nv12) {
+            data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE1_ARB);
+            data->glBindTexture(textype, texturedata->utexture);
+        }
+        data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE0_ARB);
+        data->glBindTexture(textype, texturedata->texture);
+
+        data->drawstate.texture = texture;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+GL_RunCommandQueue(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize)
+{
+    /* !!! FIXME: it'd be nice to use a vertex buffer instead of immediate mode... */
+    GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    data->drawstate.target = renderer->target;
+    if (!data->drawstate.target) {
+        SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &data->drawstate.drawablew, &data->drawstate.drawableh);
+    }
+
+
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR: {
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
+                if (color != data->drawstate.color) {
+                    data->glColor4f((GLfloat) r * inv255f,
+                                    (GLfloat) g * inv255f,
+                                    (GLfloat) b * inv255f,
+                                    (GLfloat) a * inv255f);
+                    data->drawstate.color = color;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT: {
+                SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+                if (SDL_memcmp(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT: {
+                const SDL_Rect *rect = &cmd->data.cliprect.rect;
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled != cmd->data.cliprect.enabled) {
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled = cmd->data.cliprect.enabled;
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                if (SDL_memcmp(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR: {
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
+                if (color != data->drawstate.clear_color) {
+                    const GLfloat fr = ((GLfloat) r) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fg = ((GLfloat) g) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fb = ((GLfloat) b) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fa = ((GLfloat) a) * inv255f;
+                    data->glClearColor(fr, fg, fb, fa);
+                    data->drawstate.clear_color = color;
+                }
+
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled) {
+                    data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+
+                data->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd, SHADER_SOLID);
+                data->glBegin(GL_POINTS);
+                for (i = 0; i < count; i++, verts += 2) {
+                    data->glVertex2f(verts[0], verts[1]);
+                }
+                data->glEnd();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES: {
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd, SHADER_SOLID);
+                if (count > 2 && (verts[0] == verts[(count-1)*2]) && (verts[1] == verts[(count*2)-1])) {
+                    data->glBegin(GL_LINE_LOOP);
+                    /* GL_LINE_LOOP takes care of the final segment */
+                    for (i = 1; i < count; ++i, verts += 2) {
+                        data->glVertex2f(verts[0], verts[1]);
+                    }
+                    data->glEnd();
+                } else {
+                    #if defined(__MACOSX__) || defined(__WIN32__)
+                    #else
+                    int x1, y1, x2, y2;
+                    #endif
+
+                    data->glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
+                    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, verts += 2) {
+                        data->glVertex2f(verts[0], verts[1]);
+                    }
+                    data->glEnd();
+
+                    /* The line is half open, so we need one more point to complete it.
+                     * http://www.opengl.org/documentation/specs/version1.1/glspec1.1/node47.html
+                     * If we have to, we can use vertical line and horizontal line textures
+                     * for vertical and horizontal lines, and then create custom textures
+                     * for diagonal lines and software render those.  It's terrible, but at
+                     * least it would be pixel perfect.
+                     */
+
+                    data->glBegin(GL_POINTS);
+                    #if defined(__MACOSX__) || defined(__WIN32__)
+                    /* Mac OS X and Windows seem to always leave the last point open */
+                    data->glVertex2f(verts[(count-1)*2], verts[(count*2)-1]);
+                    #else
+                    /* Linux seems to leave the right-most or bottom-most point open */
+                    x1 = verts[0];
+                    y1 = verts[1];
+                    x2 = verts[(count-1)*2];
+                    y2 = verts[(count*2)-1];
+
+                    if (x1 > x2) {
+                        data->glVertex2f(x1, y1);
+                    } else if (x2 > x1) {
+                        data->glVertex2f(x2, y2);
+                    }
+                    if (y1 > y2) {
+                        data->glVertex2f(x1, y1);
+                    } else if (y2 > y1) {
+                        data->glVertex2f(x2, y2);
+                    }
+                    #endif
+                    data->glEnd();
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd, SHADER_SOLID);
+                for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, verts += 4) {
+                    data->glRectf(verts[0], verts[1], verts[2], verts[3]);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY: {
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const GLfloat minx = verts[0];
+                const GLfloat miny = verts[1];
+                const GLfloat maxx = verts[2];
+                const GLfloat maxy = verts[3];
+                const GLfloat minu = verts[4];
+                const GLfloat maxu = verts[5];
+                const GLfloat minv = verts[6];
+                const GLfloat maxv = verts[7];
+                SetCopyState(data, cmd);
+                data->glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);
+                data->glTexCoord2f(minu, minv);
+                data->glVertex2f(minx, miny);
+                data->glTexCoord2f(maxu, minv);
+                data->glVertex2f(maxx, miny);
+                data->glTexCoord2f(minu, maxv);
+                data->glVertex2f(minx, maxy);
+                data->glTexCoord2f(maxu, maxv);
+                data->glVertex2f(maxx, maxy);
+                data->glEnd();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX: {
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const GLfloat minx = verts[0];
+                const GLfloat miny = verts[1];
+                const GLfloat maxx = verts[2];
+                const GLfloat maxy = verts[3];
+                const GLfloat minu = verts[4];
+                const GLfloat maxu = verts[5];
+                const GLfloat minv = verts[6];
+                const GLfloat maxv = verts[7];
+                const GLfloat translatex = verts[8];
+                const GLfloat translatey = verts[9];
+                const GLdouble angle = verts[10];
+                SetCopyState(data, cmd);
+
+                /* Translate to flip, rotate, translate to position */
+                data->glPushMatrix();
+                data->glTranslatef(translatex, translatey, 0.0f);
+                data->glRotated(angle, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+                data->glBegin(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP);
+                data->glTexCoord2f(minu, minv);
+                data->glVertex2f(minx, miny);
+                data->glTexCoord2f(maxu, minv);
+                data->glVertex2f(maxx, miny);
+                data->glTexCoord2f(minu, maxv);
+                data->glVertex2f(minx, maxy);
+                data->glTexCoord2f(maxu, maxv);
+                data->glVertex2f(maxx, maxy);
+                data->glEnd();
+                data->glPopMatrix();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        cmd = cmd->next;
+    }
 
     return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
 }
@@ -1539,10 +1348,11 @@ GL_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
 
     /* Flip the rows to be top-down if necessary */
     if (!renderer->target) {
+        SDL_bool isstack;
         length = rect->w * SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(temp_format);
         src = (Uint8*)temp_pixels + (rect->h-1)*temp_pitch;
         dst = (Uint8*)temp_pixels;
-        tmp = SDL_stack_alloc(Uint8, length);
+        tmp = SDL_small_alloc(Uint8, length, &isstack);
         rows = rect->h / 2;
         while (rows--) {
             SDL_memcpy(tmp, dst, length);
@@ -1551,7 +1361,7 @@ GL_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
             dst += temp_pitch;
             src -= temp_pitch;
         }
-        SDL_stack_free(tmp);
+        SDL_small_free(tmp, isstack);
     }
 
     status = SDL_ConvertPixels(rect->w, rect->h,
@@ -1636,19 +1446,21 @@ GL_BindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, float *texw, floa
 {
     GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     GL_TextureData *texturedata = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
+    const GLenum textype = data->textype;
+
     GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
 
-    data->glEnable(texturedata->type);
+    data->glEnable(textype);
     if (texturedata->yuv) {
         data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE2_ARB);
-        data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->vtexture);
+        data->glBindTexture(textype, texturedata->vtexture);
 
         data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE1_ARB);
-        data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->utexture);
+        data->glBindTexture(textype, texturedata->utexture);
 
         data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE0_ARB);
     }
-    data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->texture);
+    data->glBindTexture(textype, texturedata->texture);
 
     if(texw) *texw = (float)texturedata->texw;
     if(texh) *texh = (float)texturedata->texh;
@@ -1661,23 +1473,252 @@ GL_UnbindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
 {
     GL_RenderData *data = (GL_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     GL_TextureData *texturedata = (GL_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
+    const GLenum textype = data->textype;
+
     GL_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
 
     if (texturedata->yuv) {
         data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE2_ARB);
-        data->glDisable(texturedata->type);
+        data->glDisable(textype);
 
         data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE1_ARB);
-        data->glDisable(texturedata->type);
+        data->glDisable(textype);
 
         data->glActiveTextureARB(GL_TEXTURE0_ARB);
     }
 
-    data->glDisable(texturedata->type);
+    data->glDisable(textype);
 
     return 0;
 }
 
+
+SDL_Renderer *
+GL_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
+{
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
+    GL_RenderData *data;
+    GLint value;
+    Uint32 window_flags;
+    int profile_mask = 0, major = 0, minor = 0;
+    SDL_bool changed_window = SDL_FALSE;
+
+    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, &profile_mask);
+    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, &major);
+    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, &minor);
+    
+    window_flags = SDL_GetWindowFlags(window);
+    if (!(window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) ||
+        profile_mask == SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES || major != RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR || minor != RENDERER_CONTEXT_MINOR) {
+
+        changed_window = SDL_TRUE;
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, 0);
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR);
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, RENDERER_CONTEXT_MINOR);
+
+        if (SDL_RecreateWindow(window, window_flags | SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
+    if (!renderer) {
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    data = (GL_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
+    if (!data) {
+        SDL_free(renderer);
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    renderer->GetOutputSize = GL_GetOutputSize;
+    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = GL_SupportsBlendMode;
+    renderer->CreateTexture = GL_CreateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTexture = GL_UpdateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTextureYUV = GL_UpdateTextureYUV;
+    renderer->LockTexture = GL_LockTexture;
+    renderer->UnlockTexture = GL_UnlockTexture;
+    renderer->SetRenderTarget = GL_SetRenderTarget;
+    renderer->QueueSetViewport = GL_QueueSetViewport;
+    renderer->QueueSetDrawColor = GL_QueueSetViewport;  /* SetViewport and SetDrawColor are (currently) no-ops. */
+    renderer->QueueDrawPoints = GL_QueueDrawPoints;
+    renderer->QueueDrawLines = GL_QueueDrawPoints;  /* lines and points queue vertices the same way. */
+    renderer->QueueFillRects = GL_QueueFillRects;
+    renderer->QueueCopy = GL_QueueCopy;
+    renderer->QueueCopyEx = GL_QueueCopyEx;
+    renderer->RunCommandQueue = GL_RunCommandQueue;
+    renderer->RenderReadPixels = GL_RenderReadPixels;
+    renderer->RenderPresent = GL_RenderPresent;
+    renderer->DestroyTexture = GL_DestroyTexture;
+    renderer->DestroyRenderer = GL_DestroyRenderer;
+    renderer->GL_BindTexture = GL_BindTexture;
+    renderer->GL_UnbindTexture = GL_UnbindTexture;
+    renderer->info = GL_RenderDriver.info;
+    renderer->info.flags = SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED;
+    renderer->driverdata = data;
+    renderer->window = window;
+
+    data->context = SDL_GL_CreateContext(window);
+    if (!data->context) {
+        SDL_free(renderer);
+        SDL_free(data);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (SDL_GL_MakeCurrent(window, data->context) < 0) {
+        SDL_GL_DeleteContext(data->context);
+        SDL_free(renderer);
+        SDL_free(data);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (GL_LoadFunctions(data) < 0) {
+        SDL_GL_DeleteContext(data->context);
+        SDL_free(renderer);
+        SDL_free(data);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+#ifdef __MACOSX__
+    /* Enable multi-threaded rendering */
+    /* Disabled until Ryan finishes his VBO/PBO code...
+       CGLEnable(CGLGetCurrentContext(), kCGLCEMPEngine);
+     */
+#endif
+
+    if (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) {
+        SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(1);
+    } else {
+        SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(0);
+    }
+    if (SDL_GL_GetSwapInterval() > 0) {
+        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
+    }
+
+    /* Check for debug output support */
+    if (SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_FLAGS, &value) == 0 &&
+        (value & SDL_GL_CONTEXT_DEBUG_FLAG)) {
+        data->debug_enabled = SDL_TRUE;
+    }
+    if (data->debug_enabled && SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_debug_output")) {
+        PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGECALLBACKARBPROC glDebugMessageCallbackARBFunc = (PFNGLDEBUGMESSAGECALLBACKARBPROC) SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glDebugMessageCallbackARB");
+
+        data->GL_ARB_debug_output_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+        data->glGetPointerv(GL_DEBUG_CALLBACK_FUNCTION_ARB, (GLvoid **)(char *)&data->next_error_callback);
+        data->glGetPointerv(GL_DEBUG_CALLBACK_USER_PARAM_ARB, &data->next_error_userparam);
+        glDebugMessageCallbackARBFunc(GL_HandleDebugMessage, renderer);
+
+        /* Make sure our callback is called when errors actually happen */
+        data->glEnable(GL_DEBUG_OUTPUT_SYNCHRONOUS_ARB);
+    }
+
+    data->textype = GL_TEXTURE_2D;
+    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two")) {
+        data->GL_ARB_texture_non_power_of_two_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+    } else if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_texture_rectangle") ||
+               SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_EXT_texture_rectangle")) {
+        data->GL_ARB_texture_rectangle_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+        data->textype = GL_TEXTURE_RECTANGLE_ARB;
+    }
+    if (data->GL_ARB_texture_rectangle_supported) {
+        data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_RECTANGLE_TEXTURE_SIZE_ARB, &value);
+        renderer->info.max_texture_width = value;
+        renderer->info.max_texture_height = value;
+    } else {
+        data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &value);
+        renderer->info.max_texture_width = value;
+        renderer->info.max_texture_height = value;
+    }
+
+    /* Check for multitexture support */
+    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_ARB_multitexture")) {
+        data->glActiveTextureARB = (PFNGLACTIVETEXTUREARBPROC) SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glActiveTextureARB");
+        if (data->glActiveTextureARB) {
+            data->GL_ARB_multitexture_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+            data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_UNITS_ARB, &data->num_texture_units);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Check for shader support */
+    if (SDL_GetHintBoolean(SDL_HINT_RENDER_OPENGL_SHADERS, SDL_TRUE)) {
+        data->shaders = GL_CreateShaderContext();
+    }
+    SDL_LogInfo(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RENDER, "OpenGL shaders: %s",
+                data->shaders ? "ENABLED" : "DISABLED");
+
+    /* We support YV12 textures using 3 textures and a shader */
+    if (data->shaders && data->num_texture_units >= 3) {
+        renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12;
+        renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV;
+        renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12;
+        renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21;
+    }
+
+#ifdef __MACOSX__
+    renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_UYVY;
+#endif
+
+    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_EXT_framebuffer_object")) {
+        data->GL_EXT_framebuffer_object_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+        data->glGenFramebuffersEXT = (PFNGLGENFRAMEBUFFERSEXTPROC)
+            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glGenFramebuffersEXT");
+        data->glDeleteFramebuffersEXT = (PFNGLDELETEFRAMEBUFFERSEXTPROC)
+            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glDeleteFramebuffersEXT");
+        data->glFramebufferTexture2DEXT = (PFNGLFRAMEBUFFERTEXTURE2DEXTPROC)
+            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glFramebufferTexture2DEXT");
+        data->glBindFramebufferEXT = (PFNGLBINDFRAMEBUFFEREXTPROC)
+            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glBindFramebufferEXT");
+        data->glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT = (PFNGLCHECKFRAMEBUFFERSTATUSEXTPROC)
+            SDL_GL_GetProcAddress("glCheckFramebufferStatusEXT");
+        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE;
+    }
+    data->framebuffers = NULL;
+
+    /* Set up parameters for rendering */
+    data->glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
+    data->glLoadIdentity();
+    data->glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    data->glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+    data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+    data->glDisable(data->textype);
+    data->glClearColor(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+    data->glColor4f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+    /* This ended up causing video discrepancies between OpenGL and Direct3D */
+    /* data->glEnable(GL_LINE_SMOOTH); */
+
+    data->drawstate.blend = SDL_BLENDMODE_INVALID;
+    data->drawstate.shader = SHADER_INVALID;
+    data->drawstate.color = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    data->drawstate.clear_color = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    return renderer;
+
+error:
+    if (changed_window) {
+        /* Uh oh, better try to put it back... */
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, profile_mask);
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, major);
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, minor);
+        SDL_RecreateWindow(window, window_flags);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+
+SDL_RenderDriver GL_RenderDriver = {
+    GL_CreateRenderer,
+    {
+     "opengl",
+     (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
+     1,
+     {SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888},
+     0,
+     0}
+};
+
+
 #endif /* SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL && !SDL_RENDER_DISABLED */
 
 /* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/src/render/opengl/SDL_shaders_gl.c b/src/render/opengl/SDL_shaders_gl.c
index 251b54d130..650b244639 100644
--- a/src/render/opengl/SDL_shaders_gl.c
+++ b/src/render/opengl/SDL_shaders_gl.c
@@ -340,11 +340,12 @@ CompileShader(GL_ShaderContext *ctx, GLhandleARB shader, const char *defines, co
     ctx->glCompileShaderARB(shader);
     ctx->glGetObjectParameterivARB(shader, GL_OBJECT_COMPILE_STATUS_ARB, &status);
     if (status == 0) {
+        SDL_bool isstack;
         GLint length;
         char *info;
 
         ctx->glGetObjectParameterivARB(shader, GL_OBJECT_INFO_LOG_LENGTH_ARB, &length);
-        info = SDL_stack_alloc(char, length+1);
+        info = SDL_small_alloc(char, length+1, &isstack);
         ctx->glGetInfoLogARB(shader, length, NULL, info);
         SDL_LogError(SDL_LOG_CATEGORY_RENDER,
             "Failed to compile shader:\n%s%s\n%s", defines, source, info);
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ CompileShader(GL_ShaderContext *ctx, GLhandleARB shader, const char *defines, co
         fprintf(stderr,
             "Failed to compile shader:\n%s%s\n%s", defines, source, info);
 #endif
-        SDL_stack_free(info);
+        SDL_small_free(info, isstack);
 
         return SDL_FALSE;
     } else {
diff --git a/src/render/opengl/SDL_shaders_gl.h b/src/render/opengl/SDL_shaders_gl.h
index 36975214d9..6f3c8672e6 100644
--- a/src/render/opengl/SDL_shaders_gl.h
+++ b/src/render/opengl/SDL_shaders_gl.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 /* OpenGL shader implementation */
 
 typedef enum {
+    SHADER_INVALID = -1,
     SHADER_NONE,
     SHADER_SOLID,
     SHADER_RGB,
diff --git a/src/render/opengles/SDL_render_gles.c b/src/render/opengles/SDL_render_gles.c
index 4007dff585..a410152e7b 100644
--- a/src/render/opengles/SDL_render_gles.c
+++ b/src/render/opengles/SDL_render_gles.c
@@ -52,45 +52,6 @@ extern int SDL_RecreateWindow(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
 
 static const float inv255f = 1.0f / 255.0f;
 
-static SDL_Renderer *GLES_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
-static void GLES_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                             const SDL_WindowEvent *event);
-static int GLES_GetOutputSize(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int *w, int *h);
-static SDL_bool GLES_SupportsBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode);
-static int GLES_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int GLES_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                              const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels,
-                              int pitch);
-static int GLES_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                            const SDL_Rect * rect, void **pixels, int *pitch);
-static void GLES_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int GLES_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int GLES_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int GLES_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int GLES_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int GLES_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int GLES_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int GLES_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                const SDL_FRect * rects, int count);
-static int GLES_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                           const SDL_Rect * srcrect,
-                           const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
-static int GLES_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                         const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                         const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
-static int GLES_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                    Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch);
-static void GLES_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void GLES_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                SDL_Texture * texture);
-static void GLES_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int GLES_BindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, float *texw, float *texh);
-static int GLES_UnbindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture);
-
 typedef struct GLES_FBOList GLES_FBOList;
 
 struct GLES_FBOList
@@ -100,26 +61,27 @@ struct GLES_FBOList
    GLES_FBOList *next;
 };
 
-
-SDL_RenderDriver GLES_RenderDriver = {
-    GLES_CreateRenderer,
-    {
-     "opengles",
-     (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC),
-     1,
-     {SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888},
-     0,
-     0}
-};
+typedef struct
+{
+    SDL_Rect viewport;
+    SDL_bool viewport_dirty;
+    SDL_Texture *texture;
+    SDL_Texture *target;
+    int drawablew;
+    int drawableh;
+    SDL_BlendMode blend;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled_dirty;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_dirty;
+    SDL_Rect cliprect;
+    SDL_bool texturing;
+    Uint32 color;
+    Uint32 clear_color;
+} GLES_DrawStateCache;
 
 typedef struct
 {
     SDL_GLContext context;
-    struct {
-        Uint32 color;
-        SDL_BlendMode blendMode;
-        SDL_bool tex_coords;
-    } current;
 
 #define SDL_PROC(ret,func,params) ret (APIENTRY *func) params;
 #define SDL_PROC_OES SDL_PROC
@@ -133,6 +95,8 @@ typedef struct
     SDL_bool GL_OES_blend_func_separate_supported;
     SDL_bool GL_OES_blend_equation_separate_supported;
     SDL_bool GL_OES_blend_subtract_supported;
+
+    GLES_DrawStateCache drawstate;
 } GLES_RenderData;
 
 typedef struct
@@ -215,8 +179,6 @@ static int GLES_LoadFunctions(GLES_RenderData * data)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static SDL_GLContext SDL_CurrentContext = NULL;
-
 static GLES_FBOList *
 GLES_GetFBO(GLES_RenderData *data, Uint32 w, Uint32 h)
 {
@@ -241,178 +203,13 @@ GLES_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
     GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
 
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext != data->context) {
+    if (SDL_GL_GetCurrentContext() != data->context) {
         if (SDL_GL_MakeCurrent(renderer->window, data->context) < 0) {
             return -1;
         }
-        SDL_CurrentContext = data->context;
-
-        GLES_UpdateViewport(renderer);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/* This is called if we need to invalidate all of the SDL OpenGL state */
-static void
-GLES_ResetState(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
-{
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext == data->context) {
-        GLES_UpdateViewport(renderer);
-    } else {
-        GLES_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-    }
-
-    data->current.color = 0xffffffff;
-    data->current.blendMode = SDL_BLENDMODE_INVALID;
-    data->current.tex_coords = SDL_FALSE;
-
-    data->glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
-    data->glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
-
-    data->glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
-    data->glLoadIdentity();
-
-    data->glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
-    data->glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
-}
-
-SDL_Renderer *
-GLES_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
-{
-
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-    GLES_RenderData *data;
-    GLint value;
-    Uint32 window_flags;
-    int profile_mask = 0, major = 0, minor = 0;
-    SDL_bool changed_window = SDL_FALSE;
-
-    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, &profile_mask);
-    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, &major);
-    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, &minor);
-
-    window_flags = SDL_GetWindowFlags(window);
-    if (!(window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) ||
-        profile_mask != SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES || major != RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR || minor != RENDERER_CONTEXT_MINOR) {
-
-        changed_window = SDL_TRUE;
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES);
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR);
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, RENDERER_CONTEXT_MINOR);
-
-        if (SDL_RecreateWindow(window, window_flags | SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) < 0) {
-            goto error;
-        }
-    }
-
-    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
-    if (!renderer) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    data = (GLES_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
-    if (!data) {
-        GLES_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    renderer->WindowEvent = GLES_WindowEvent;
-    renderer->GetOutputSize = GLES_GetOutputSize;
-    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = GLES_SupportsBlendMode;
-    renderer->CreateTexture = GLES_CreateTexture;
-    renderer->UpdateTexture = GLES_UpdateTexture;
-    renderer->LockTexture = GLES_LockTexture;
-    renderer->UnlockTexture = GLES_UnlockTexture;
-    renderer->SetRenderTarget = GLES_SetRenderTarget;
-    renderer->UpdateViewport = GLES_UpdateViewport;
-    renderer->UpdateClipRect = GLES_UpdateClipRect;
-    renderer->RenderClear = GLES_RenderClear;
-    renderer->RenderDrawPoints = GLES_RenderDrawPoints;
-    renderer->RenderDrawLines = GLES_RenderDrawLines;
-    renderer->RenderFillRects = GLES_RenderFillRects;
-    renderer->RenderCopy = GLES_RenderCopy;
-    renderer->RenderCopyEx = GLES_RenderCopyEx;
-    renderer->RenderReadPixels = GLES_RenderReadPixels;
-    renderer->RenderPresent = GLES_RenderPresent;
-    renderer->DestroyTexture = GLES_DestroyTexture;
-    renderer->DestroyRenderer = GLES_DestroyRenderer;
-    renderer->GL_BindTexture = GLES_BindTexture;
-    renderer->GL_UnbindTexture = GLES_UnbindTexture;
-    renderer->info = GLES_RenderDriver.info;
-    renderer->info.flags = SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED;
-    renderer->driverdata = data;
-    renderer->window = window;
-
-    data->context = SDL_GL_CreateContext(window);
-    if (!data->context) {
-        GLES_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        goto error;
-    }
-    if (SDL_GL_MakeCurrent(window, data->context) < 0) {
-        GLES_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (GLES_LoadFunctions(data) < 0) {
-        GLES_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        goto error;
-    }
-
-    if (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) {
-        SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(1);
-    } else {
-        SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(0);
-    }
-    if (SDL_GL_GetSwapInterval() > 0) {
-        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
-    }
-
-    value = 0;
-    data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &value);
-    renderer->info.max_texture_width = value;
-    value = 0;
-    data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &value);
-    renderer->info.max_texture_height = value;
-
-    /* Android does not report GL_OES_framebuffer_object but the functionality seems to be there anyway */
-    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_OES_framebuffer_object") || data->glGenFramebuffersOES) {
-        data->GL_OES_framebuffer_object_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE;
-
-        value = 0;
-        data->glGetIntegerv(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING_OES, &value);
-        data->window_framebuffer = (GLuint)value;
     }
-    data->framebuffers = NULL;
 
-    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_OES_blend_func_separate")) {
-        data->GL_OES_blend_func_separate_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-    }
-    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_OES_blend_equation_separate")) {
-        data->GL_OES_blend_equation_separate_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-    }
-    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_OES_blend_subtract")) {
-        data->GL_OES_blend_subtract_supported = SDL_TRUE;
-    }
-
-    /* Set up parameters for rendering */
-    GLES_ResetState(renderer);
-
-    return renderer;
-
-error:
-    if (changed_window) {
-        /* Uh oh, better try to put it back... */
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, profile_mask);
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, major);
-        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, minor);
-        SDL_RecreateWindow(window, window_flags);
-    }
-    return NULL;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -420,13 +217,6 @@ GLES_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_WindowEvent *event)
 {
     GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
 
-    if (event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SIZE_CHANGED ||
-        event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SHOWN ||
-        event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_HIDDEN) {
-        /* Rebind the context to the window area and update matrices */
-        SDL_CurrentContext = NULL;
-    }
-
     if (event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_MINIMIZED) {
         /* According to Apple documentation, we need to finish drawing NOW! */
         data->glFinish();
@@ -725,293 +515,77 @@ GLES_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static int
-GLES_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext != data->context) {
-        /* We'll update the viewport after we rebind the context */
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (renderer->target) {
-        data->glViewport(renderer->viewport.x, renderer->viewport.y,
-                         renderer->viewport.w, renderer->viewport.h);
-    } else {
-        int w, h;
-
-        SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &w, &h);
-        data->glViewport(renderer->viewport.x, (h - renderer->viewport.y - renderer->viewport.h),
-                         renderer->viewport.w, renderer->viewport.h);
-    }
-
-    data->glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
-    data->glLoadIdentity();
-    if (renderer->viewport.w && renderer->viewport.h) {
-        if (renderer->target) {
-            data->glOrthof((GLfloat) 0,
-                           (GLfloat) renderer->viewport.w,
-                           (GLfloat) 0,
-                           (GLfloat) renderer->viewport.h,
-                           0.0, 1.0);
-        } else {
-            data->glOrthof((GLfloat) 0,
-                           (GLfloat) renderer->viewport.w,
-                           (GLfloat) renderer->viewport.h,
-                           (GLfloat) 0,
-                           0.0, 1.0);
-        }
-    }
-    data->glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
-
-    return 0;
-}
 
 static int
-GLES_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext != data->context) {
-        /* We'll update the clip rect after we rebind the context */
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        const SDL_Rect *rect = &renderer->clip_rect;
-        data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-        if (renderer->target) {
-            data->glScissor(renderer->viewport.x + rect->x, renderer->viewport.y + rect->y, rect->w, rect->h);
-        } else {
-            int w, h;
-
-            SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &w, &h);
-            data->glScissor(renderer->viewport.x + rect->x, h - renderer->viewport.y - rect->y - rect->h, rect->w, rect->h);
-        }
-    } else {
-        data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-GLES_SetColor(GLES_RenderData * data, Uint8 r, Uint8 g, Uint8 b, Uint8 a)
+GLES_QueueSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-    Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
-
-    if (color != data->current.color) {
-        data->glColor4f((GLfloat) r * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) g * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) b * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) a * inv255f);
-        data->current.color = color;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-GLES_SetBlendMode(GLES_RenderData * data, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
-{
-    if (blendMode != data->current.blendMode) {
-        if (blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
-            data->glDisable(GL_BLEND);
-        } else {
-            data->glEnable(GL_BLEND);
-            if (data->GL_OES_blend_func_separate_supported) {
-                data->glBlendFuncSeparateOES(GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blendMode)),
-                                             GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blendMode)),
-                                             GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(blendMode)),
-                                             GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(blendMode)));
-            } else {
-                data->glBlendFunc(GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blendMode)),
-                                  GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blendMode)));
-            }
-            if (data->GL_OES_blend_equation_separate_supported) {
-                data->glBlendEquationSeparateOES(GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeColorOperation(blendMode)),
-                                                 GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeAlphaOperation(blendMode)));
-            } else if (data->GL_OES_blend_subtract_supported) {
-                data->glBlendEquationOES(GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeColorOperation(blendMode)));
-            }
-        }
-        data->current.blendMode = blendMode;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-GLES_SetTexCoords(GLES_RenderData * data, SDL_bool enabled)
-{
-    if (enabled != data->current.tex_coords) {
-        if (enabled) {
-            data->glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
-        } else {
-            data->glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
-        }
-        data->current.tex_coords = enabled;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-GLES_SetDrawingState(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    GLES_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    GLES_SetColor(data, (GLfloat) renderer->r,
-                        (GLfloat) renderer->g,
-                        (GLfloat) renderer->b,
-                        (GLfloat) renderer->a);
-
-    GLES_SetBlendMode(data, renderer->blendMode);
-
-    GLES_SetTexCoords(data, SDL_FALSE);
+    return 0;  /* nothing to do in this backend. */
 }
 
 static int
-GLES_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+GLES_QueueDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
 {
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    GLES_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    data->glClearColor((GLfloat) renderer->r * inv255f,
-                 (GLfloat) renderer->g * inv255f,
-                 (GLfloat) renderer->b * inv255f,
-                 (GLfloat) renderer->a * inv255f);
-    
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-    }
-
-    data->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * 2 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-GLES_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                      int count)
-{
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    GLfloat *vertices;
-    int idx;
-
-    GLES_SetDrawingState(renderer);
-
-    /* Emit the specified vertices as points */
-    vertices = SDL_stack_alloc(GLfloat, count * 2);
-    for (idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx) {
-        GLfloat x = points[idx].x + 0.5f;
-        GLfloat y = points[idx].y + 0.5f;
-
-        vertices[idx * 2] = x;
-        vertices[(idx * 2) + 1] = y;
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        *(verts++) = 0.5f + points[i].x;
+        *(verts++) = 0.5f + points[i].y;
     }
 
-    data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices);
-    data->glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, count);
-    SDL_stack_free(vertices);
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GLES_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                     int count)
+GLES_QueueFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
 {
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    GLfloat *vertices;
-    int idx;
-
-    GLES_SetDrawingState(renderer);
-
-    /* Emit a line strip including the specified vertices */
-    vertices = SDL_stack_alloc(GLfloat, count * 2);
-    for (idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx) {
-        GLfloat x = points[idx].x + 0.5f;
-        GLfloat y = points[idx].y + 0.5f;
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * 8 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-        vertices[idx * 2] = x;
-        vertices[(idx * 2) + 1] = y;
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices);
-    if (count > 2 &&
-        points[0].x == points[count-1].x && points[0].y == points[count-1].y) {
-        /* GL_LINE_LOOP takes care of the final segment */
-        --count;
-        data->glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_LOOP, 0, count);
-    } else {
-        data->glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, count);
-        /* We need to close the endpoint of the line */
-        data->glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, count-1, 1);
-    }
-    SDL_stack_free(vertices);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
 
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-GLES_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rects,
-                     int count)
-{
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    int i;
-
-    GLES_SetDrawingState(renderer);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
         const SDL_FRect *rect = &rects[i];
-        GLfloat minx = rect->x;
-        GLfloat maxx = rect->x + rect->w;
-        GLfloat miny = rect->y;
-        GLfloat maxy = rect->y + rect->h;
-        GLfloat vertices[8];
-        vertices[0] = minx;
-        vertices[1] = miny;
-        vertices[2] = maxx;
-        vertices[3] = miny;
-        vertices[4] = minx;
-        vertices[5] = maxy;
-        vertices[6] = maxx;
-        vertices[7] = maxy;
-
-        data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices);
-        data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+        const GLfloat minx = rect->x;
+        const GLfloat maxx = rect->x + rect->w;
+        const GLfloat miny = rect->y;
+        const GLfloat maxy = rect->y + rect->h;
+        *(verts++) = minx;
+        *(verts++) = miny;
+        *(verts++) = maxx;
+        *(verts++) = miny;
+        *(verts++) = minx;
+        *(verts++) = maxy;
+        *(verts++) = maxx;
+        *(verts++) = maxy;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GLES_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+GLES_QueueCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                          const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
 {
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     GLES_TextureData *texturedata = (GLES_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
     GLfloat minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
     GLfloat minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
-    GLfloat vertices[8];
-    GLfloat texCoords[8];
-
-    GLES_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 16 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    data->glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
-
-    data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->texture);
-
-    if (texture->modMode) {
-        GLES_SetColor(data, texture->r, texture->g, texture->b, texture->a);
-    } else {
-        GLES_SetColor(data, 255, 255, 255, 255);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    GLES_SetBlendMode(data, texture->blendMode);
-
-    GLES_SetTexCoords(data, SDL_TRUE);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
 
     minx = dstrect->x;
     miny = dstrect->y;
@@ -1027,126 +601,351 @@ GLES_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     maxv = (GLfloat) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
     maxv *= texturedata->texh;
 
-    vertices[0] = minx;
-    vertices[1] = miny;
-    vertices[2] = maxx;
-    vertices[3] = miny;
-    vertices[4] = minx;
-    vertices[5] = maxy;
-    vertices[6] = maxx;
-    vertices[7] = maxy;
-
-    texCoords[0] = minu;
-    texCoords[1] = minv;
-    texCoords[2] = maxu;
-    texCoords[3] = minv;
-    texCoords[4] = minu;
-    texCoords[5] = maxv;
-    texCoords[6] = maxu;
-    texCoords[7] = maxv;
-
-    data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices);
-    data->glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, texCoords);
-    data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
-
-    data->glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GLES_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
+GLES_QueueCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                        const SDL_Rect * srcquad, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+                        const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-
-    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     GLES_TextureData *texturedata = (GLES_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
     GLfloat minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
-    GLfloat minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
     GLfloat centerx, centery;
-    GLfloat vertices[8];
-    GLfloat texCoords[8];
-
-
-    GLES_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    data->glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
-
-    data->glBindTexture(texturedata->type, texturedata->texture);
+    GLfloat minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 19 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    if (texture->modMode) {
-        GLES_SetColor(data, texture->r, texture->g, texture->b, texture->a);
-    } else {
-        GLES_SetColor(data, 255, 255, 255, 255);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    GLES_SetBlendMode(data, texture->blendMode);
-
-    GLES_SetTexCoords(data, SDL_TRUE);
-
     centerx = center->x;
     centery = center->y;
 
-    /* Rotate and translate */
-    data->glPushMatrix();
-    data->glTranslatef(dstrect->x + centerx, dstrect->y + centery, 0.0f);
-    data->glRotatef((GLfloat)angle, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
-
     if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
         minx =  dstrect->w - centerx;
         maxx = -centerx;
-    } else {
+    }
+    else {
         minx = -centerx;
-        maxx = dstrect->w - centerx;
+        maxx =  dstrect->w - centerx;
     }
 
     if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
-        miny = dstrect->h - centery;
+        miny =  dstrect->h - centery;
         maxy = -centery;
-    } else {
+    }
+    else {
         miny = -centery;
-        maxy = dstrect->h - centery;
+        maxy =  dstrect->h - centery;
     }
 
-    minu = (GLfloat) srcrect->x / texture->w;
+    minu = (GLfloat) srcquad->x / texture->w;
     minu *= texturedata->texw;
-    maxu = (GLfloat) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
+    maxu = (GLfloat) (srcquad->x + srcquad->w) / texture->w;
     maxu *= texturedata->texw;
-    minv = (GLfloat) srcrect->y / texture->h;
+    minv = (GLfloat) srcquad->y / texture->h;
     minv *= texturedata->texh;
-    maxv = (GLfloat) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+    maxv = (GLfloat) (srcquad->y + srcquad->h) / texture->h;
     maxv *= texturedata->texh;
 
-    vertices[0] = minx;
-    vertices[1] = miny;
-    vertices[2] = maxx;
-    vertices[3] = miny;
-    vertices[4] = minx;
-    vertices[5] = maxy;
-    vertices[6] = maxx;
-    vertices[7] = maxy;
-
-    texCoords[0] = minu;
-    texCoords[1] = minv;
-    texCoords[2] = maxu;
-    texCoords[3] = minv;
-    texCoords[4] = minu;
-    texCoords[5] = maxv;
-    texCoords[6] = maxu;
-    texCoords[7] = maxv;
-    data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, vertices);
-    data->glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, texCoords);
-    data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
-    data->glPopMatrix();
-    data->glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+
+    *(verts++) = (GLfloat) dstrect->x + centerx;
+    *(verts++) = (GLfloat) dstrect->y + centery;
+    *(verts++) = (GLfloat) angle;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+SetDrawState(GLES_RenderData *data, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
+{
+    const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+    const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+    const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+    const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+    const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+    const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
+
+    if (color != data->drawstate.color) {
+        const GLfloat fr = ((GLfloat) r) * inv255f;
+        const GLfloat fg = ((GLfloat) g) * inv255f;
+        const GLfloat fb = ((GLfloat) b) * inv255f;
+        const GLfloat fa = ((GLfloat) a) * inv255f;
+        data->glColor4f(fr, fg, fb, fa);
+        data->drawstate.color = color;
+    }
+
+    if (data->drawstate.viewport_dirty) {
+        const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+        const SDL_bool istarget = (data->drawstate.target != NULL);
+        data->glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
+        data->glLoadIdentity();
+        data->glViewport(viewport->x,
+                         istarget ? viewport->y : (data->drawstate.drawableh - viewport->y - viewport->h),
+                         viewport->w, viewport->h);
+        if (viewport->w && viewport->h) {
+            data->glOrthof((GLfloat) 0, (GLfloat) viewport->w,
+                           (GLfloat) istarget ? 0 : viewport->h,
+                           (GLfloat) istarget ? viewport->h : 0,
+                           0.0, 1.0);
+        }
+        data->glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
+        data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty) {
+        if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled) {
+            data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+        } else {
+            data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+        }
+        data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled && data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty) {
+        const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+        const SDL_Rect *rect = &data->drawstate.cliprect;
+        const SDL_bool istarget = (data->drawstate.target != NULL);
+        data->glScissor(viewport->x + rect->x,
+                        istarget ? viewport->y + rect->y : data->drawstate.drawableh - viewport->y - rect->y - rect->h,
+                        rect->w, rect->h);
+        data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (blend != data->drawstate.blend) {
+        if (blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
+            data->glDisable(GL_BLEND);
+        } else {
+            data->glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+            if (data->GL_OES_blend_func_separate_supported) {
+                data->glBlendFuncSeparateOES(GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blend)),
+                                             GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blend)),
+                                             GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(blend)),
+                                             GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(blend)));
+            } else {
+                data->glBlendFunc(GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blend)),
+                                  GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blend)));
+            }
+            if (data->GL_OES_blend_equation_separate_supported) {
+                data->glBlendEquationSeparateOES(GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeColorOperation(blend)),
+                                                 GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeAlphaOperation(blend)));
+            } else if (data->GL_OES_blend_subtract_supported) {
+                data->glBlendEquationOES(GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeColorOperation(blend)));
+            }
+        }
+        data->drawstate.blend = blend;
+    }
+
+    if ((cmd->data.draw.texture != NULL) != data->drawstate.texturing) {
+        if (cmd->data.draw.texture == NULL) {
+            data->glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+            data->glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
+            data->drawstate.texturing = SDL_FALSE;
+        } else {
+            data->glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
+            data->glEnableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
+            data->drawstate.texturing = SDL_TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+SetCopyState(GLES_RenderData *data, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
+{
+    SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
+    SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+
+    if (texture != data->drawstate.texture) {
+        GLES_TextureData *texturedata = (GLES_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
+        data->glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texturedata->texture);
+        data->drawstate.texture = texture;
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+GLES_RunCommandQueue(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize)
+{
+    GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (GLES_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    data->drawstate.target = renderer->target;
+
+    if (!renderer->target) {
+        SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &data->drawstate.drawablew, &data->drawstate.drawableh);
+    }
+
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR: {
+                break;  /* not used in this render backend. */
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT: {
+                SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+                if (SDL_memcmp(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT: {
+                const SDL_Rect *rect = &cmd->data.cliprect.rect;
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled != cmd->data.cliprect.enabled) {
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled = cmd->data.cliprect.enabled;
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                if (SDL_memcmp(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR: {
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
+                if (color != data->drawstate.clear_color) {
+                    const GLfloat fr = ((GLfloat) r) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fg = ((GLfloat) g) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fb = ((GLfloat) b) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fa = ((GLfloat) a) * inv255f;
+                    data->glClearColor(fr, fg, fb, fa);
+                    data->drawstate.clear_color = color;
+                }
+
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled) {
+                    data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+
+                data->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+                data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, verts);
+                data->glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, count);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES: {
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+                data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, verts);
+                if (count > 2 && (verts[0] == verts[(count-1)*2]) && (verts[1] == verts[(count*2)-1])) {
+                    /* GL_LINE_LOOP takes care of the final segment */
+                    data->glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_LOOP, 0, count - 1);
+                } else {
+                    data->glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, count);
+                    /* We need to close the endpoint of the line */
+                    data->glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, count - 1, 1);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                size_t offset = 0;
+                SetDrawState(data, cmd);
+                data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, verts);
+                for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, offset += 4) {
+                    data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, offset, 4);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY: {
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                SetCopyState(data, cmd);
+                data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, verts);
+                data->glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, verts + 8);
+                data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX: {
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const GLfloat translatex = verts[16];
+                const GLfloat translatey = verts[17];
+                const GLfloat angle = verts[18];
+                SetCopyState(data, cmd);
+                data->glVertexPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, verts);
+                data->glTexCoordPointer(2, GL_FLOAT, 0, verts + 8);
+
+                /* Translate to flip, rotate, translate to position */
+                data->glPushMatrix();
+                data->glTranslatef(translatex, translatey, 0.0f);
+                data->glRotatef(angle, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
+                data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+                data->glPopMatrix();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        cmd = cmd->next;
+    }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
 GLES_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                    Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch)
+                      Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch)
 {
     GLES_RenderData *data = (GLES_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     Uint32 temp_format = renderer->target ? renderer->target->format : SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888;
@@ -1173,10 +972,11 @@ GLES_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
 
     /* Flip the rows to be top-down if necessary */
     if (!renderer->target) {
+        SDL_bool isstack;
         length = rect->w * SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(temp_format);
         src = (Uint8*)temp_pixels + (rect->h-1)*temp_pitch;
         dst = (Uint8*)temp_pixels;
-        tmp = SDL_stack_alloc(Uint8, length);
+        tmp = SDL_small_alloc(Uint8, length, &isstack);
         rows = rect->h / 2;
         while (rows--) {
             SDL_memcpy(tmp, dst, length);
@@ -1185,7 +985,7 @@ GLES_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
             dst += temp_pitch;
             src -= temp_pitch;
         }
-        SDL_stack_free(tmp);
+        SDL_small_free(tmp, isstack);
     }
 
     status = SDL_ConvertPixels(rect->w, rect->h,
@@ -1273,6 +1073,164 @@ static int GLES_UnbindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
     return 0;
 }
 
+SDL_Renderer *
+GLES_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
+{
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
+    GLES_RenderData *data;
+    GLint value;
+    Uint32 window_flags;
+    int profile_mask = 0, major = 0, minor = 0;
+    SDL_bool changed_window = SDL_FALSE;
+
+    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, &profile_mask);
+    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, &major);
+    SDL_GL_GetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, &minor);
+
+    window_flags = SDL_GetWindowFlags(window);
+    if (!(window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) ||
+        profile_mask != SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES || major != RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR || minor != RENDERER_CONTEXT_MINOR) {
+
+        changed_window = SDL_TRUE;
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES);
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR);
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, RENDERER_CONTEXT_MINOR);
+
+        if (SDL_RecreateWindow(window, window_flags | SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) < 0) {
+            goto error;
+        }
+    }
+
+    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
+    if (!renderer) {
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    data = (GLES_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
+    if (!data) {
+        GLES_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    renderer->WindowEvent = GLES_WindowEvent;
+    renderer->GetOutputSize = GLES_GetOutputSize;
+    renderer->SupportsBlendMode = GLES_SupportsBlendMode;
+    renderer->CreateTexture = GLES_CreateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTexture = GLES_UpdateTexture;
+    renderer->LockTexture = GLES_LockTexture;
+    renderer->UnlockTexture = GLES_UnlockTexture;
+    renderer->SetRenderTarget = GLES_SetRenderTarget;
+    renderer->QueueSetViewport = GLES_QueueSetViewport;
+    renderer->QueueSetDrawColor = GLES_QueueSetViewport;  /* SetViewport and SetDrawColor are (currently) no-ops. */
+    renderer->QueueDrawPoints = GLES_QueueDrawPoints;
+    renderer->QueueDrawLines = GLES_QueueDrawPoints;  /* lines and points queue vertices the same way. */
+    renderer->QueueFillRects = GLES_QueueFillRects;
+    renderer->QueueCopy = GLES_QueueCopy;
+    renderer->QueueCopyEx = GLES_QueueCopyEx;
+    renderer->RunCommandQueue = GLES_RunCommandQueue;
+    renderer->RenderReadPixels = GLES_RenderReadPixels;
+    renderer->RenderPresent = GLES_RenderPresent;
+    renderer->DestroyTexture = GLES_DestroyTexture;
+    renderer->DestroyRenderer = GLES_DestroyRenderer;
+    renderer->GL_BindTexture = GLES_BindTexture;
+    renderer->GL_UnbindTexture = GLES_UnbindTexture;
+    renderer->info = GLES_RenderDriver.info;
+    renderer->info.flags = SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED;
+    renderer->driverdata = data;
+    renderer->window = window;
+
+    data->context = SDL_GL_CreateContext(window);
+    if (!data->context) {
+        GLES_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        goto error;
+    }
+    if (SDL_GL_MakeCurrent(window, data->context) < 0) {
+        GLES_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (GLES_LoadFunctions(data) < 0) {
+        GLES_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        goto error;
+    }
+
+    if (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) {
+        SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(1);
+    } else {
+        SDL_GL_SetSwapInterval(0);
+    }
+    if (SDL_GL_GetSwapInterval() > 0) {
+        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC;
+    }
+
+    value = 0;
+    data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &value);
+    renderer->info.max_texture_width = value;
+    value = 0;
+    data->glGetIntegerv(GL_MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE, &value);
+    renderer->info.max_texture_height = value;
+
+    /* Android does not report GL_OES_framebuffer_object but the functionality seems to be there anyway */
+    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_OES_framebuffer_object") || data->glGenFramebuffersOES) {
+        data->GL_OES_framebuffer_object_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+        renderer->info.flags |= SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE;
+
+        value = 0;
+        data->glGetIntegerv(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING_OES, &value);
+        data->window_framebuffer = (GLuint)value;
+    }
+    data->framebuffers = NULL;
+
+    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_OES_blend_func_separate")) {
+        data->GL_OES_blend_func_separate_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+    }
+    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_OES_blend_equation_separate")) {
+        data->GL_OES_blend_equation_separate_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+    }
+    if (SDL_GL_ExtensionSupported("GL_OES_blend_subtract")) {
+        data->GL_OES_blend_subtract_supported = SDL_TRUE;
+    }
+
+    /* Set up parameters for rendering */
+    data->glDisable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
+    data->glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE);
+
+    data->glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
+    data->glLoadIdentity();
+
+    data->glEnableClientState(GL_VERTEX_ARRAY);
+    data->glDisableClientState(GL_TEXTURE_COORD_ARRAY);
+
+    data->drawstate.blend = SDL_BLENDMODE_INVALID;
+    data->drawstate.color = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    data->drawstate.clear_color = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+    return renderer;
+
+error:
+    if (changed_window) {
+        /* Uh oh, better try to put it back... */
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_MASK, profile_mask);
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MAJOR_VERSION, major);
+        SDL_GL_SetAttribute(SDL_GL_CONTEXT_MINOR_VERSION, minor);
+        SDL_RecreateWindow(window, window_flags);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+SDL_RenderDriver GLES_RenderDriver = {
+    GLES_CreateRenderer,
+    {
+     "opengles",
+     (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC),
+     1,
+     {SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888},
+     0,
+     0}
+};
+
 #endif /* SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES && !SDL_RENDER_DISABLED */
 
 /* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/src/render/opengles2/SDL_gles2funcs.h b/src/render/opengles2/SDL_gles2funcs.h
index b6a1436186..68096aaaf0 100644
--- a/src/render/opengles2/SDL_gles2funcs.h
+++ b/src/render/opengles2/SDL_gles2funcs.h
@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ SDL_PROC(void, glDeleteFramebuffers, (GLsizei, const GLuint *))
 SDL_PROC(GLint, glGetAttribLocation, (GLuint, const GLchar *))
 SDL_PROC(void, glGetProgramInfoLog, (GLuint, GLsizei, GLsizei*, GLchar*))
 SDL_PROC(void, glGenBuffers, (GLsizei, GLuint *))
+SDL_PROC(void, glDeleteBuffers, (GLsizei, GLuint *))
 SDL_PROC(void, glBindBuffer, (GLenum, GLuint))
 SDL_PROC(void, glBufferData, (GLenum, GLsizeiptr, const GLvoid *, GLenum))
 SDL_PROC(void, glBufferSubData, (GLenum, GLintptr, GLsizeiptr, const GLvoid *))
diff --git a/src/render/opengles2/SDL_render_gles2.c b/src/render/opengles2/SDL_render_gles2.c
index f21a957625..fe2ce1ab8a 100644
--- a/src/render/opengles2/SDL_render_gles2.c
+++ b/src/render/opengles2/SDL_render_gles2.c
@@ -29,19 +29,6 @@
 #include "../../video/SDL_blit.h"
 #include "SDL_shaders_gles2.h"
 
-/* !!! FIXME: Emscripten makes these into WebGL calls, and WebGL doesn't offer
-   !!! FIXME:  client-side arrays (without an Emscripten compatibility hack,
-   !!! FIXME:  at least), but the current VBO code here is dramatically
-   !!! FIXME:  slower on actual iOS devices, even though the iOS Simulator
-   !!! FIXME:  is okay. Some time after 2.0.4 ships, we should revisit this,
-   !!! FIXME:  fix the performance bottleneck, and make everything use VBOs.
-*/
-#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
-#define SDL_GLES2_USE_VBOS 1
-#else
-#define SDL_GLES2_USE_VBOS 0
-#endif
-
 /* To prevent unnecessary window recreation,
  * these should match the defaults selected in SDL_GL_ResetAttributes 
  */
@@ -52,29 +39,6 @@
 extern int SDL_RecreateWindow(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
 
 /*************************************************************************************************
- * Bootstrap data                                                                                *
- *************************************************************************************************/
-
-static SDL_Renderer *GLES2_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window *window, Uint32 flags);
-
-SDL_RenderDriver GLES2_RenderDriver = {
-    GLES2_CreateRenderer,
-    {
-        "opengles2",
-        (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
-        4,
-        {
-        SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888,
-        SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888,
-        SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888,
-        SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR888
-        },
-        0,
-        0
-    }
-};
-
-/*************************************************************************************************
  * Context structures                                                                            *
  *************************************************************************************************/
 
@@ -109,7 +73,6 @@ typedef struct GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry
     GLES2_ShaderType type;
     const GLES2_ShaderInstance *instance;
     int references;
-    Uint8 modulation_r, modulation_g, modulation_b, modulation_a;
     struct GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *prev;
     struct GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *next;
 } GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry;
@@ -126,8 +89,7 @@ typedef struct GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry
     GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *vertex_shader;
     GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *fragment_shader;
     GLuint uniform_locations[16];
-    Uint8 color_r, color_g, color_b, color_a;
-    Uint8 modulation_r, modulation_g, modulation_b, modulation_a;
+    Uint32 color;
     GLfloat projection[4][4];
     struct GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *prev;
     struct GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *next;
@@ -152,7 +114,6 @@ typedef enum
 {
     GLES2_UNIFORM_PROJECTION,
     GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE,
-    GLES2_UNIFORM_MODULATION,
     GLES2_UNIFORM_COLOR,
     GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE_U,
     GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE_V
@@ -160,6 +121,7 @@ typedef enum
 
 typedef enum
 {
+    GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_INVALID,
     GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_SOLID,
     GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_TEXTURE_ABGR,
     GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_TEXTURE_ARGB,
@@ -171,17 +133,33 @@ typedef enum
     GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES
 } GLES2_ImageSource;
 
-typedef struct GLES2_DriverContext
+typedef struct
+{
+    SDL_Rect viewport;
+    SDL_bool viewport_dirty;
+    SDL_Texture *texture;
+    SDL_Texture *target;
+    SDL_BlendMode blend;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled_dirty;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_enabled;
+    SDL_bool cliprect_dirty;
+    SDL_Rect cliprect;
+    SDL_bool texturing;
+    SDL_bool is_copy_ex;
+    Uint32 color;
+    Uint32 clear_color;
+    int drawablew;
+    int drawableh;
+    GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *program;
+    GLfloat projection[4][4];
+} GLES2_DrawStateCache;
+
+typedef struct GLES2_RenderData
 {
     SDL_GLContext *context;
 
     SDL_bool debug_enabled;
 
-    struct {
-        SDL_BlendMode blendMode;
-        SDL_bool tex_coords;
-    } current;
-
 #define SDL_PROC(ret,func,params) ret (APIENTRY *func) params;
 #include "SDL_gles2funcs.h"
 #undef SDL_PROC
@@ -192,17 +170,18 @@ typedef struct GLES2_DriverContext
     GLenum *shader_formats;
     GLES2_ShaderCache shader_cache;
     GLES2_ProgramCache program_cache;
-    GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *current_program;
     Uint8 clear_r, clear_g, clear_b, clear_a;
 
-#if SDL_GLES2_USE_VBOS
-    GLuint vertex_buffers[4];
-    GLsizeiptr vertex_buffer_size[4];
-#endif
-} GLES2_DriverContext;
+    GLuint vertex_buffers[8];
+    GLsizeiptr vertex_buffer_size[8];
+    int current_vertex_buffer;
+    GLES2_DrawStateCache drawstate;
+} GLES2_RenderData;
 
 #define GLES2_MAX_CACHED_PROGRAMS 8
 
+static const float inv255f = 1.0f / 255.0f;
+
 
 SDL_FORCE_INLINE const char*
 GL_TranslateError (GLenum error)
@@ -223,7 +202,7 @@ GL_TranslateError (GLenum error)
 SDL_FORCE_INLINE void
 GL_ClearErrors(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *) renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
 
     if (!data->debug_enabled) {
         return;
@@ -236,7 +215,7 @@ GL_ClearErrors(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
 SDL_FORCE_INLINE int
 GL_CheckAllErrors (const char *prefix, SDL_Renderer *renderer, const char *file, int line, const char *function)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *) renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     int ret = 0;
 
     if (!data->debug_enabled) {
@@ -269,17 +248,7 @@ GL_CheckAllErrors (const char *prefix, SDL_Renderer *renderer, const char *file,
  * Renderer state APIs                                                                           *
  *************************************************************************************************/
 
-static int GLES2_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer *renderer);
-static void GLES2_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                              const SDL_WindowEvent *event);
-static int GLES2_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void GLES2_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer *renderer);
-static int GLES2_SetOrthographicProjection(SDL_Renderer *renderer);
-
-
-static SDL_GLContext SDL_CurrentContext = NULL;
-
-static int GLES2_LoadFunctions(GLES2_DriverContext * data)
+static int GLES2_LoadFunctions(GLES2_RenderData * data)
 {
 #if SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_UIKIT
 #define __SDL_NOGETPROCADDR__
@@ -307,7 +276,7 @@ static int GLES2_LoadFunctions(GLES2_DriverContext * data)
 }
 
 static GLES2_FBOList *
-GLES2_GetFBO(GLES2_DriverContext *data, Uint32 w, Uint32 h)
+GLES2_GetFBO(GLES2_RenderData *data, Uint32 w, Uint32 h)
 {
    GLES2_FBOList *result = data->framebuffers;
    while ((result) && ((result->w != w) || (result->h != h)) ) {
@@ -327,18 +296,15 @@ GLES2_GetFBO(GLES2_DriverContext *data, Uint32 w, Uint32 h)
 static int
 GLES2_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
 
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext != data->context) {
+    if (SDL_GL_GetCurrentContext() != data->context) {
         /* Null out the current program to ensure we set it again */
-        data->current_program = NULL;
+        data->drawstate.program = NULL;
 
         if (SDL_GL_MakeCurrent(renderer->window, data->context) < 0) {
             return -1;
         }
-        SDL_CurrentContext = data->context;
-
-        GLES2_UpdateViewport(renderer);
     }
 
     GL_ClearErrors(renderer);
@@ -349,14 +315,7 @@ GLES2_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 static void
 GLES2_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_WindowEvent *event)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SIZE_CHANGED ||
-        event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_SHOWN ||
-        event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_HIDDEN) {
-        /* Rebind the context to the window area */
-        SDL_CurrentContext = NULL;
-    }
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
 
     if (event->event == SDL_WINDOWEVENT_MINIMIZED) {
         /* According to Apple documentation, we need to finish drawing NOW! */
@@ -434,538 +393,31 @@ GLES2_SupportsBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
     return SDL_TRUE;
 }
 
-static int
-GLES2_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext != data->context) {
-        /* We'll update the viewport after we rebind the context */
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (renderer->target) {
-        data->glViewport(renderer->viewport.x, renderer->viewport.y,
-                         renderer->viewport.w, renderer->viewport.h);
-    } else {
-        int w, h;
-
-        SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &w, &h);
-        data->glViewport(renderer->viewport.x, (h - renderer->viewport.y - renderer->viewport.h),
-                         renderer->viewport.w, renderer->viewport.h);
-    }
-
-    if (data->current_program) {
-        GLES2_SetOrthographicProjection(renderer);
-    }
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-}
-
-static int
-GLES2_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext != data->context) {
-        /* We'll update the clip rect after we rebind the context */
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        const SDL_Rect *rect = &renderer->clip_rect;
-        data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-        if (renderer->target) {
-            data->glScissor(renderer->viewport.x + rect->x, renderer->viewport.y + rect->y, rect->w, rect->h);
-        } else {
-            int w, h;
-
-            SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &w, &h);
-            data->glScissor(renderer->viewport.x + rect->x, h - renderer->viewport.y - rect->y - rect->h, rect->w, rect->h);
-        }
-    } else {
-        data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
 
 static void
-GLES2_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+GLES2_EvictShader(GLES2_RenderData *data, GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *entry)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-
-    /* Deallocate everything */
-    if (data) {
-        GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-        {
-            GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *entry;
-            GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *next;
-            entry = data->shader_cache.head;
-            while (entry) {
-                data->glDeleteShader(entry->id);
-                next = entry->next;
-                SDL_free(entry);
-                entry = next;
-            }
-        }
-        {
-            GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *entry;
-            GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *next;
-            entry = data->program_cache.head;
-            while (entry) {
-                data->glDeleteProgram(entry->id);
-                next = entry->next;
-                SDL_free(entry);
-                entry = next;
-            }
-        }
-        if (data->context) {
-            while (data->framebuffers) {
-                GLES2_FBOList *nextnode = data->framebuffers->next;
-                data->glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &data->framebuffers->FBO);
-                GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-                SDL_free(data->framebuffers);
-                data->framebuffers = nextnode;
-            }
-            SDL_GL_DeleteContext(data->context);
-        }
-        SDL_free(data->shader_formats);
-        SDL_free(data);
-    }
-    SDL_free(renderer);
-}
-
-/*************************************************************************************************
- * Texture APIs                                                                                  *
- *************************************************************************************************/
-
-static int GLES2_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture);
-static int GLES2_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *rect,
-                               const void *pixels, int pitch);
-static int GLES2_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                               const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                               const Uint8 *Yplane, int Ypitch,
-                               const Uint8 *Uplane, int Upitch,
-                               const Uint8 *Vplane, int Vpitch);
-static int GLES2_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *rect,
-                             void **pixels, int *pitch);
-static void GLES2_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture);
-static int GLES2_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static void GLES2_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture);
-
-static int
-GLES2_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *renderdata = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLES2_TextureData *data;
-    GLenum format;
-    GLenum type;
-    GLenum scaleMode;
-
-    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    /* Determine the corresponding GLES texture format params */
-    switch (texture->format)
-    {
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888:
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888:
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888:
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR888:
-        format = GL_RGBA;
-        type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
-        break;
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV:
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12:
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12:
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21:
-        format = GL_LUMINANCE;
-        type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
-        break;
-#ifdef GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES
-    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES:
-        format = GL_NONE;
-        type = GL_NONE;
-        break;
-#endif
-    default:
-        return SDL_SetError("Texture format not supported");
-    }
-
-    if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES &&
-        texture->access != SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STATIC) {
-        return SDL_SetError("Unsupported texture access for SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES");
-    }
-
-    /* Allocate a texture struct */
-    data = (GLES2_TextureData *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(GLES2_TextureData));
-    if (!data) {
-        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
-    }
-    data->texture = 0;
-#ifdef GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES
-    data->texture_type = (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES) ? GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES : GL_TEXTURE_2D;
-#else
-    data->texture_type = GL_TEXTURE_2D;
-#endif
-    data->pixel_format = format;
-    data->pixel_type = type;
-    data->yuv = ((texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV) || (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12));
-    data->nv12 = ((texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12) || (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21));
-    data->texture_u = 0;
-    data->texture_v = 0;
-    scaleMode = (texture->scaleMode == SDL_ScaleModeNearest) ? GL_NEAREST : GL_LINEAR;
-
-    /* Allocate a blob for image renderdata */
-    if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING) {
-        size_t size;
-        data->pitch = texture->w * SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format);
-        size = texture->h * data->pitch;
-        if (data->yuv) {
-            /* Need to add size for the U and V planes */
-            size += 2 * ((texture->h + 1) / 2) * ((data->pitch + 1) / 2);
-        }
-        if (data->nv12) {
-            /* Need to add size for the U/V plane */
-            size += 2 * ((texture->h + 1) / 2) * ((data->pitch + 1) / 2);
-        }
-        data->pixel_data = SDL_calloc(1, size);
-        if (!data->pixel_data) {
-            SDL_free(data);
-            return SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /* Allocate the texture */
-    GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-
-    if (data->yuv) {
-        renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->texture_v);
-        if (GL_CheckError("glGenTexures()", renderer) < 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        renderdata->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
-        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->texture_type, data->texture_v);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->texture_type, 0, format, (texture->w + 1) / 2, (texture->h + 1) / 2, 0, format, type, NULL);
-
-        renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->texture_u);
-        if (GL_CheckError("glGenTexures()", renderer) < 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        renderdata->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
-        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->texture_type, data->texture_u);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->texture_type, 0, format, (texture->w + 1) / 2, (texture->h + 1) / 2, 0, format, type, NULL);
-        if (GL_CheckError("glTexImage2D()", renderer) < 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (data->nv12) {
-        renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->texture_u);
-        if (GL_CheckError("glGenTexures()", renderer) < 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        renderdata->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
-        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->texture_type, data->texture_u);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->texture_type, 0, GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA, (texture->w + 1) / 2, (texture->h + 1) / 2, 0, GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
-        if (GL_CheckError("glTexImage2D()", renderer) < 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->texture);
-    if (GL_CheckError("glGenTexures()", renderer) < 0) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    texture->driverdata = data;
-    renderdata->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
-    renderdata->glBindTexture(data->texture_type, data->texture);
-    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
-    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
-    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-    if (texture->format != SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES) {
-        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->texture_type, 0, format, texture->w, texture->h, 0, format, type, NULL);
-        if (GL_CheckError("glTexImage2D()", renderer) < 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-    }
-
-    if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET) {
-       data->fbo = GLES2_GetFBO(renderer->driverdata, texture->w, texture->h);
-    } else {
-       data->fbo = NULL;
-    }
-
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-}
-
-static int
-GLES2_TexSubImage2D(GLES2_DriverContext *data, GLenum target, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels, GLint pitch, GLint bpp)
-{
-    Uint8 *blob = NULL;
-    Uint8 *src;
-    int src_pitch;
-    int y;
-
-    if ((width == 0) || (height == 0) || (bpp == 0)) {
-        return 0;  /* nothing to do */
-    }
-
-    /* Reformat the texture data into a tightly packed array */
-    src_pitch = width * bpp;
-    src = (Uint8 *)pixels;
-    if (pitch != src_pitch) {
-        blob = (Uint8 *)SDL_malloc(src_pitch * height);
-        if (!blob) {
-            return SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        }
-        src = blob;
-        for (y = 0; y < height; ++y)
-        {
-            SDL_memcpy(src, pixels, src_pitch);
-            src += src_pitch;
-            pixels = (Uint8 *)pixels + pitch;
-        }
-        src = blob;
-    }
-
-    data->glTexSubImage2D(target, 0, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, src);
-    if (blob) {
-        SDL_free(blob);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-GLES2_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *rect,
-                    const void *pixels, int pitch)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
-
-    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    /* Bail out if we're supposed to update an empty rectangle */
-    if (rect->w <= 0 || rect->h <= 0) {
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /* Create a texture subimage with the supplied data */
-    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture);
-    GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
-                    rect->x,
-                    rect->y,
-                    rect->w,
-                    rect->h,
-                    tdata->pixel_format,
-                    tdata->pixel_type,
-                    pixels, pitch, SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format));
-
-    if (tdata->yuv) {
-        /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
-        pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + rect->h * pitch);
-        if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12) {
-            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_v);
-        } else {
-            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
-        }
-        GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
-                rect->x / 2,
-                rect->y / 2,
-                (rect->w + 1) / 2,
-                (rect->h + 1) / 2,
-                tdata->pixel_format,
-                tdata->pixel_type,
-                pixels, (pitch + 1) / 2, 1);
-
-
-        /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
-        pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + ((rect->h + 1) / 2) * ((pitch + 1)/2));
-        if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12) {
-            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
-        } else {
-            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_v);
-        }
-        GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
-                rect->x / 2,
-                rect->y / 2,
-                (rect->w + 1) / 2,
-                (rect->h + 1) / 2,
-                tdata->pixel_format,
-                tdata->pixel_type,
-                pixels, (pitch + 1) / 2, 1);
-    }
-
-    if (tdata->nv12) {
-        /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
-        pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + rect->h * pitch);
-        data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
-        GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
-                rect->x / 2,
-                rect->y / 2,
-                (rect->w + 1) / 2,
-                (rect->h + 1) / 2,
-                GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA,
-                GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
-                pixels, 2 * ((pitch + 1) / 2), 2);
+    /* Unlink the shader from the cache */
+    if (entry->next) {
+        entry->next->prev = entry->prev;
     }
-
-    return GL_CheckError("glTexSubImage2D()", renderer);
-}
-
-static int
-GLES2_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                    const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                    const Uint8 *Yplane, int Ypitch,
-                    const Uint8 *Uplane, int Upitch,
-                    const Uint8 *Vplane, int Vpitch)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
-
-    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    /* Bail out if we're supposed to update an empty rectangle */
-    if (rect->w <= 0 || rect->h <= 0) {
-        return 0;
+    if (entry->prev) {
+        entry->prev->next = entry->next;
     }
-
-    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_v);
-    GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
-                    rect->x / 2,
-                    rect->y / 2,
-                    (rect->w + 1) / 2,
-                    (rect->h + 1) / 2,
-                    tdata->pixel_format,
-                    tdata->pixel_type,
-                    Vplane, Vpitch, 1);
-
-    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
-    GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
-                    rect->x / 2,
-                    rect->y / 2,
-                    (rect->w + 1) / 2,
-                    (rect->h + 1) / 2,
-                    tdata->pixel_format,
-                    tdata->pixel_type,
-                    Uplane, Upitch, 1);
-
-    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture);
-    GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
-                    rect->x,
-                    rect->y,
-                    rect->w,
-                    rect->h,
-                    tdata->pixel_format,
-                    tdata->pixel_type,
-                    Yplane, Ypitch, 1);
-
-    return GL_CheckError("glTexSubImage2D()", renderer);
-}
-
-static int
-GLES2_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *rect,
-                  void **pixels, int *pitch)
-{
-    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
-
-    /* Retrieve the buffer/pitch for the specified region */
-    *pixels = (Uint8 *)tdata->pixel_data +
-              (tdata->pitch * rect->y) +
-              (rect->x * SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format));
-    *pitch = tdata->pitch;
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-GLES2_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
-{
-    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
-    SDL_Rect rect;
-
-    /* We do whole texture updates, at least for now */
-    rect.x = 0;
-    rect.y = 0;
-    rect.w = texture->w;
-    rect.h = texture->h;
-    GLES2_UpdateTexture(renderer, texture, &rect, tdata->pixel_data, tdata->pitch);
-}
-
-static int
-GLES2_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *) renderer->driverdata;
-    GLES2_TextureData *texturedata = NULL;
-    GLenum status;
-
-    if (texture == NULL) {
-        data->glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, data->window_framebuffer);
-    } else {
-        texturedata = (GLES2_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
-        data->glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, texturedata->fbo->FBO);
-        /* TODO: check if texture pixel format allows this operation */
-        data->glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, texturedata->texture_type, texturedata->texture, 0);
-        /* Check FBO status */
-        status = data->glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER);
-        if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
-            return SDL_SetError("glFramebufferTexture2D() failed");
-        }
+    if (data->shader_cache.head == entry) {
+        data->shader_cache.head = entry->next;
     }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static void
-GLES2_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
-
-    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
+    --data->shader_cache.count;
 
-    /* Destroy the texture */
-    if (tdata) {
-        data->glDeleteTextures(1, &tdata->texture);
-        if (tdata->texture_v) {
-            data->glDeleteTextures(1, &tdata->texture_v);
-        }
-        if (tdata->texture_u) {
-            data->glDeleteTextures(1, &tdata->texture_u);
-        }
-        SDL_free(tdata->pixel_data);
-        SDL_free(tdata);
-        texture->driverdata = NULL;
-    }
+    /* Deallocate the shader */
+    data->glDeleteShader(entry->id);
+    SDL_free(entry);
 }
 
-/*************************************************************************************************
- * Shader management functions                                                                   *
- *************************************************************************************************/
-
-static GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *GLES2_CacheShader(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderType type);
-static void GLES2_EvictShader(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *entry);
-static GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *GLES2_CacheProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer,
-                                                   GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *vertex,
-                                                   GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *fragment);
-static int GLES2_SelectProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ImageSource source, int w, int h);
-
 static GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *
-GLES2_CacheProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *vertex,
+GLES2_CacheProgram(GLES2_RenderData *data, GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *vertex,
                    GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *fragment)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
     GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *entry;
     GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *shaderEntry;
     GLint linkSuccessful;
@@ -1029,21 +481,27 @@ GLES2_CacheProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *vertex,
         data->glGetUniformLocation(entry->id, "u_texture_u");
     entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE] =
         data->glGetUniformLocation(entry->id, "u_texture");
-    entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_MODULATION] =
-        data->glGetUniformLocation(entry->id, "u_modulation");
     entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_COLOR] =
         data->glGetUniformLocation(entry->id, "u_color");
 
-    entry->modulation_r = entry->modulation_g = entry->modulation_b = entry->modulation_a = 255;
-    entry->color_r = entry->color_g = entry->color_b = entry->color_a = 255;
+    entry->color = 0;
 
     data->glUseProgram(entry->id);
-    data->glUniform1i(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE_V], 2);  /* always texture unit 2. */
-    data->glUniform1i(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE_U], 1);  /* always texture unit 1. */
-    data->glUniform1i(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE], 0);  /* always texture unit 0. */
-    data->glUniformMatrix4fv(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_PROJECTION], 1, GL_FALSE, (GLfloat *)entry->projection);
-    data->glUniform4f(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_MODULATION], 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
-    data->glUniform4f(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_COLOR], 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
+    if (entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE_V] != -1) {
+        data->glUniform1i(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE_V], 2);  /* always texture unit 2. */
+    }
+    if (entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE_U] != -1) {
+        data->glUniform1i(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE_U], 1);  /* always texture unit 1. */
+    }
+    if (entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE] != -1) {
+        data->glUniform1i(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_TEXTURE], 0);  /* always texture unit 0. */
+    }
+    if (entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_PROJECTION] != -1) {
+        data->glUniformMatrix4fv(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_PROJECTION], 1, GL_FALSE, (GLfloat *)entry->projection);
+    }
+    if (entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_COLOR] != -1) {
+        data->glUniform4f(entry->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_COLOR], 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+    }
 
     /* Cache the linked program */
     if (data->program_cache.head) {
@@ -1063,11 +521,11 @@ GLES2_CacheProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *vertex,
     if (data->program_cache.count > GLES2_MAX_CACHED_PROGRAMS) {
         shaderEntry = data->program_cache.tail->vertex_shader;
         if (--shaderEntry->references <= 0) {
-            GLES2_EvictShader(renderer, shaderEntry);
+            GLES2_EvictShader(data, shaderEntry);
         }
         shaderEntry = data->program_cache.tail->fragment_shader;
         if (--shaderEntry->references <= 0) {
-            GLES2_EvictShader(renderer, shaderEntry);
+            GLES2_EvictShader(data, shaderEntry);
         }
         data->glDeleteProgram(data->program_cache.tail->id);
         data->program_cache.tail = data->program_cache.tail->prev;
@@ -1079,9 +537,8 @@ GLES2_CacheProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *vertex,
 }
 
 static GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *
-GLES2_CacheShader(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderType type)
+GLES2_CacheShader(GLES2_RenderData *data, GLES2_ShaderType type)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
     const GLES2_Shader *shader;
     const GLES2_ShaderInstance *instance = NULL;
     GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *entry = NULL;
@@ -1144,19 +601,20 @@ GLES2_CacheShader(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderType type)
         compileSuccessful = GL_TRUE;
     }
     if (!compileSuccessful) {
+        SDL_bool isstack = SDL_FALSE;
         char *info = NULL;
         int length = 0;
 
         data->glGetShaderiv(entry->id, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
         if (length > 0) {
-            info = SDL_stack_alloc(char, length);
+            info = SDL_small_alloc(char, length, &isstack);
             if (info) {
                 data->glGetShaderInfoLog(entry->id, length, &length, info);
             }
         }
         if (info) {
             SDL_SetError("Failed to load the shader: %s", info);
-            SDL_stack_free(info);
+            SDL_small_free(info, isstack);
         } else {
             SDL_SetError("Failed to load the shader");
         }
@@ -1175,32 +633,9 @@ GLES2_CacheShader(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderType type)
     return entry;
 }
 
-static void
-GLES2_EvictShader(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *entry)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-
-    /* Unlink the shader from the cache */
-    if (entry->next) {
-        entry->next->prev = entry->prev;
-    }
-    if (entry->prev) {
-        entry->prev->next = entry->next;
-    }
-    if (data->shader_cache.head == entry) {
-        data->shader_cache.head = entry->next;
-    }
-    --data->shader_cache.count;
-
-    /* Deallocate the shader */
-    data->glDeleteShader(entry->id);
-    SDL_free(entry);
-}
-
 static int
-GLES2_SelectProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ImageSource source, int w, int h)
+GLES2_SelectProgram(GLES2_RenderData *data, GLES2_ImageSource source, int w, int h)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
     GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *vertex = NULL;
     GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *fragment = NULL;
     GLES2_ShaderType vtype, ftype;
@@ -1280,24 +715,24 @@ GLES2_SelectProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ImageSource source, int w, int
     }
 
     /* Load the requested shaders */
-    vertex = GLES2_CacheShader(renderer, vtype);
+    vertex = GLES2_CacheShader(data, vtype);
     if (!vertex) {
         goto fault;
     }
-    fragment = GLES2_CacheShader(renderer, ftype);
+    fragment = GLES2_CacheShader(data, ftype);
     if (!fragment) {
         goto fault;
     }
 
     /* Check if we need to change programs at all */
-    if (data->current_program &&
-        data->current_program->vertex_shader == vertex &&
-        data->current_program->fragment_shader == fragment) {
+    if (data->drawstate.program &&
+        data->drawstate.program->vertex_shader == vertex &&
+        data->drawstate.program->fragment_shader == fragment) {
         return 0;
     }
 
     /* Generate a matching program */
-    program = GLES2_CacheProgram(renderer, vertex, fragment);
+    program = GLES2_CacheProgram(data, vertex, fragment);
     if (!program) {
         goto fault;
     }
@@ -1306,361 +741,352 @@ GLES2_SelectProgram(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_ImageSource source, int w, int
     data->glUseProgram(program->id);
 
     /* Set the current program */
-    data->current_program = program;
-
-    /* Activate an orthographic projection */
-    if (GLES2_SetOrthographicProjection(renderer) < 0) {
-        goto fault;
-    }
+    data->drawstate.program = program;
 
     /* Clean up and return */
     return 0;
 fault:
     if (vertex && vertex->references <= 0) {
-        GLES2_EvictShader(renderer, vertex);
+        GLES2_EvictShader(data, vertex);
     }
     if (fragment && fragment->references <= 0) {
-        GLES2_EvictShader(renderer, fragment);
+        GLES2_EvictShader(data, fragment);
     }
-    data->current_program = NULL;
+    data->drawstate.program = NULL;
     return -1;
 }
 
 static int
-GLES2_SetOrthographicProjection(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+GLES2_QueueSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLfloat projection[4][4];
+    return 0;  /* nothing to do in this backend. */
+}
 
-    if (!renderer->viewport.w || !renderer->viewport.h) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+static int
+GLES2_QueueDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
+{
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * 2 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    /* Prepare an orthographic projection */
-    projection[0][0] = 2.0f / renderer->viewport.w;
-    projection[0][1] = 0.0f;
-    projection[0][2] = 0.0f;
-    projection[0][3] = 0.0f;
-    projection[1][0] = 0.0f;
-    if (renderer->target) {
-        projection[1][1] = 2.0f / renderer->viewport.h;
-    } else {
-        projection[1][1] = -2.0f / renderer->viewport.h;
-    }
-    projection[1][2] = 0.0f;
-    projection[1][3] = 0.0f;
-    projection[2][0] = 0.0f;
-    projection[2][1] = 0.0f;
-    projection[2][2] = 0.0f;
-    projection[2][3] = 0.0f;
-    projection[3][0] = -1.0f;
-    if (renderer->target) {
-        projection[3][1] = -1.0f;
-    } else {
-        projection[3][1] = 1.0f;
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
-    projection[3][2] = 0.0f;
-    projection[3][3] = 1.0f;
 
-    /* Set the projection matrix */
-    if (SDL_memcmp(data->current_program->projection, projection, sizeof (projection)) != 0) {
-        const GLuint locProjection = data->current_program->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_PROJECTION];
-        data->glUniformMatrix4fv(locProjection, 1, GL_FALSE, (GLfloat *)projection);
-        SDL_memcpy(data->current_program->projection, projection, sizeof (projection));
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        *(verts++) = 0.5f + points[i].x;
+        *(verts++) = 0.5f + points[i].y;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-/*************************************************************************************************
- * Rendering functions                                                                           *
- *************************************************************************************************/
-
-static const float inv255f = 1.0f / 255.0f;
-
-static int GLES2_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer *renderer);
-static int GLES2_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FPoint *points, int count);
-static int GLES2_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FPoint *points, int count);
-static int GLES2_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FRect *rects, int count);
-static int GLES2_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *srcrect,
-                            const SDL_FRect *dstrect);
-static int GLES2_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                         const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                         const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
-static int GLES2_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                    Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch);
-static void GLES2_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer *renderer);
-
-static SDL_bool
-CompareColors(Uint8 r1, Uint8 g1, Uint8 b1, Uint8 a1,
-              Uint8 r2, Uint8 g2, Uint8 b2, Uint8 a2)
-{
-    Uint32 Pixel1, Pixel2;
-    RGBA8888_FROM_RGBA(Pixel1, r1, g1, b1, a1);
-    RGBA8888_FROM_RGBA(Pixel2, r2, g2, b2, a2);
-    return (Pixel1 == Pixel2);
-}
-
 static int
-GLES2_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+GLES2_QueueFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
 {
-    Uint8 r, g, b, a;
-
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-
-    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    if (!CompareColors(data->clear_r, data->clear_g, data->clear_b, data->clear_a,
-                        renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b, renderer->a)) {
-
-       /* Select the color to clear with */
-       g = renderer->g;
-       a = renderer->a;
-   
-       if (renderer->target &&
-            (renderer->target->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888 ||
-             renderer->target->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888)) {
-           r = renderer->b;
-           b = renderer->r;
-        } else {
-           r = renderer->r;
-           b = renderer->b;
-        }
-
-        data->glClearColor((GLfloat) r * inv255f,
-                     (GLfloat) g * inv255f,
-                     (GLfloat) b * inv255f,
-                     (GLfloat) a * inv255f);
-        data->clear_r = renderer->r;
-        data->clear_g = renderer->g;
-        data->clear_b = renderer->b;
-        data->clear_a = renderer->a;
-    }
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * 8 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    data->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
 
-    if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-        data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        const SDL_FRect *rect = &rects[i];
+        const GLfloat minx = rect->x;
+        const GLfloat maxx = rect->x + rect->w;
+        const GLfloat miny = rect->y;
+        const GLfloat maxy = rect->y + rect->h;
+        *(verts++) = minx;
+        *(verts++) = miny;
+        *(verts++) = maxx;
+        *(verts++) = miny;
+        *(verts++) = minx;
+        *(verts++) = maxy;
+        *(verts++) = maxx;
+        *(verts++) = maxy;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void
-GLES2_SetBlendMode(GLES2_DriverContext *data, SDL_BlendMode blendMode)
-{
-    if (blendMode != data->current.blendMode) {
-        if (blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
-            data->glDisable(GL_BLEND);
-        } else {
-            data->glEnable(GL_BLEND);
-            data->glBlendFuncSeparate(GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blendMode)),
-                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blendMode)),
-                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(blendMode)),
-                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(blendMode)));
-            data->glBlendEquationSeparate(GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeColorOperation(blendMode)),
-                                          GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeAlphaOperation(blendMode)));
-        }
-        data->current.blendMode = blendMode;
-    }
-}
-
-static void
-GLES2_SetTexCoords(GLES2_DriverContext * data, SDL_bool enabled)
-{
-    if (enabled != data->current.tex_coords) {
-        if (enabled) {
-            data->glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD);
-        } else {
-            data->glDisableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD);
-        }
-        data->current.tex_coords = enabled;
-    }
-}
-
 static int
-GLES2_SetDrawingState(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+GLES2_QueueCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                          const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *program;
-    Uint8 r, g, b, a;
-
-    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    GLES2_SetBlendMode(data, renderer->blendMode);
-
-    GLES2_SetTexCoords(data, SDL_FALSE);
+    GLfloat minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
+    GLfloat minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 16 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    /* Activate an appropriate shader and set the projection matrix */
-    if (GLES2_SelectProgram(renderer, GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_SOLID, 0, 0) < 0) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    /* Select the color to draw with */
-    g = renderer->g;
-    a = renderer->a;
-
-    if (renderer->target &&
-         (renderer->target->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888 ||
-         renderer->target->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888)) {
-        r = renderer->b;
-        b = renderer->r;
-     } else {
-        r = renderer->r;
-        b = renderer->b;
-     }
-
-    program = data->current_program;
-    if (!CompareColors(program->color_r, program->color_g, program->color_b, program->color_a, r, g, b, a)) {
-        /* Select the color to draw with */
-        data->glUniform4f(program->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_COLOR], r * inv255f, g * inv255f, b * inv255f, a * inv255f);
-        program->color_r = r;
-        program->color_g = g;
-        program->color_b = b;
-        program->color_a = a;
-    }
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+
+    minx = dstrect->x;
+    miny = dstrect->y;
+    maxx = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
+    maxy = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
+
+    minu = (GLfloat) srcrect->x / texture->w;
+    maxu = (GLfloat) (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / texture->w;
+    minv = (GLfloat) srcrect->y / texture->h;
+    maxv = (GLfloat) (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / texture->h;
+
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(SDL_Renderer *renderer, GLES2_Attribute attr,
-                         const void *vertexData, size_t dataSizeInBytes)
+GLES2_QueueCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                        const SDL_Rect * srcquad, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+                        const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-
-#if !SDL_GLES2_USE_VBOS
-    data->glVertexAttribPointer(attr, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vertexData);
-#else
-    if (!data->vertex_buffers[attr]) {
-        data->glGenBuffers(1, &data->vertex_buffers[attr]);
+    /* render expects cos value - 1 (see GLES2_VertexSrc_Default_) */
+    const float radian_angle = (float)(M_PI * (360.0 - angle) / 180.0);
+    const GLfloat s = (GLfloat) SDL_sin(radian_angle);
+    const GLfloat c = (GLfloat) SDL_cos(radian_angle) - 1.0f;
+    const GLfloat centerx = center->x + dstrect->x;
+    const GLfloat centery = center->y + dstrect->y;
+    GLfloat minx, miny, maxx, maxy;
+    GLfloat minu, maxu, minv, maxv;
+    GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 32 * sizeof (GLfloat), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    data->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, data->vertex_buffers[attr]);
-
-    if (data->vertex_buffer_size[attr] < dataSizeInBytes) {
-        data->glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, dataSizeInBytes, vertexData, GL_STREAM_DRAW);
-        data->vertex_buffer_size[attr] = dataSizeInBytes;
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
+        minx = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
+        maxx = dstrect->x;
     } else {
-        data->glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, dataSizeInBytes, vertexData);
+        minx = dstrect->x;
+        maxx = dstrect->x + dstrect->w;
     }
 
-    data->glVertexAttribPointer(attr, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, 0);
-#endif
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
+        miny = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
+        maxy = dstrect->y;
+    } else {
+        miny = dstrect->y;
+        maxy = dstrect->y + dstrect->h;
+    }
+
+    minu = ((GLfloat) srcquad->x) / ((GLfloat) texture->w);
+    maxu = ((GLfloat) (srcquad->x + srcquad->w)) / ((GLfloat) texture->w);
+    minv = ((GLfloat) srcquad->y) / ((GLfloat) texture->h);
+    maxv = ((GLfloat) (srcquad->y + srcquad->h)) / ((GLfloat) texture->h);
+
+
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = miny;
+    *(verts++) = minx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+    *(verts++) = maxx;
+    *(verts++) = maxy;
+
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = minv;
+    *(verts++) = minu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+    *(verts++) = maxu;
+    *(verts++) = maxv;
+
+    *(verts++) = s;
+    *(verts++) = c;
+    *(verts++) = s;
+    *(verts++) = c;
+    *(verts++) = s;
+    *(verts++) = c;
+    *(verts++) = s;
+    *(verts++) = c;
+
+    *(verts++) = centerx;
+    *(verts++) = centery;
+    *(verts++) = centerx;
+    *(verts++) = centery;
+    *(verts++) = centerx;
+    *(verts++) = centery;
+    *(verts++) = centerx;
+    *(verts++) = centery;
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GLES2_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FPoint *points, int count)
+SetDrawState(GLES2_RenderData *data, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const GLES2_ImageSource imgsrc)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLfloat *vertices;
-    int idx;
+    const SDL_bool was_copy_ex = data->drawstate.is_copy_ex;
+    const SDL_bool is_copy_ex = (cmd->command == SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX);
+    SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
+    const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+    GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *program;
 
-    if (GLES2_SetDrawingState(renderer) < 0) {
-        return -1;
+    SDL_assert((texture != NULL) == (imgsrc != GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_SOLID));
+
+    if (data->drawstate.viewport_dirty) {
+        const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+        data->glViewport(viewport->x,
+                         data->drawstate.target ? viewport->y : (data->drawstate.drawableh - viewport->y - viewport->h),
+                         viewport->w, viewport->h);
+        if (viewport->w && viewport->h) {
+            data->drawstate.projection[0][0] = 2.0f / viewport->w;
+            data->drawstate.projection[1][1] = (data->drawstate.target ? 2.0f : -2.0f) / viewport->h;
+            data->drawstate.projection[3][1] = data->drawstate.target ? -1.0f : 1.0f;
+        }
+        data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
     }
 
-    /* Emit the specified vertices as points */
-    vertices = SDL_stack_alloc(GLfloat, count * 2);
-    for (idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx) {
-        GLfloat x = points[idx].x + 0.5f;
-        GLfloat y = points[idx].y + 0.5f;
+    if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty) {
+        if (!data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled) {
+            data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+        } else {
+            data->glEnable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+        }
+        data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled && data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty) {
+        const SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+        const SDL_Rect *rect = &data->drawstate.cliprect;
+        data->glScissor(viewport->x + rect->x,
+                        data->drawstate.target ? viewport->y + rect->y : data->drawstate.drawableh - viewport->y - rect->y - rect->h,
+                        rect->w, rect->h);
+        data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (texture != data->drawstate.texture) {
+        if ((texture != NULL) != data->drawstate.texturing) {
+            if (texture == NULL) {
+                data->glDisableVertexAttribArray((GLenum) GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD);
+                data->drawstate.texturing = SDL_FALSE;
+            } else {
+                data->glEnableVertexAttribArray((GLenum) GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD);
+                data->drawstate.texturing = SDL_TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (texture) {
+            GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
+            if (tdata->yuv) {
+                data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
+                data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_v);
+
+                data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+                data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
+
+                data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+            } else if (tdata->nv12) {
+                data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+                data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
 
-        vertices[idx * 2] = x;
-        vertices[(idx * 2) + 1] = y;
+                data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+            }
+            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture);
+        }
+
+        data->drawstate.texture = texture;
     }
-    /*data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vertices);*/
-    GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, vertices, count * 2 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-    data->glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, count);
-    SDL_stack_free(vertices);
-    return 0;
-}
 
-static int
-GLES2_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FPoint *points, int count)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLfloat *vertices;
-    int idx;
+    if (texture) {
+        data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (const GLvoid *) (cmd->data.draw.first + (sizeof (GLfloat) * 8)));
+    }
 
-    if (GLES2_SetDrawingState(renderer) < 0) {
+    if (GLES2_SelectProgram(data, imgsrc, texture ? texture->w : 0, texture ? texture->h : 0) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    /* Emit a line strip including the specified vertices */
-    vertices = SDL_stack_alloc(GLfloat, count * 2);
-    for (idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx) {
-        GLfloat x = points[idx].x + 0.5f;
-        GLfloat y = points[idx].y + 0.5f;
+    program = data->drawstate.program;
 
-        vertices[idx * 2] = x;
-        vertices[(idx * 2) + 1] = y;
+    if (program->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_PROJECTION] != -1) {
+        if (SDL_memcmp(program->projection, data->drawstate.projection, sizeof (data->drawstate.projection)) != 0) {
+            data->glUniformMatrix4fv(program->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_PROJECTION], 1, GL_FALSE, (GLfloat *)data->drawstate.projection);
+            SDL_memcpy(program->projection, data->drawstate.projection, sizeof (data->drawstate.projection));
+        }
     }
-    /*data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vertices);*/
-    GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, vertices, count * 2 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-    data->glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, count);
 
-    /* We need to close the endpoint of the line */
-    if (count == 2 ||
-        points[0].x != points[count-1].x || points[0].y != points[count-1].y) {
-        data->glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, count-1, 1);
+    if (program->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_COLOR] != -1) {
+        if (data->drawstate.color != program->color) {
+            const Uint8 r = (data->drawstate.color >> 16) & 0xFF;
+            const Uint8 g = (data->drawstate.color >> 8) & 0xFF;
+            const Uint8 b = (data->drawstate.color >> 0) & 0xFF;
+            const Uint8 a = (data->drawstate.color >> 24) & 0xFF;
+            data->glUniform4f(program->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_COLOR], r * inv255f, g * inv255f, b * inv255f, a * inv255f);
+            program->color = data->drawstate.color;
+        }
     }
-    SDL_stack_free(vertices);
 
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-}
-
-static int
-GLES2_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_FRect *rects, int count)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLfloat vertices[8];
-    int idx;
-
-    if (GLES2_SetDrawingState(renderer) < 0) {
-        return -1;
+    if (blend != data->drawstate.blend) {
+        if (blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
+            data->glDisable(GL_BLEND);
+        } else {
+            data->glEnable(GL_BLEND);
+            data->glBlendFuncSeparate(GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcColorFactor(blend)),
+                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstColorFactor(blend)),
+                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeSrcAlphaFactor(blend)),
+                                      GetBlendFunc(SDL_GetBlendModeDstAlphaFactor(blend)));
+            data->glBlendEquationSeparate(GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeColorOperation(blend)),
+                                          GetBlendEquation(SDL_GetBlendModeAlphaOperation(blend)));
+        }
+        data->drawstate.blend = blend;
     }
 
-    /* Emit a line loop for each rectangle */
-    for (idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx) {
-        const SDL_FRect *rect = &rects[idx];
+    /* all drawing commands use this */
+    data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (const GLvoid *) cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-        GLfloat xMin = rect->x;
-        GLfloat xMax = (rect->x + rect->w);
-        GLfloat yMin = rect->y;
-        GLfloat yMax = (rect->y + rect->h);
+    if (is_copy_ex != was_copy_ex) {
+        if (is_copy_ex) {
+            data->glEnableVertexAttribArray((GLenum) GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_ANGLE);
+            data->glEnableVertexAttribArray((GLenum) GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_CENTER);
+        } else {
+            data->glDisableVertexAttribArray((GLenum) GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_ANGLE);
+            data->glDisableVertexAttribArray((GLenum) GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_CENTER);
+        }
+        data->drawstate.is_copy_ex = is_copy_ex;
+    }
 
-        vertices[0] = xMin;
-        vertices[1] = yMin;
-        vertices[2] = xMax;
-        vertices[3] = yMin;
-        vertices[4] = xMin;
-        vertices[5] = yMax;
-        vertices[6] = xMax;
-        vertices[7] = yMax;
-        /*data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vertices);*/
-        GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, vertices, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-        data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+    if (is_copy_ex) {
+        data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_ANGLE, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (const GLvoid *) (cmd->data.draw.first + (sizeof (GLfloat) * 16)));
+        data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_CENTER, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, (const GLvoid *) (cmd->data.draw.first + (sizeof (GLfloat) * 24)));
     }
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GLES2_SetupCopy(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
+SetCopyState(SDL_Renderer *renderer, const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
     GLES2_ImageSource sourceType = GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_TEXTURE_ABGR;
-    GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *program;
-    Uint8 r, g, b, a;
+    SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
 
-    /* Activate an appropriate shader and set the projection matrix */
+    /* Pick an appropriate shader */
     if (renderer->target) {
         /* Check if we need to do color mapping between the source and render target textures */
         if (renderer->target->format != texture->format) {
@@ -1764,178 +1190,602 @@ GLES2_SetupCopy(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
         }
     }
 
-    if (GLES2_SelectProgram(renderer, sourceType, texture->w, texture->h) < 0) {
+    return SetDrawState(data, cmd, sourceType);
+}
+
+static int
+GLES2_RunCommandQueue(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize)
+{
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    const SDL_bool colorswap = (renderer->target && (renderer->target->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888 || renderer->target->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888));
+    const int vboidx = data->current_vertex_buffer;
+    const GLuint vbo = data->vertex_buffers[vboidx];
+    size_t i;
+
+    if (GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer) < 0) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    /* Select the target texture */
-    if (tdata->yuv) {
-        data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
-        data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_v);
+    data->drawstate.target = renderer->target;
+    if (!data->drawstate.target) {
+        SDL_GL_GetDrawableSize(renderer->window, &data->drawstate.drawablew, &data->drawstate.drawableh);
+    }
 
-        data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
-        data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
+    /* upload the new VBO data for this set of commands. */
+    data->glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo);
+    if (data->vertex_buffer_size[vboidx] < vertsize) {
+        data->glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertsize, vertices, GL_STREAM_DRAW);
+        data->vertex_buffer_size[vboidx] = vertsize;
+    } else {
+        data->glBufferSubData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0, vertsize, vertices);
+    }
 
-        data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    /* cycle through a few VBOs so the GL has some time with the data before we replace it. */
+    data->current_vertex_buffer++;
+    if (data->current_vertex_buffer >= SDL_arraysize(data->vertex_buffers)) {
+        data->current_vertex_buffer = 0;
     }
-    if (tdata->nv12) {
-        data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
-        data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
 
-        data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR: {
+                const Uint8 r = colorswap ? cmd->data.color.b : cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = colorswap ? cmd->data.color.r : cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                data->drawstate.color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT: {
+                SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+                if (SDL_memcmp(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT: {
+                const SDL_Rect *rect = &cmd->data.cliprect.rect;
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled != cmd->data.cliprect.enabled) {
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled = cmd->data.cliprect.enabled;
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+
+                if (SDL_memcmp(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR: {
+                const Uint8 r = colorswap ? cmd->data.color.b : cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = colorswap ? cmd->data.color.r : cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b);
+                if (color != data->drawstate.clear_color) {
+                    const GLfloat fr = ((GLfloat) r) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fg = ((GLfloat) g) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fb = ((GLfloat) b) * inv255f;
+                    const GLfloat fa = ((GLfloat) a) * inv255f;
+                    data->glClearColor(fr, fg, fb, fa);
+                    data->drawstate.clear_color = color;
+                }
+
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled) {
+                    data->glDisable(GL_SCISSOR_TEST);
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+
+                data->glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS: {
+                if (SetDrawState(data, cmd, GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_SOLID) == 0) {
+                    data->glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, 0, cmd->data.draw.count);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES: {
+                const GLfloat *verts = (GLfloat *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                if (SetDrawState(data, cmd, GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_SOLID) == 0) {
+                    if (count > 2 && (verts[0] == verts[(count-1)*2]) && (verts[1] == verts[(count*2)-1])) {
+                        /* GL_LINE_LOOP takes care of the final segment */
+                        data->glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_LOOP, 0, count - 1);
+                    } else {
+                        data->glDrawArrays(GL_LINE_STRIP, 0, count);
+                        /* We need to close the endpoint of the line */
+                        data->glDrawArrays(GL_POINTS, count - 1, 1);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                size_t offset = 0;
+                if (SetDrawState(data, cmd, GLES2_IMAGESOURCE_SOLID) == 0) {
+                    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i, offset += 4) {
+                        data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, offset, 4);
+                    }
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY:
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX: {
+                if (SetCopyState(renderer, cmd) == 0) {
+                    data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        cmd = cmd->next;
+    }
+
+    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+}
+
+static void
+GLES2_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
+{
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
+
+    /* Deallocate everything */
+    if (data) {
+        GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
+
+        {
+            GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *entry;
+            GLES2_ShaderCacheEntry *next;
+            entry = data->shader_cache.head;
+            while (entry) {
+                data->glDeleteShader(entry->id);
+                next = entry->next;
+                SDL_free(entry);
+                entry = next;
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *entry;
+            GLES2_ProgramCacheEntry *next;
+            entry = data->program_cache.head;
+            while (entry) {
+                data->glDeleteProgram(entry->id);
+                next = entry->next;
+                SDL_free(entry);
+                entry = next;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (data->context) {
+            while (data->framebuffers) {
+                GLES2_FBOList *nextnode = data->framebuffers->next;
+                data->glDeleteFramebuffers(1, &data->framebuffers->FBO);
+                GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+                SDL_free(data->framebuffers);
+                data->framebuffers = nextnode;
+            }
+
+            data->glDeleteBuffers(SDL_arraysize(data->vertex_buffers), data->vertex_buffers);
+            GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+
+            SDL_GL_DeleteContext(data->context);
+        }
+
+        SDL_free(data->shader_formats);
+        SDL_free(data);
+    }
+    SDL_free(renderer);
+}
+
+static int
+GLES2_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
+{
+    GLES2_RenderData *renderdata = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_TextureData *data;
+    GLenum format;
+    GLenum type;
+    GLenum scaleMode;
+
+    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
+
+    /* Determine the corresponding GLES texture format params */
+    switch (texture->format)
+    {
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888:
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888:
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888:
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR888:
+        format = GL_RGBA;
+        type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+        break;
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV:
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12:
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12:
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21:
+        format = GL_LUMINANCE;
+        type = GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE;
+        break;
+#ifdef GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES
+    case SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES:
+        format = GL_NONE;
+        type = GL_NONE;
+        break;
+#endif
+    default:
+        return SDL_SetError("Texture format not supported");
+    }
+
+    if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES &&
+        texture->access != SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STATIC) {
+        return SDL_SetError("Unsupported texture access for SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES");
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate a texture struct */
+    data = (GLES2_TextureData *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(GLES2_TextureData));
+    if (!data) {
+        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
+    }
+    data->texture = 0;
+#ifdef GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES
+    data->texture_type = (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES) ? GL_TEXTURE_EXTERNAL_OES : GL_TEXTURE_2D;
+#else
+    data->texture_type = GL_TEXTURE_2D;
+#endif
+    data->pixel_format = format;
+    data->pixel_type = type;
+    data->yuv = ((texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_IYUV) || (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12));
+    data->nv12 = ((texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV12) || (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_NV21));
+    data->texture_u = 0;
+    data->texture_v = 0;
+    scaleMode = (texture->scaleMode == SDL_ScaleModeNearest) ? GL_NEAREST : GL_LINEAR;
+
+    /* Allocate a blob for image renderdata */
+    if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING) {
+        size_t size;
+        data->pitch = texture->w * SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format);
+        size = texture->h * data->pitch;
+        if (data->yuv) {
+            /* Need to add size for the U and V planes */
+            size += 2 * ((texture->h + 1) / 2) * ((data->pitch + 1) / 2);
+        } else if (data->nv12) {
+            /* Need to add size for the U/V plane */
+            size += 2 * ((texture->h + 1) / 2) * ((data->pitch + 1) / 2);
+        }
+        data->pixel_data = SDL_calloc(1, size);
+        if (!data->pixel_data) {
+            SDL_free(data);
+            return SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Allocate the texture */
+    GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+
+    if (data->yuv) {
+        renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->texture_v);
+        if (GL_CheckError("glGenTexures()", renderer) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        renderdata->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
+        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->texture_type, data->texture_v);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->texture_type, 0, format, (texture->w + 1) / 2, (texture->h + 1) / 2, 0, format, type, NULL);
+
+        renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->texture_u);
+        if (GL_CheckError("glGenTexures()", renderer) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        renderdata->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->texture_type, data->texture_u);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->texture_type, 0, format, (texture->w + 1) / 2, (texture->h + 1) / 2, 0, format, type, NULL);
+        if (GL_CheckError("glTexImage2D()", renderer) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    } else if (data->nv12) {
+        renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->texture_u);
+        if (GL_CheckError("glGenTexures()", renderer) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        renderdata->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
+        renderdata->glBindTexture(data->texture_type, data->texture_u);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->texture_type, 0, GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA, (texture->w + 1) / 2, (texture->h + 1) / 2, 0, GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
+        if (GL_CheckError("glTexImage2D()", renderer) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
     }
-    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture);
 
-    /* Configure color modulation */
-    g = texture->g;
-    a = texture->a;
+    renderdata->glGenTextures(1, &data->texture);
+    if (GL_CheckError("glGenTexures()", renderer) < 0) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    texture->driverdata = data;
+    renderdata->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    renderdata->glBindTexture(data->texture_type, data->texture);
+    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, scaleMode);
+    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, scaleMode);
+    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    renderdata->glTexParameteri(data->texture_type, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    if (texture->format != SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES) {
+        renderdata->glTexImage2D(data->texture_type, 0, format, texture->w, texture->h, 0, format, type, NULL);
+        if (GL_CheckError("glTexImage2D()", renderer) < 0) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
 
-    if (renderer->target &&
-        (renderer->target->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888 ||
-         renderer->target->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888)) {
-        r = texture->b;
-        b = texture->r;
+    if (texture->access == SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET) {
+       data->fbo = GLES2_GetFBO(renderer->driverdata, texture->w, texture->h);
     } else {
-        r = texture->r;
-        b = texture->b;
+       data->fbo = NULL;
     }
 
-    program = data->current_program;
+    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+}
+
+static int
+GLES2_TexSubImage2D(GLES2_RenderData *data, GLenum target, GLint xoffset, GLint yoffset, GLsizei width, GLsizei height, GLenum format, GLenum type, const GLvoid *pixels, GLint pitch, GLint bpp)
+{
+    Uint8 *blob = NULL;
+    Uint8 *src;
+    int src_pitch;
+    int y;
 
-    if (!CompareColors(program->modulation_r, program->modulation_g, program->modulation_b, program->modulation_a, r, g, b, a)) {
-        data->glUniform4f(program->uniform_locations[GLES2_UNIFORM_MODULATION], r * inv255f, g * inv255f, b * inv255f, a * inv255f);
-        program->modulation_r = r;
-        program->modulation_g = g;
-        program->modulation_b = b;
-        program->modulation_a = a;
+    if ((width == 0) || (height == 0) || (bpp == 0)) {
+        return 0;  /* nothing to do */
     }
 
-    /* Configure texture blending */
-    GLES2_SetBlendMode(data, texture->blendMode);
+    /* Reformat the texture data into a tightly packed array */
+    src_pitch = width * bpp;
+    src = (Uint8 *)pixels;
+    if (pitch != src_pitch) {
+        blob = (Uint8 *)SDL_malloc(src_pitch * height);
+        if (!blob) {
+            return SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        }
+        src = blob;
+        for (y = 0; y < height; ++y)
+        {
+            SDL_memcpy(src, pixels, src_pitch);
+            src += src_pitch;
+            pixels = (Uint8 *)pixels + pitch;
+        }
+        src = blob;
+    }
 
-    GLES2_SetTexCoords(data, SDL_TRUE);
+    data->glTexSubImage2D(target, 0, xoffset, yoffset, width, height, format, type, src);
+    if (blob) {
+        SDL_free(blob);
+    }
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-GLES2_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *srcrect,
-                 const SDL_FRect *dstrect)
+GLES2_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *rect,
+                    const void *pixels, int pitch)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLfloat vertices[8];
-    GLfloat texCoords[8];
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
 
     GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
 
-    if (GLES2_SetupCopy(renderer, texture) < 0) {
-        return -1;
+    /* Bail out if we're supposed to update an empty rectangle */
+    if (rect->w <= 0 || rect->h <= 0) {
+        return 0;
     }
 
-    /* Emit the textured quad */
-    vertices[0] = dstrect->x;
-    vertices[1] = dstrect->y;
-    vertices[2] = (dstrect->x + dstrect->w);
-    vertices[3] = dstrect->y;
-    vertices[4] = dstrect->x;
-    vertices[5] = (dstrect->y + dstrect->h);
-    vertices[6] = (dstrect->x + dstrect->w);
-    vertices[7] = (dstrect->y + dstrect->h);
-    /*data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vertices);*/
-    GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, vertices, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-    texCoords[0] = srcrect->x / (GLfloat)texture->w;
-    texCoords[1] = srcrect->y / (GLfloat)texture->h;
-    texCoords[2] = (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / (GLfloat)texture->w;
-    texCoords[3] = srcrect->y / (GLfloat)texture->h;
-    texCoords[4] = srcrect->x / (GLfloat)texture->w;
-    texCoords[5] = (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / (GLfloat)texture->h;
-    texCoords[6] = (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / (GLfloat)texture->w;
-    texCoords[7] = (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / (GLfloat)texture->h;
-    /*data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, texCoords);*/
-    GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD, texCoords, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-    data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
+    /* Create a texture subimage with the supplied data */
+    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture);
+    GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
+                    rect->x,
+                    rect->y,
+                    rect->w,
+                    rect->h,
+                    tdata->pixel_format,
+                    tdata->pixel_type,
+                    pixels, pitch, SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format));
+
+    if (tdata->yuv) {
+        /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
+        pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + rect->h * pitch);
+        if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12) {
+            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_v);
+        } else {
+            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
+        }
+        GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
+                rect->x / 2,
+                rect->y / 2,
+                (rect->w + 1) / 2,
+                (rect->h + 1) / 2,
+                tdata->pixel_format,
+                tdata->pixel_type,
+                pixels, (pitch + 1) / 2, 1);
+
 
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+        /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
+        pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + ((rect->h + 1) / 2) * ((pitch + 1)/2));
+        if (texture->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_YV12) {
+            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
+        } else {
+            data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_v);
+        }
+        GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
+                rect->x / 2,
+                rect->y / 2,
+                (rect->w + 1) / 2,
+                (rect->h + 1) / 2,
+                tdata->pixel_format,
+                tdata->pixel_type,
+                pixels, (pitch + 1) / 2, 1);
+    } else if (tdata->nv12) {
+        /* Skip to the correct offset into the next texture */
+        pixels = (const void*)((const Uint8*)pixels + rect->h * pitch);
+        data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
+        GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
+                rect->x / 2,
+                rect->y / 2,
+                (rect->w + 1) / 2,
+                (rect->h + 1) / 2,
+                GL_LUMINANCE_ALPHA,
+                GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+                pixels, 2 * ((pitch + 1) / 2), 2);
+    }
+
+    return GL_CheckError("glTexSubImage2D()", renderer);
 }
 
 static int
-GLES2_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *srcrect,
-                 const SDL_FRect *dstrect, const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
+GLES2_UpdateTextureYUV(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                    const SDL_Rect * rect,
+                    const Uint8 *Yplane, int Ypitch,
+                    const Uint8 *Uplane, int Upitch,
+                    const Uint8 *Vplane, int Vpitch)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
-    GLfloat vertices[8];
-    GLfloat texCoords[8];
-    GLfloat translate[8];
-    GLfloat fAngle[8];
-    GLfloat tmp;
-    float radian_angle;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
 
     GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
 
-    if (GLES2_SetupCopy(renderer, texture) < 0) {
-        return -1;
+    /* Bail out if we're supposed to update an empty rectangle */
+    if (rect->w <= 0 || rect->h <= 0) {
+        return 0;
     }
 
-    data->glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_CENTER);
-    data->glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_ANGLE);
+    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_v);
+    GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
+                    rect->x / 2,
+                    rect->y / 2,
+                    (rect->w + 1) / 2,
+                    (rect->h + 1) / 2,
+                    tdata->pixel_format,
+                    tdata->pixel_type,
+                    Vplane, Vpitch, 1);
 
-    radian_angle = (float)(M_PI * (360.0 - angle) / 180.0);
-    fAngle[0] = fAngle[2] = fAngle[4] = fAngle[6] = (GLfloat)SDL_sin(radian_angle);
-    /* render expects cos value - 1 (see GLES2_VertexSrc_Default_) */
-    fAngle[1] = fAngle[3] = fAngle[5] = fAngle[7] = (GLfloat)SDL_cos(radian_angle) - 1.0f;
-    /* Calculate the center of rotation */
-    translate[0] = translate[2] = translate[4] = translate[6] = (center->x + dstrect->x);
-    translate[1] = translate[3] = translate[5] = translate[7] = (center->y + dstrect->y);
-
-    /* Emit the textured quad */
-    vertices[0] = dstrect->x;
-    vertices[1] = dstrect->y;
-    vertices[2] = (dstrect->x + dstrect->w);
-    vertices[3] = dstrect->y;
-    vertices[4] = dstrect->x;
-    vertices[5] = (dstrect->y + dstrect->h);
-    vertices[6] = (dstrect->x + dstrect->w);
-    vertices[7] = (dstrect->y + dstrect->h);
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
-        tmp = vertices[0];
-        vertices[0] = vertices[4] = vertices[2];
-        vertices[2] = vertices[6] = tmp;
+    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture_u);
+    GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
+                    rect->x / 2,
+                    rect->y / 2,
+                    (rect->w + 1) / 2,
+                    (rect->h + 1) / 2,
+                    tdata->pixel_format,
+                    tdata->pixel_type,
+                    Uplane, Upitch, 1);
+
+    data->glBindTexture(tdata->texture_type, tdata->texture);
+    GLES2_TexSubImage2D(data, tdata->texture_type,
+                    rect->x,
+                    rect->y,
+                    rect->w,
+                    rect->h,
+                    tdata->pixel_format,
+                    tdata->pixel_type,
+                    Yplane, Ypitch, 1);
+
+    return GL_CheckError("glTexSubImage2D()", renderer);
+}
+
+static int
+GLES2_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, const SDL_Rect *rect,
+                  void **pixels, int *pitch)
+{
+    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
+
+    /* Retrieve the buffer/pitch for the specified region */
+    *pixels = (Uint8 *)tdata->pixel_data +
+              (tdata->pitch * rect->y) +
+              (rect->x * SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(texture->format));
+    *pitch = tdata->pitch;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+GLES2_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
+{
+    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
+    SDL_Rect rect;
+
+    /* We do whole texture updates, at least for now */
+    rect.x = 0;
+    rect.y = 0;
+    rect.w = texture->w;
+    rect.h = texture->h;
+    GLES2_UpdateTexture(renderer, texture, &rect, tdata->pixel_data, tdata->pitch);
+}
+
+static int
+GLES2_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
+{
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_TextureData *texturedata = NULL;
+    GLenum status;
+
+    if (texture == NULL) {
+        data->glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, data->window_framebuffer);
+    } else {
+        texturedata = (GLES2_TextureData *) texture->driverdata;
+        data->glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, texturedata->fbo->FBO);
+        /* TODO: check if texture pixel format allows this operation */
+        data->glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, texturedata->texture_type, texturedata->texture, 0);
+        /* Check FBO status */
+        status = data->glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER);
+        if (status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE) {
+            return SDL_SetError("glFramebufferTexture2D() failed");
+        }
     }
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
-        tmp = vertices[1];
-        vertices[1] = vertices[3] = vertices[5];
-        vertices[5] = vertices[7] = tmp;
-    }
-
-    /*data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_ANGLE, 1, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, &fAngle);
-    data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_CENTER, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, translate);
-    data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, vertices);*/
-
-    GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_ANGLE, fAngle, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-    GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_CENTER, translate, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-    GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, vertices, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-
-    texCoords[0] = srcrect->x / (GLfloat)texture->w;
-    texCoords[1] = srcrect->y / (GLfloat)texture->h;
-    texCoords[2] = (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / (GLfloat)texture->w;
-    texCoords[3] = srcrect->y / (GLfloat)texture->h;
-    texCoords[4] = srcrect->x / (GLfloat)texture->w;
-    texCoords[5] = (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / (GLfloat)texture->h;
-    texCoords[6] = (srcrect->x + srcrect->w) / (GLfloat)texture->w;
-    texCoords[7] = (srcrect->y + srcrect->h) / (GLfloat)texture->h;
-    /*data->glVertexAttribPointer(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 0, texCoords);*/
-    GLES2_UpdateVertexBuffer(renderer, GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD, texCoords, 8 * sizeof(GLfloat));
-    data->glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
-    data->glDisableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_CENTER);
-    data->glDisableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_ANGLE);
+    return 0;
+}
 
-    return GL_CheckError("", renderer);
+static void
+GLES2_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer *renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
+{
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_TextureData *tdata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
+
+    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
+
+    /* Destroy the texture */
+    if (tdata) {
+        data->glDeleteTextures(1, &tdata->texture);
+        if (tdata->texture_v) {
+            data->glDeleteTextures(1, &tdata->texture_v);
+        }
+        if (tdata->texture_u) {
+            data->glDeleteTextures(1, &tdata->texture_u);
+        }
+        SDL_free(tdata->pixel_data);
+        SDL_free(tdata);
+        texture->driverdata = NULL;
+    }
 }
 
 static int
 GLES2_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
                     Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
     Uint32 temp_format = renderer->target ? renderer->target->format : SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888;
     size_t buflen;
     void *temp_pixels;
@@ -1944,8 +1794,6 @@ GLES2_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
     int w, h, length, rows;
     int status;
 
-    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
     temp_pitch = rect->w * SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(temp_format);
     buflen = (size_t) (rect->h * temp_pitch);
     if (buflen == 0) {
@@ -1967,10 +1815,11 @@ GLES2_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
 
     /* Flip the rows to be top-down if necessary */
     if (!renderer->target) {
+        SDL_bool isstack;
         length = rect->w * SDL_BYTESPERPIXEL(temp_format);
         src = (Uint8*)temp_pixels + (rect->h-1)*temp_pitch;
         dst = (Uint8*)temp_pixels;
-        tmp = SDL_stack_alloc(Uint8, length);
+        tmp = SDL_small_alloc(Uint8, length, &isstack);
         rows = rect->h / 2;
         while (rows--) {
             SDL_memcpy(tmp, dst, length);
@@ -1979,7 +1828,7 @@ GLES2_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
             dst += temp_pitch;
             src -= temp_pitch;
         }
-        SDL_stack_free(tmp);
+        SDL_small_free(tmp, isstack);
     }
 
     status = SDL_ConvertPixels(rect->w, rect->h,
@@ -1993,8 +1842,6 @@ GLES2_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
 static void
 GLES2_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
 {
-    GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
     /* Tell the video driver to swap buffers */
     SDL_GL_SwapWindow(renderer->window);
 }
@@ -2008,7 +1855,7 @@ static int GLES2_UnbindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture);
 
 static int GLES2_BindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, float *texw, float *texh)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
     GLES2_TextureData *texturedata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
     GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
 
@@ -2026,7 +1873,7 @@ static int GLES2_BindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture, flo
 
 static int GLES2_UnbindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
 {
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)renderer->driverdata;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data = (GLES2_RenderData *)renderer->driverdata;
     GLES2_TextureData *texturedata = (GLES2_TextureData *)texture->driverdata;
     GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
 
@@ -2044,40 +1891,12 @@ static int GLES2_UnbindTexture (SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture *texture)
 #define GL_NVIDIA_PLATFORM_BINARY_NV 0x890B
 #endif
 
-static void
-GLES2_ResetState(SDL_Renderer *renderer)
-{
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data = (GLES2_DriverContext *) renderer->driverdata;
-
-    if (SDL_CurrentContext == data->context) {
-        GLES2_UpdateViewport(renderer);
-    } else {
-        GLES2_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-    }
-
-    data->current.blendMode = SDL_BLENDMODE_INVALID;
-    data->current.tex_coords = SDL_FALSE;
-
-    data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
-    data->glPixelStorei(GL_PACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
-    data->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
-
-    data->glClearColor((GLfloat) data->clear_r * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) data->clear_g * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) data->clear_b * inv255f,
-                        (GLfloat) data->clear_a * inv255f);
-
-    data->glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION);
-    data->glDisableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD);
-
-    GL_CheckError("", renderer);
-}
 
 static SDL_Renderer *
 GLES2_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window *window, Uint32 flags)
 {
     SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-    GLES2_DriverContext *data;
+    GLES2_RenderData *data;
     GLint nFormats;
 #ifndef ZUNE_HD
     GLboolean hasCompiler;
@@ -2099,6 +1918,7 @@ GLES2_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window *window, Uint32 flags)
     }
 
     window_flags = SDL_GetWindowFlags(window);
+
     /* OpenGL ES 3.0 is a superset of OpenGL ES 2.0 */
     if (!(window_flags & SDL_WINDOW_OPENGL) ||
         profile_mask != SDL_GL_CONTEXT_PROFILE_ES || major < RENDERER_CONTEXT_MAJOR) {
@@ -2120,7 +1940,7 @@ GLES2_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window *window, Uint32 flags)
         goto error;
     }
 
-    data = (GLES2_DriverContext *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(GLES2_DriverContext));
+    data = (GLES2_RenderData *)SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(GLES2_RenderData));
     if (!data) {
         SDL_free(renderer);
         SDL_OutOfMemory();
@@ -2209,6 +2029,9 @@ GLES2_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window *window, Uint32 flags)
     }
 #endif /* ZUNE_HD */
 
+    /* we keep a few of these and cycle through them, so data can live for a few frames. */
+    data->glGenBuffers(SDL_arraysize(data->vertex_buffers), data->vertex_buffers);
+
     data->framebuffers = NULL;
     data->glGetIntegerv(GL_FRAMEBUFFER_BINDING, &window_framebuffer);
     data->window_framebuffer = (GLuint)window_framebuffer;
@@ -2223,14 +2046,14 @@ GLES2_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window *window, Uint32 flags)
     renderer->LockTexture         = GLES2_LockTexture;
     renderer->UnlockTexture       = GLES2_UnlockTexture;
     renderer->SetRenderTarget     = GLES2_SetRenderTarget;
-    renderer->UpdateViewport      = GLES2_UpdateViewport;
-    renderer->UpdateClipRect      = GLES2_UpdateClipRect;
-    renderer->RenderClear         = GLES2_RenderClear;
-    renderer->RenderDrawPoints    = GLES2_RenderDrawPoints;
-    renderer->RenderDrawLines     = GLES2_RenderDrawLines;
-    renderer->RenderFillRects     = GLES2_RenderFillRects;
-    renderer->RenderCopy          = GLES2_RenderCopy;
-    renderer->RenderCopyEx        = GLES2_RenderCopyEx;
+    renderer->QueueSetViewport    = GLES2_QueueSetViewport;
+    renderer->QueueSetDrawColor   = GLES2_QueueSetViewport;  /* SetViewport and SetDrawColor are (currently) no-ops. */
+    renderer->QueueDrawPoints     = GLES2_QueueDrawPoints;
+    renderer->QueueDrawLines      = GLES2_QueueDrawPoints;  /* lines and points queue vertices the same way. */
+    renderer->QueueFillRects      = GLES2_QueueFillRects;
+    renderer->QueueCopy           = GLES2_QueueCopy;
+    renderer->QueueCopyEx         = GLES2_QueueCopyEx;
+    renderer->RunCommandQueue     = GLES2_RunCommandQueue;
     renderer->RenderReadPixels    = GLES2_RenderReadPixels;
     renderer->RenderPresent       = GLES2_RenderPresent;
     renderer->DestroyTexture      = GLES2_DestroyTexture;
@@ -2246,7 +2069,20 @@ GLES2_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window *window, Uint32 flags)
     renderer->info.texture_formats[renderer->info.num_texture_formats++] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_EXTERNAL_OES;
 #endif
 
-    GLES2_ResetState(renderer);
+    data->glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
+    data->glPixelStorei(GL_PACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
+    data->glPixelStorei(GL_UNPACK_ALIGNMENT, 1);
+
+    data->glEnableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION);
+    data->glDisableVertexAttribArray(GLES2_ATTRIBUTE_TEXCOORD);
+
+    data->drawstate.blend = SDL_BLENDMODE_INVALID;
+    data->drawstate.color = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    data->drawstate.clear_color = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    data->drawstate.projection[3][0] = -1.0f;
+    data->drawstate.projection[3][3] = 1.0f;
+
+    GL_CheckError("", renderer);
 
     return renderer;
 
@@ -2261,6 +2097,23 @@ error:
     return NULL;
 }
 
+SDL_RenderDriver GLES2_RenderDriver = {
+    GLES2_CreateRenderer,
+    {
+        "opengles2",
+        (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
+        4,
+        {
+        SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888,
+        SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888,
+        SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888,
+        SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR888
+        },
+        0,
+        0
+    }
+};
+
 #endif /* SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_OGL_ES2 && !SDL_RENDER_DISABLED */
 
 /* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/src/render/opengles2/SDL_shaders_gles2.c b/src/render/opengles2/SDL_shaders_gles2.c
index f428a49456..7c3e6c17cf 100644
--- a/src/render/opengles2/SDL_shaders_gles2.c
+++ b/src/render/opengles2/SDL_shaders_gles2.c
@@ -69,13 +69,13 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_SolidSrc_[] = " \
 static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureABGRSrc_[] = " \
     precision mediump float; \
     uniform sampler2D u_texture; \
-    uniform vec4 u_modulation; \
+    uniform vec4 u_color; \
     varying vec2 v_texCoord; \
     \
     void main() \
     { \
         gl_FragColor = texture2D(u_texture, v_texCoord); \
-        gl_FragColor *= u_modulation; \
+        gl_FragColor *= u_color; \
     } \
 ";
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureABGRSrc_[] = " \
 static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureARGBSrc_[] = " \
     precision mediump float; \
     uniform sampler2D u_texture; \
-    uniform vec4 u_modulation; \
+    uniform vec4 u_color; \
     varying vec2 v_texCoord; \
     \
     void main() \
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureARGBSrc_[] = " \
         gl_FragColor = abgr; \
         gl_FragColor.r = abgr.b; \
         gl_FragColor.b = abgr.r; \
-        gl_FragColor *= u_modulation; \
+        gl_FragColor *= u_color; \
     } \
 ";
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureARGBSrc_[] = " \
 static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureRGBSrc_[] = " \
     precision mediump float; \
     uniform sampler2D u_texture; \
-    uniform vec4 u_modulation; \
+    uniform vec4 u_color; \
     varying vec2 v_texCoord; \
     \
     void main() \
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureRGBSrc_[] = " \
         gl_FragColor.r = abgr.b; \
         gl_FragColor.b = abgr.r; \
         gl_FragColor.a = 1.0; \
-        gl_FragColor *= u_modulation; \
+        gl_FragColor *= u_color; \
     } \
 ";
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureRGBSrc_[] = " \
 static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureBGRSrc_[] = " \
     precision mediump float; \
     uniform sampler2D u_texture; \
-    uniform vec4 u_modulation; \
+    uniform vec4 u_color; \
     varying vec2 v_texCoord; \
     \
     void main() \
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureBGRSrc_[] = " \
         vec4 abgr = texture2D(u_texture, v_texCoord); \
         gl_FragColor = abgr; \
         gl_FragColor.a = 1.0; \
-        gl_FragColor *= u_modulation; \
+        gl_FragColor *= u_color; \
     } \
 ";
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureBGRSrc_[] = " \
 "uniform sampler2D u_texture;\n"                                \
 "uniform sampler2D u_texture_u;\n"                              \
 "uniform sampler2D u_texture_v;\n"                              \
-"uniform vec4 u_modulation;\n"                                  \
+"uniform vec4 u_color;\n"                                  \
 "varying vec2 v_texCoord;\n"                                    \
 "\n"                                                            \
 
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureBGRSrc_[] = " \
 "\n"                                                            \
 "    // That was easy. :) \n"                                   \
 "    gl_FragColor = vec4(rgb, 1);\n"                            \
-"    gl_FragColor *= u_modulation;\n"                           \
+"    gl_FragColor *= u_color;\n"                           \
 "}"                                                             \
 
 #define NV12_SHADER_BODY                                        \
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureBGRSrc_[] = " \
 "\n"                                                            \
 "    // That was easy. :) \n"                                   \
 "    gl_FragColor = vec4(rgb, 1);\n"                            \
-"    gl_FragColor *= u_modulation;\n"                           \
+"    gl_FragColor *= u_color;\n"                           \
 "}"                                                             \
 
 #define NV21_SHADER_BODY                                        \
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureBGRSrc_[] = " \
 "\n"                                                            \
 "    // That was easy. :) \n"                                   \
 "    gl_FragColor = vec4(rgb, 1);\n"                            \
-"    gl_FragColor *= u_modulation;\n"                           \
+"    gl_FragColor *= u_color;\n"                           \
 "}"                                                             \
 
 /* YUV to ABGR conversion */
@@ -284,13 +284,13 @@ static const Uint8 GLES2_FragmentSrc_TextureExternalOESSrc_[] = " \
     #extension GL_OES_EGL_image_external : require\n\
     precision mediump float; \
     uniform samplerExternalOES u_texture; \
-    uniform vec4 u_modulation; \
+    uniform vec4 u_color; \
     varying vec2 v_texCoord; \
     \
     void main() \
     { \
         gl_FragColor = texture2D(u_texture, v_texCoord); \
-        gl_FragColor *= u_modulation; \
+        gl_FragColor *= u_color; \
     } \
 ";
 
diff --git a/src/render/psp/SDL_render_psp.c b/src/render/psp/SDL_render_psp.c
index babc2526a0..eaf2ac7054 100644
--- a/src/render/psp/SDL_render_psp.c
+++ b/src/render/psp/SDL_render_psp.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #if SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_PSP
 
 #include "SDL_hints.h"
+#include "SDL_assert.h"
 #include "../SDL_sysrender.h"
 
 #include <pspkernel.h>
@@ -42,74 +43,6 @@
 
 /* PSP renderer implementation, based on the PGE  */
 
-
-extern int SDL_RecreateWindow(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
-
-
-static SDL_Renderer *PSP_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
-static void PSP_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                             const SDL_WindowEvent *event);
-static int PSP_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int PSP_SetTextureColorMod(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                   SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int PSP_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                              const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels,
-                              int pitch);
-static int PSP_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                            const SDL_Rect * rect, void **pixels, int *pitch);
-static void PSP_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int PSP_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int PSP_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int PSP_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int PSP_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int PSP_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int PSP_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                const SDL_FRect * rects, int count);
-static int PSP_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                           const SDL_Rect * srcrect,
-                           const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
-static int PSP_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                    Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch);
-static int PSP_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                         const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                         const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
-static void PSP_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void PSP_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                SDL_Texture * texture);
-static void PSP_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-
-/*
-SDL_RenderDriver PSP_RenderDriver = {
-    PSP_CreateRenderer,
-    {
-     "PSP",
-     (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE),
-     1,
-     {SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888},
-     0,
-     0}
-};
-*/
-SDL_RenderDriver PSP_RenderDriver = {
-    .CreateRenderer = PSP_CreateRenderer,
-    .info = {
-        .name = "PSP",
-        .flags = SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE,
-        .num_texture_formats = 4,
-        .texture_formats = { [0] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR565,
-                                                 [1] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR1555,
-                                                 [2] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR4444,
-                                                 [3] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888,
-        },
-        .max_texture_width = 512,
-        .max_texture_height = 512,
-     }
-};
-
 #define PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH    480
 #define PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT   272
 
@@ -169,6 +102,42 @@ typedef struct
 
 } VertTV;
 
+#define PI   3.14159265358979f
+
+#define radToDeg(x) ((x)*180.f/PI)
+#define degToRad(x) ((x)*PI/180.f)
+
+float MathAbs(float x)
+{
+    float result;
+
+    __asm__ volatile (
+        "mtv      %1, S000\n"
+        "vabs.s   S000, S000\n"
+        "mfv      %0, S000\n"
+    : "=r"(result) : "r"(x));
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+void MathSincos(float r, float *s, float *c)
+{
+    __asm__ volatile (
+        "mtv      %2, S002\n"
+        "vcst.s   S003, VFPU_2_PI\n"
+        "vmul.s   S002, S002, S003\n"
+        "vrot.p   C000, S002, [s, c]\n"
+        "mfv      %0, S000\n"
+        "mfv      %1, S001\n"
+    : "=r"(*s), "=r"(*c): "r"(r));
+}
+
+void Swap(float *a, float *b)
+{
+    float n=*a;
+    *a = *b;
+    *b = n;
+}
 
 /* Return next power of 2 */
 static int
@@ -326,123 +295,9 @@ int TextureUnswizzle(PSP_TextureData *psp_texture)
     return 1;
 }
 
-SDL_Renderer *
-PSP_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
-{
-
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-    PSP_RenderData *data;
-        int pixelformat;
-    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
-    if (!renderer) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    data = (PSP_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
-    if (!data) {
-        PSP_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-
-    renderer->WindowEvent = PSP_WindowEvent;
-    renderer->CreateTexture = PSP_CreateTexture;
-    renderer->SetTextureColorMod = PSP_SetTextureColorMod;
-    renderer->UpdateTexture = PSP_UpdateTexture;
-    renderer->LockTexture = PSP_LockTexture;
-    renderer->UnlockTexture = PSP_UnlockTexture;
-    renderer->SetRenderTarget = PSP_SetRenderTarget;
-    renderer->UpdateViewport = PSP_UpdateViewport;
-    renderer->RenderClear = PSP_RenderClear;
-    renderer->RenderDrawPoints = PSP_RenderDrawPoints;
-    renderer->RenderDrawLines = PSP_RenderDrawLines;
-    renderer->RenderFillRects = PSP_RenderFillRects;
-    renderer->RenderCopy = PSP_RenderCopy;
-    renderer->RenderReadPixels = PSP_RenderReadPixels;
-    renderer->RenderCopyEx = PSP_RenderCopyEx;
-    renderer->RenderPresent = PSP_RenderPresent;
-    renderer->DestroyTexture = PSP_DestroyTexture;
-    renderer->DestroyRenderer = PSP_DestroyRenderer;
-    renderer->info = PSP_RenderDriver.info;
-    renderer->info.flags = (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE);
-    renderer->driverdata = data;
-    renderer->window = window;
-
-    if (data->initialized != SDL_FALSE)
-        return 0;
-    data->initialized = SDL_TRUE;
-
-    if (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) {
-        data->vsync = SDL_TRUE;
-    } else {
-        data->vsync = SDL_FALSE;
-    }
-
-    pixelformat=PixelFormatToPSPFMT(SDL_GetWindowPixelFormat(window));
-    switch(pixelformat)
-    {
-        case GU_PSM_4444:
-        case GU_PSM_5650:
-        case GU_PSM_5551:
-            data->frontbuffer = (unsigned int *)(PSP_FRAME_BUFFER_SIZE<<1);
-            data->backbuffer =  (unsigned int *)(0);
-            data->bpp = 2;
-            data->psm = pixelformat;
-            break;
-        default:
-            data->frontbuffer = (unsigned int *)(PSP_FRAME_BUFFER_SIZE<<2);
-            data->backbuffer =  (unsigned int *)(0);
-            data->bpp = 4;
-            data->psm = GU_PSM_8888;
-            break;
-    }
-
-    sceGuInit();
-    /* setup GU */
-    sceGuStart(GU_DIRECT, DisplayList);
-    sceGuDrawBuffer(data->psm, data->frontbuffer, PSP_FRAME_BUFFER_WIDTH);
-    sceGuDispBuffer(PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH, PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT, data->backbuffer, PSP_FRAME_BUFFER_WIDTH);
-
-
-    sceGuOffset(2048 - (PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH>>1), 2048 - (PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT>>1));
-    sceGuViewport(2048, 2048, PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH, PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT);
-
-    data->frontbuffer = vabsptr(data->frontbuffer);
-    data->backbuffer = vabsptr(data->backbuffer);
-
-    /* Scissoring */
-    sceGuScissor(0, 0, PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH, PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT);
-    sceGuEnable(GU_SCISSOR_TEST);
-
-    /* Backface culling */
-    sceGuFrontFace(GU_CCW);
-    sceGuEnable(GU_CULL_FACE);
-
-    /* Texturing */
-    sceGuEnable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
-    sceGuShadeModel(GU_SMOOTH);
-    sceGuTexWrap(GU_REPEAT, GU_REPEAT);
-
-    /* Blending */
-    sceGuEnable(GU_BLEND);
-    sceGuBlendFunc(GU_ADD, GU_SRC_ALPHA, GU_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, 0, 0);
-
-    sceGuTexFilter(GU_LINEAR,GU_LINEAR);
-
-    sceGuFinish();
-    sceGuSync(0,0);
-    sceDisplayWaitVblankStartCB();
-    sceGuDisplay(GU_TRUE);
-
-    return renderer;
-}
-
 static void
 PSP_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_WindowEvent *event)
 {
-
 }
 
 
@@ -576,383 +431,429 @@ PSP_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
 static int
 PSP_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
 {
-
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-PSP_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+PSP_QueueSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-
-    return 0;
+    return 0;  /* nothing to do in this backend. */
 }
 
-
-static void
-PSP_SetBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int blendMode)
-{
-    PSP_RenderData *data = (PSP_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    if (blendMode != data-> currentBlendMode) {
-        switch (blendMode) {
-        case SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE:
-                sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
-                sceGuDisable(GU_BLEND);
-            break;
-        case SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND:
-                sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE , GU_TCC_RGBA);
-                sceGuEnable(GU_BLEND);
-                sceGuBlendFunc(GU_ADD, GU_SRC_ALPHA, GU_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, 0, 0 );
-            break;
-        case SDL_BLENDMODE_ADD:
-                sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE , GU_TCC_RGBA);
-                sceGuEnable(GU_BLEND);
-                sceGuBlendFunc(GU_ADD, GU_SRC_ALPHA, GU_FIX, 0, 0x00FFFFFF );
-            break;
-        case SDL_BLENDMODE_MOD:
-                sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE , GU_TCC_RGBA);
-                sceGuEnable(GU_BLEND);
-                sceGuBlendFunc( GU_ADD, GU_FIX, GU_SRC_COLOR, 0, 0);
-            break;
-        }
-        data->currentBlendMode = blendMode;
-    }
-}
-
-
-
 static int
-PSP_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+PSP_QueueDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
 {
-    /* start list */
-    StartDrawing(renderer);
-    int color = renderer->a << 24 | renderer->b << 16 | renderer->g << 8 | renderer->r;
-    sceGuClearColor(color);
-    sceGuClearDepth(0);
-    sceGuClear(GU_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GU_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT|GU_FAST_CLEAR_BIT);
+    VertV *verts = (VertV *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * sizeof (VertV), 4, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    return 0;
-}
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
 
-static int
-PSP_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                      int count)
-{
-    int color = renderer->a << 24 | renderer->b << 16 | renderer->g << 8 | renderer->r;
-    int i;
-    StartDrawing(renderer);
-    VertV* vertices = (VertV*)sceGuGetMemory(count*sizeof(VertV));
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
 
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            vertices[i].x = points[i].x;
-            vertices[i].y = points[i].y;
-            vertices[i].z = 0.0f;
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++, verts++, points++) {
+        verts->x = points->x;
+        verts->y = points->y;
+        verts->z = 0.0f;
     }
-    sceGuDisable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
-    sceGuColor(color);
-    sceGuShadeModel(GU_FLAT);
-    sceGuDrawArray(GU_POINTS, GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, count, 0, vertices);
-    sceGuShadeModel(GU_SMOOTH);
-    sceGuEnable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
 
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-PSP_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                     int count)
+PSP_QueueFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
 {
-    int color = renderer->a << 24 | renderer->b << 16 | renderer->g << 8 | renderer->r;
-    int i;
-    StartDrawing(renderer);
-    VertV* vertices = (VertV*)sceGuGetMemory(count*sizeof(VertV));
+    VertV *verts = (GLfloat *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * 2 * sizeof (VertV), 4, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            vertices[i].x = points[i].x;
-            vertices[i].y = points[i].y;
-            vertices[i].z = 0.0f;
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
     }
 
-    sceGuDisable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
-    sceGuColor(color);
-    sceGuShadeModel(GU_FLAT);
-    sceGuDrawArray(GU_LINE_STRIP, GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, count, 0, vertices);
-    sceGuShadeModel(GU_SMOOTH);
-    sceGuEnable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-PSP_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rects,
-                     int count)
-{
-    int color = renderer->a << 24 | renderer->b << 16 | renderer->g << 8 | renderer->r;
-    int i;
-    StartDrawing(renderer);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
+    for (i = 0; i < count; i++, rects++) {
         const SDL_FRect *rect = &rects[i];
-        VertV* vertices = (VertV*)sceGuGetMemory((sizeof(VertV)<<1));
-        vertices[0].x = rect->x;
-        vertices[0].y = rect->y;
-        vertices[0].z = 0.0f;
-
-        vertices[1].x = rect->x + rect->w;
-        vertices[1].y = rect->y + rect->h;
-        vertices[1].z = 0.0f;
-
-        sceGuDisable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
-        sceGuColor(color);
-        sceGuShadeModel(GU_FLAT);
-        sceGuDrawArray(GU_SPRITES, GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, 2, 0, vertices);
-        sceGuShadeModel(GU_SMOOTH);
-        sceGuEnable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
+        verts->x = rect->x;
+        verts->y = rect->y;
+        verts->z = 0.0f;
+        verts++;
+
+        verts->x = rect->x + rect->w;
+        verts->y = rect->y + rect->h;
+        verts->z = 0.0f;
+        verts++;
     }
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-
-#define PI   3.14159265358979f
-
-#define radToDeg(x) ((x)*180.f/PI)
-#define degToRad(x) ((x)*PI/180.f)
-
-float MathAbs(float x)
-{
-    float result;
-
-    __asm__ volatile (
-        "mtv      %1, S000\n"
-        "vabs.s   S000, S000\n"
-        "mfv      %0, S000\n"
-    : "=r"(result) : "r"(x));
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-void MathSincos(float r, float *s, float *c)
-{
-    __asm__ volatile (
-        "mtv      %2, S002\n"
-        "vcst.s   S003, VFPU_2_PI\n"
-        "vmul.s   S002, S002, S003\n"
-        "vrot.p   C000, S002, [s, c]\n"
-        "mfv      %0, S000\n"
-        "mfv      %1, S001\n"
-    : "=r"(*s), "=r"(*c): "r"(r));
-}
-
-void Swap(float *a, float *b)
-{
-    float n=*a;
-    *a = *b;
-    *b = n;
-}
-
 static int
-PSP_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+PSP_QueueCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+             const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
 {
-    float x, y, width, height;
-    float u0, v0, u1, v1;
-    unsigned char alpha;
-
-    x = dstrect->x;
-    y = dstrect->y;
-    width = dstrect->w;
-    height = dstrect->h;
-
-    u0 = srcrect->x;
-    v0 = srcrect->y;
-    u1 = srcrect->x + srcrect->w;
-    v1 = srcrect->y + srcrect->h;
-
-    alpha = texture->a;
+    VertTV *verts;
+    const float x = dstrect->x;
+    const float y = dstrect->y;
+    const float width = dstrect->w;
+    const float height = dstrect->h;
 
-    StartDrawing(renderer);
-    TextureActivate(texture);
-    PSP_SetBlendMode(renderer, renderer->blendMode);
-
-    if(alpha != 255)
-    {
-        sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
-        sceGuColor(GU_RGBA(255, 255, 255, alpha));
-    }else{
-        sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
-        sceGuColor(0xFFFFFFFF);
-    }
+    const float u0 = srcrect->x;
+    const float v0 = srcrect->y;
+    const float u1 = srcrect->x + srcrect->w;
+    const float v1 = srcrect->y + srcrect->h;
 
     if((MathAbs(u1) - MathAbs(u0)) < 64.0f)
     {
-        VertTV* vertices = (VertTV*)sceGuGetMemory((sizeof(VertTV))<<1);
-
-        vertices[0].u = u0;
-        vertices[0].v = v0;
-        vertices[0].x = x;
-        vertices[0].y = y;
-        vertices[0].z = 0;
-
-        vertices[1].u = u1;
-        vertices[1].v = v1;
-        vertices[1].x = x + width;
-        vertices[1].y = y + height;
-        vertices[1].z = 0;
+        verts = (VertTV *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 2 * sizeof (VertTV), 4, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+        if (!verts) {
+            return -1;
+        }
 
-        sceGuDrawArray(GU_SPRITES, GU_TEXTURE_32BITF|GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, 2, 0, vertices);
+        cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+
+        verts->u = u0;
+        verts->v = v0;
+        verts->x = x;
+        verts->y = y;
+        verts->z = 0;
+        verts++;
+
+        verts->u = u1;
+        verts->v = v1;
+        verts->x = x + width;
+        verts->y = y + height;
+        verts->z = 0;
+        verts++;
     }
     else
     {
         float start, end;
         float curU = u0;
         float curX = x;
-        float endX = x + width;
-        float slice = 64.0f;
+        const float endX = x + width;
+        const float slice = 64.0f;
+        const size_t count = SDL_ceilf(width / slice);
+        size_t i;
         float ustep = (u1 - u0)/width * slice;
 
         if(ustep < 0.0f)
             ustep = -ustep;
 
-        for(start = 0, end = width; start < end; start += slice)
+        cmd->data.draw.count = count;
+
+        verts = (VertTV *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * sizeof (VertTV), 4, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+        if (!verts) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+
+        for(i = 0, start = 0, end = width; i < count; i++, start += slice)
         {
-            VertTV* vertices = (VertTV*)sceGuGetMemory((sizeof(VertTV))<<1);
+            const float polyWidth = ((curX + slice) > endX) ? (endX - curX) : slice;
+            const float sourceWidth = ((curU + ustep) > u1) ? (u1 - curU) : ustep;
 
-            float polyWidth = ((curX + slice) > endX) ? (endX - curX) : slice;
-            float sourceWidth = ((curU + ustep) > u1) ? (u1 - curU) : ustep;
+            SDL_assert(start < end);
 
-            vertices[0].u = curU;
-            vertices[0].v = v0;
-            vertices[0].x = curX;
-            vertices[0].y = y;
-            vertices[0].z = 0;
+            verts->u = curU;
+            verts->v = v0;
+            verts->x = curX;
+            verts->y = y;
+            verts->z = 0;
 
             curU += sourceWidth;
             curX += polyWidth;
 
-            vertices[1].u = curU;
-            vertices[1].v = v1;
-            vertices[1].x = curX;
-            vertices[1].y = (y + height);
-            vertices[1].z = 0;
-
-            sceGuDrawArray(GU_SPRITES, GU_TEXTURE_32BITF|GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, 2, 0, vertices);
+            verts->u = curU;
+            verts->v = v1;
+            verts->x = curX;
+            verts->y = (y + height);
+            verts->z = 0;
         }
     }
 
-    if(alpha != 255)
-        sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
     return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-PSP_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                    Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch)
-
+PSP_QueueCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+               const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+               const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-    return SDL_Unsupported();
-}
+    VertTV *verts = (VertTV *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 4 * sizeof (VertTV), 4, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    const float centerx = center->x;
+    const float centery = center->y;
+    const float x = dstrect->x + centerx;
+    const float y = dstrect->y + centery;
+    const float width = dstrect->w - centerx;
+    const float height = dstrect->h - centery;
+    float s, c;
+
+    float u0 = srcrect->x;
+    float v0 = srcrect->y;
+    float u1 = srcrect->x + srcrect->w;
+    float v1 = srcrect->y + srcrect->h;
+
+
+    if (!verts) {
+        return -1;
+    }
 
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
 
-static int
-PSP_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
-{
-    float x, y, width, height;
-    float u0, v0, u1, v1;
-    unsigned char alpha;
-    float centerx, centery;
+    MathSincos(degToRad(angle), &s, &c);
 
-    x = dstrect->x;
-    y = dstrect->y;
-    width = dstrect->w;
-    height = dstrect->h;
+    const float cw = c * width;
+    const float sw = s * width;
+    const float ch = c * height;
+    const float sh = s * height;
 
-    u0 = srcrect->x;
-    v0 = srcrect->y;
-    u1 = srcrect->x + srcrect->w;
-    v1 = srcrect->y + srcrect->h;
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
+        Swap(&v0, &v1);
+    }
 
-    centerx = center->x;
-    centery = center->y;
+    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
+        Swap(&u0, &u1);
+    }
 
-    alpha = texture->a;
+    verts->u = u0;
+    verts->v = v0;
+    verts->x = x - cw + sh;
+    verts->y = y - sw - ch;
+    verts->z = 0;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->u = u0;
+    verts->v = v1;
+    verts->x = x - cw - sh;
+    verts->y = y - sw + ch;
+    verts->z = 0;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->u = u1;
+    verts->v = v1;
+    verts->x = x + cw - sh;
+    verts->y = y + sw + ch;
+    verts->z = 0;
+    verts++;
+
+    verts->u = u1;
+    verts->v = v0;
+    verts->x = x + cw + sh;
+    verts->y = y + sw - ch;
+    verts->z = 0;
+    verts++;
 
-    StartDrawing(renderer);
-    TextureActivate(texture);
-    PSP_SetBlendMode(renderer, renderer->blendMode);
+    return 0;
+}
 
-    if(alpha != 255)
-    {
-        sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
-        sceGuColor(GU_RGBA(255, 255, 255, alpha));
-    }else{
-        sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
-        sceGuColor(0xFFFFFFFF);
+static void
+PSP_SetBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int blendMode)
+{
+    PSP_RenderData *data = (PSP_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    if (blendMode != data-> currentBlendMode) {
+        switch (blendMode) {
+        case SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE:
+                sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                sceGuDisable(GU_BLEND);
+            break;
+        case SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND:
+                sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE , GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                sceGuEnable(GU_BLEND);
+                sceGuBlendFunc(GU_ADD, GU_SRC_ALPHA, GU_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, 0, 0 );
+            break;
+        case SDL_BLENDMODE_ADD:
+                sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE , GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                sceGuEnable(GU_BLEND);
+                sceGuBlendFunc(GU_ADD, GU_SRC_ALPHA, GU_FIX, 0, 0x00FFFFFF );
+            break;
+        case SDL_BLENDMODE_MOD:
+                sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE , GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                sceGuEnable(GU_BLEND);
+                sceGuBlendFunc( GU_ADD, GU_FIX, GU_SRC_COLOR, 0, 0);
+            break;
+        }
+        data->currentBlendMode = blendMode;
     }
+}
 
-/*      x += width * 0.5f; */
-/*      y += height * 0.5f; */
-    x += centerx;
-    y += centery;
+static int
+PSP_RunCommandQueue(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize)
+{
+    PSP_RenderData *data = (PSP_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    size_t i;
 
-    float c, s;
+    StartDrawing(renderer);
 
-    MathSincos(degToRad(angle), &s, &c);
+    /* note that before the renderer interface change, this would do extrememly small
+       batches with sceGuGetMemory()--a few vertices at a time--and it's not clear that
+       this won't fail if you try to push 100,000 draw calls in a single batch.
+       I don't know what the limits on PSP hardware are. It might be useful to have
+       rendering backends report a reasonable maximum, so the higher level can flush
+       if we appear to be exceeding that. */
+    Uint8 *gpumem = (Uint8 *) sceGuGetMemory(vertsize);
+    if (!gpumem) {
+        return SDL_SetError("Couldn't obtain a %d-byte vertex buffer!", (int) vertsize);
+    }
+    SDL_memcpy(gpumem, vertices, vertsize);
 
-/*      width *= 0.5f; */
-/*      height *= 0.5f; */
-    width  -= centerx;
-    height -= centery;
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR: {
+                break;  /* !!! FIXME: we could cache drawstate like color */
+            }
 
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT: {
+                SDL_Rect *viewport = &data->drawstate.viewport;
+                if (SDL_memcmp(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(viewport, &cmd->data.viewport.rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.viewport_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
 
-    float cw = c*width;
-    float sw = s*width;
-    float ch = c*height;
-    float sh = s*height;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT: {
+                const SDL_Rect *rect = &cmd->data.cliprect.rect;
+                if (data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled != cmd->data.cliprect.enabled) {
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled = cmd->data.cliprect.enabled;
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_enabled_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                if (SDL_memcmp(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect)) != 0) {
+                    SDL_memcpy(&data->drawstate.cliprect, rect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+                    data->drawstate.cliprect_dirty = SDL_TRUE;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
 
-    VertTV* vertices = (VertTV*)sceGuGetMemory(sizeof(VertTV)<<2);
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR: {
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (b << 16) | (g << 8) | r);
+                /* !!! FIXME: we could cache drawstate like clear color */
+                sceGuClearColor(color);
+                sceGuClearDepth(0);
+                sceGuClear(GU_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT|GU_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT|GU_FAST_CLEAR_BIT);
+                break;
+            }
 
-    vertices[0].u = u0;
-    vertices[0].v = v0;
-    vertices[0].x = x - cw + sh;
-    vertices[0].y = y - sw - ch;
-    vertices[0].z = 0;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const VertV *verts = (VertV *) (gpumem + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (b << 16) | (g << 8) | r);
+                /* !!! FIXME: we could cache draw state like color, texturing, etc */
+                sceGuColor(color);
+                sceGuDisable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
+                sceGuShadeModel(GU_FLAT);
+                sceGuDrawArray(GU_POINTS, GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, count, 0, verts);
+                sceGuShadeModel(GU_SMOOTH);
+                sceGuEnable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
+                break;
+            }
 
-    vertices[1].u = u0;
-    vertices[1].v = v1;
-    vertices[1].x = x - cw - sh;
-    vertices[1].y = y - sw + ch;
-    vertices[1].z = 0;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const VertV *verts = (VertV *) (gpumem + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (b << 16) | (g << 8) | r);
+                /* !!! FIXME: we could cache draw state like color, texturing, etc */
+                sceGuColor(color);
+                sceGuDisable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
+                sceGuShadeModel(GU_FLAT);
+                sceGuDrawArray(GU_LINE_STRIP, GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, count, 0, verts);
+                sceGuShadeModel(GU_SMOOTH);
+                sceGuEnable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
+                break;
+            }
 
-    vertices[2].u = u1;
-    vertices[2].v = v1;
-    vertices[2].x = x + cw - sh;
-    vertices[2].y = y + sw + ch;
-    vertices[2].z = 0;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const VertV *verts = (VertV *) (gpumem + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const Uint32 color = ((a << 24) | (b << 16) | (g << 8) | r);
+                /* !!! FIXME: we could cache draw state like color, texturing, etc */
+                sceGuColor(color);
+                sceGuDisable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
+                sceGuShadeModel(GU_FLAT);
+                sceGuDrawArray(GU_SPRITES, GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, 2 * count, 0, verts);
+                sceGuShadeModel(GU_SMOOTH);
+                sceGuEnable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
+                break;
+            }
 
-    vertices[3].u = u1;
-    vertices[3].v = v0;
-    vertices[3].x = x + cw + sh;
-    vertices[3].y = y + sw - ch;
-    vertices[3].z = 0;
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY: {
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const VertTV *verts = (VertTV *) (gpumem + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const Uint8 alpha = cmd->data.draw.a;
+                TextureActivate(cmd->data.draw.texture);
+                PSP_SetBlendMode(renderer, cmd->data.draw.blend);
+
+                if(alpha != 255) {  /* !!! FIXME: is this right? */
+                    sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                    sceGuColor(GU_RGBA(255, 255, 255, alpha));
+                } else {
+                    sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                    sceGuColor(0xFFFFFFFF);
+                }
+
+                sceGuDrawArray(GU_SPRITES, GU_TEXTURE_32BITF|GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, 2 * count, 0, verts);
+
+                if(alpha != 255) {
+                    sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
 
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_VERTICAL) {
-                Swap(&vertices[0].v, &vertices[2].v);
-                Swap(&vertices[1].v, &vertices[3].v);
-    }
-    if (flip & SDL_FLIP_HORIZONTAL) {
-                Swap(&vertices[0].u, &vertices[2].u);
-                Swap(&vertices[1].u, &vertices[3].u);
-    }
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX: {
+                const VertTV *verts = (VertTV *) (gpumem + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const Uint8 alpha = cmd->data.draw.a;
+                TextureActivate(cmd->data.draw.texture);
+                PSP_SetBlendMode(renderer, cmd->data.draw.blend);
+
+                if(alpha != 255) {  /* !!! FIXME: is this right? */
+                    sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_MODULATE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                    sceGuColor(GU_RGBA(255, 255, 255, alpha));
+                } else {
+                    sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                    sceGuColor(0xFFFFFFFF);
+                }
+
+                sceGuDrawArray(GU_TRIANGLE_FAN, GU_TEXTURE_32BITF|GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, 4, 0, verts);
+
+                if(alpha != 255) {
+                    sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                break;
+        }
 
-    sceGuDrawArray(GU_TRIANGLE_FAN, GU_TEXTURE_32BITF|GU_VERTEX_32BITF|GU_TRANSFORM_2D, 4, 0, vertices);
+        cmd = cmd->next;
+    }
 
-    if(alpha != 255)
-        sceGuTexFunc(GU_TFX_REPLACE, GU_TCC_RGBA);
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int
+PSP_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
+                    Uint32 pixel_format, void * pixels, int pitch)
+{
+    return SDL_Unsupported();
+}
+
 static void
 PSP_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
 {
@@ -1010,6 +911,136 @@ PSP_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     SDL_free(renderer);
 }
 
+SDL_Renderer *
+PSP_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
+{
+
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
+    PSP_RenderData *data;
+        int pixelformat;
+    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
+    if (!renderer) {
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    data = (PSP_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
+    if (!data) {
+        PSP_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+
+    renderer->WindowEvent = PSP_WindowEvent;
+    renderer->CreateTexture = PSP_CreateTexture;
+    renderer->SetTextureColorMod = PSP_SetTextureColorMod;
+    renderer->UpdateTexture = PSP_UpdateTexture;
+    renderer->LockTexture = PSP_LockTexture;
+    renderer->UnlockTexture = PSP_UnlockTexture;
+    renderer->SetRenderTarget = PSP_SetRenderTarget;
+    renderer->QueueSetViewport = PSP_QueueSetViewport;
+    renderer->QueueSetDrawColor = PSP_QueueSetViewport;  /* SetViewport and SetDrawColor are (currently) no-ops. */
+    renderer->QueueDrawPoints = PSP_QueueDrawPoints;
+    renderer->QueueDrawLines = PSP_QueueDrawPoints;  /* lines and points queue vertices the same way. */
+    renderer->QueueFillRects = PSP_QueueFillRects;
+    renderer->QueueCopy = PSP_QueueCopy;
+    renderer->QueueCopyEx = PSP_QueueCopyEx;
+    renderer->RunCommandQueue = PSP_RunCommandQueue;
+    renderer->RenderReadPixels = PSP_RenderReadPixels;
+    renderer->RenderPresent = PSP_RenderPresent;
+    renderer->DestroyTexture = PSP_DestroyTexture;
+    renderer->DestroyRenderer = PSP_DestroyRenderer;
+    renderer->info = PSP_RenderDriver.info;
+    renderer->info.flags = (SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE);
+    renderer->driverdata = data;
+    renderer->window = window;
+
+    if (data->initialized != SDL_FALSE)
+        return 0;
+    data->initialized = SDL_TRUE;
+
+    if (flags & SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC) {
+        data->vsync = SDL_TRUE;
+    } else {
+        data->vsync = SDL_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    pixelformat=PixelFormatToPSPFMT(SDL_GetWindowPixelFormat(window));
+    switch(pixelformat)
+    {
+        case GU_PSM_4444:
+        case GU_PSM_5650:
+        case GU_PSM_5551:
+            data->frontbuffer = (unsigned int *)(PSP_FRAME_BUFFER_SIZE<<1);
+            data->backbuffer =  (unsigned int *)(0);
+            data->bpp = 2;
+            data->psm = pixelformat;
+            break;
+        default:
+            data->frontbuffer = (unsigned int *)(PSP_FRAME_BUFFER_SIZE<<2);
+            data->backbuffer =  (unsigned int *)(0);
+            data->bpp = 4;
+            data->psm = GU_PSM_8888;
+            break;
+    }
+
+    sceGuInit();
+    /* setup GU */
+    sceGuStart(GU_DIRECT, DisplayList);
+    sceGuDrawBuffer(data->psm, data->frontbuffer, PSP_FRAME_BUFFER_WIDTH);
+    sceGuDispBuffer(PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH, PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT, data->backbuffer, PSP_FRAME_BUFFER_WIDTH);
+
+
+    sceGuOffset(2048 - (PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH>>1), 2048 - (PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT>>1));
+    sceGuViewport(2048, 2048, PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH, PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT);
+
+    data->frontbuffer = vabsptr(data->frontbuffer);
+    data->backbuffer = vabsptr(data->backbuffer);
+
+    /* Scissoring */
+    sceGuScissor(0, 0, PSP_SCREEN_WIDTH, PSP_SCREEN_HEIGHT);
+    sceGuEnable(GU_SCISSOR_TEST);
+
+    /* Backface culling */
+    sceGuFrontFace(GU_CCW);
+    sceGuEnable(GU_CULL_FACE);
+
+    /* Texturing */
+    sceGuEnable(GU_TEXTURE_2D);
+    sceGuShadeModel(GU_SMOOTH);
+    sceGuTexWrap(GU_REPEAT, GU_REPEAT);
+
+    /* Blending */
+    sceGuEnable(GU_BLEND);
+    sceGuBlendFunc(GU_ADD, GU_SRC_ALPHA, GU_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA, 0, 0);
+
+    sceGuTexFilter(GU_LINEAR,GU_LINEAR);
+
+    sceGuFinish();
+    sceGuSync(0,0);
+    sceDisplayWaitVblankStartCB();
+    sceGuDisplay(GU_TRUE);
+
+    return renderer;
+}
+
+SDL_RenderDriver PSP_RenderDriver = {
+    .CreateRenderer = PSP_CreateRenderer,
+    .info = {
+        .name = "PSP",
+        .flags = SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE,
+        .num_texture_formats = 4,
+        .texture_formats = { [0] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR565,
+                                                 [1] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR1555,
+                                                 [2] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR4444,
+                                                 [3] = SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888,
+        },
+        .max_texture_width = 512,
+        .max_texture_height = 512,
+     }
+};
+
 #endif /* SDL_VIDEO_RENDER_PSP */
 
 /* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/src/render/software/SDL_render_sw.c b/src/render/software/SDL_render_sw.c
index 709dfe8e48..4748873e88 100644
--- a/src/render/software/SDL_render_sw.c
+++ b/src/render/software/SDL_render_sw.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "../SDL_sysrender.h"
 #include "SDL_render_sw_c.h"
 #include "SDL_hints.h"
+#include "SDL_assert.h"
 
 #include "SDL_draw.h"
 #include "SDL_blendfillrect.h"
@@ -36,65 +37,6 @@
 
 /* SDL surface based renderer implementation */
 
-static SDL_Renderer *SW_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags);
-static void SW_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                           const SDL_WindowEvent *event);
-static int SW_GetOutputSize(SDL_Renderer * renderer, int *w, int *h);
-static int SW_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int SW_SetTextureColorMod(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int SW_SetTextureAlphaMod(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                 SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int SW_SetTextureBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                                  SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int SW_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                            const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels,
-                            int pitch);
-static int SW_LockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                          const SDL_Rect * rect, void **pixels, int *pitch);
-static void SW_UnlockTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int SW_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static int SW_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int SW_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int SW_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static int SW_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                               const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int SW_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                              const SDL_FPoint * points, int count);
-static int SW_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer,
-                              const SDL_FRect * rects, int count);
-static int SW_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                         const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect);
-static int SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                          const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
-                          const double angle, const SDL_FPoint * center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip);
-static int SW_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
-                               Uint32 format, void * pixels, int pitch);
-static void SW_RenderPresent(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-static void SW_DestroyTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture);
-static void SW_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer);
-
-
-SDL_RenderDriver SW_RenderDriver = {
-    SW_CreateRenderer,
-    {
-     "software",
-     SDL_RENDERER_SOFTWARE | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE,
-     8,
-     {
-      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888,
-      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888,
-      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888,
-      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGRA8888,
-      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888,
-      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR888,
-      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB565,
-      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB555
-     },
-     0,
-     0}
-};
-
 typedef struct
 {
     SDL_Surface *surface;
@@ -114,82 +56,11 @@ SW_ActivateRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
         SDL_Surface *surface = SDL_GetWindowSurface(renderer->window);
         if (surface) {
             data->surface = data->window = surface;
-
-            SW_UpdateViewport(renderer);
-            SW_UpdateClipRect(renderer);
         }
     }
     return data->surface;
 }
 
-SDL_Renderer *
-SW_CreateRendererForSurface(SDL_Surface * surface)
-{
-    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
-    SW_RenderData *data;
-
-    if (!surface) {
-        SDL_SetError("Can't create renderer for NULL surface");
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
-    if (!renderer) {
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-
-    data = (SW_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
-    if (!data) {
-        SW_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
-        SDL_OutOfMemory();
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    data->surface = surface;
-    data->window = surface;
-
-    renderer->WindowEvent = SW_WindowEvent;
-    renderer->GetOutputSize = SW_GetOutputSize;
-    renderer->CreateTexture = SW_CreateTexture;
-    renderer->SetTextureColorMod = SW_SetTextureColorMod;
-    renderer->SetTextureAlphaMod = SW_SetTextureAlphaMod;
-    renderer->SetTextureBlendMode = SW_SetTextureBlendMode;
-    renderer->UpdateTexture = SW_UpdateTexture;
-    renderer->LockTexture = SW_LockTexture;
-    renderer->UnlockTexture = SW_UnlockTexture;
-    renderer->SetRenderTarget = SW_SetRenderTarget;
-    renderer->UpdateViewport = SW_UpdateViewport;
-    renderer->UpdateClipRect = SW_UpdateClipRect;
-    renderer->RenderClear = SW_RenderClear;
-    renderer->RenderDrawPoints = SW_RenderDrawPoints;
-    renderer->RenderDrawLines = SW_RenderDrawLines;
-    renderer->RenderFillRects = SW_RenderFillRects;
-    renderer->RenderCopy = SW_RenderCopy;
-    renderer->RenderCopyEx = SW_RenderCopyEx;
-    renderer->RenderReadPixels = SW_RenderReadPixels;
-    renderer->RenderPresent = SW_RenderPresent;
-    renderer->DestroyTexture = SW_DestroyTexture;
-    renderer->DestroyRenderer = SW_DestroyRenderer;
-    renderer->info = SW_RenderDriver.info;
-    renderer->driverdata = data;
-
-    SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-
-    return renderer;
-}
-
-SDL_Renderer *
-SW_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
-{
-    SDL_Surface *surface;
-
-    surface = SDL_GetWindowSurface(window);
-    if (!surface) {
-        return NULL;
-    }
-    return SW_CreateRendererForSurface(surface);
-}
-
 static void
 SW_WindowEvent(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_WindowEvent *event)
 {
@@ -253,46 +124,6 @@ SW_CreateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
 }
 
 static int
-SW_SetTextureColorMod(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
-{
-    SDL_Surface *surface = (SDL_Surface *) texture->driverdata;
-    /* If the color mod is ever enabled (non-white), permanently disable RLE (which doesn't support
-     * color mod) to avoid potentially frequent RLE encoding/decoding.
-     */
-    if ((texture->r & texture->g & texture->b) != 255) {
-        SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(surface, 0);
-    }
-    return SDL_SetSurfaceColorMod(surface, texture->r, texture->g,
-                                  texture->b);
-}
-
-static int
-SW_SetTextureAlphaMod(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
-{
-    SDL_Surface *surface = (SDL_Surface *) texture->driverdata;
-    /* If the texture ever has multiple alpha values (surface alpha plus alpha channel), permanently
-     * disable RLE (which doesn't support this) to avoid potentially frequent RLE encoding/decoding.
-     */
-    if (texture->a != 255 && surface->format->Amask) {
-        SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(surface, 0);
-    }
-    return SDL_SetSurfaceAlphaMod(surface, texture->a);
-}
-
-static int
-SW_SetTextureBlendMode(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
-{
-    SDL_Surface *surface = (SDL_Surface *) texture->driverdata;
-    /* If add or mod blending are ever enabled, permanently disable RLE (which doesn't support
-     * them) to avoid potentially frequent RLE encoding/decoding.
-     */
-    if ((texture->blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_ADD || texture->blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_MOD)) {
-        SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(surface, 0);
-    }
-    return SDL_SetSurfaceBlendMode(surface, texture->blendMode);
-}
-
-static int
 SW_UpdateTexture(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
                  const SDL_Rect * rect, const void *pixels, int pitch)
 {
@@ -350,251 +181,149 @@ SW_SetRenderTarget(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture)
 }
 
 static int
-SW_UpdateViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+SW_QueueSetViewport(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
 {
-    SW_RenderData *data = (SW_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    SDL_Surface *surface = data->surface;
-
-    if (!surface) {
-        /* We'll update the viewport after we recreate the surface */
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    SDL_SetClipRect(data->surface, &renderer->viewport);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-SW_UpdateClipRect(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
-{
-    SW_RenderData *data = (SW_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
-    SDL_Surface *surface = data->surface;
-    if (surface) {
-        if (renderer->clipping_enabled) {
-            SDL_Rect clip_rect;
-            clip_rect = renderer->clip_rect;
-            clip_rect.x += renderer->viewport.x;
-            clip_rect.y += renderer->viewport.y;
-            SDL_IntersectRect(&renderer->viewport, &clip_rect, &clip_rect);
-            SDL_SetClipRect(surface, &clip_rect);
-        } else {
-            SDL_SetClipRect(surface, &renderer->viewport);
-        }
-    }
-    return 0;
+    return 0;  /* nothing to do in this backend. */
 }
 
 static int
-SW_RenderClear(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
+SW_QueueDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FPoint * points, int count)
 {
-    SDL_Surface *surface = SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-    Uint32 color;
-    SDL_Rect clip_rect;
+    SDL_Point *verts = (SDL_Point *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * sizeof (SDL_Point), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    if (!surface) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    color = SDL_MapRGBA(surface->format,
-                        renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b, renderer->a);
-
-    /* By definition the clear ignores the clip rect */
-    clip_rect = surface->clip_rect;
-    SDL_SetClipRect(surface, NULL);
-    SDL_FillRect(surface, NULL, color);
-    SDL_SetClipRect(surface, &clip_rect);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int
-SW_RenderDrawPoints(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                    int count)
-{
-    SDL_Surface *surface = SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-    SDL_Point *final_points;
-    int i, status;
-
-    if (!surface) {
-        return -1;
-    }
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
 
-    final_points = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_Point, count);
-    if (!final_points) {
-        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
-    }
     if (renderer->viewport.x || renderer->viewport.y) {
-        int x = renderer->viewport.x;
-        int y = renderer->viewport.y;
-
-        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            final_points[i].x = (int)(x + points[i].x);
-            final_points[i].y = (int)(y + points[i].y);
+        const int x = renderer->viewport.x;
+        const int y = renderer->viewport.y;
+        for (i = 0; i < count; i++, verts++, points++) {
+            verts->x = (int)(x + points->x);
+            verts->y = (int)(y + points->y);
         }
     } else {
-        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            final_points[i].x = (int)points[i].x;
-            final_points[i].y = (int)points[i].y;
+        for (i = 0; i < count; i++, verts++, points++) {
+            verts->x = (int)points->x;
+            verts->y = (int)points->y;
         }
     }
 
-    /* Draw the points! */
-    if (renderer->blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
-        Uint32 color = SDL_MapRGBA(surface->format,
-                                   renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b,
-                                   renderer->a);
-
-        status = SDL_DrawPoints(surface, final_points, count, color);
-    } else {
-        status = SDL_BlendPoints(surface, final_points, count,
-                                renderer->blendMode,
-                                renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b,
-                                renderer->a);
-    }
-    SDL_stack_free(final_points);
-
-    return status;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-SW_RenderDrawLines(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FPoint * points,
-                   int count)
+SW_QueueFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
 {
-    SDL_Surface *surface = SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-    SDL_Point *final_points;
-    int i, status;
+    SDL_Rect *verts = (SDL_Rect *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, count * sizeof (SDL_Rect), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
+    size_t i;
 
-    if (!surface) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    final_points = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_Point, count);
-    if (!final_points) {
-        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
-    }
-    if (renderer->viewport.x || renderer->viewport.y) {
-        int x = renderer->viewport.x;
-        int y = renderer->viewport.y;
+    cmd->data.draw.count = count;
 
-        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            final_points[i].x = (int)(x + points[i].x);
-            final_points[i].y = (int)(y + points[i].y);
+    if (renderer->viewport.x || renderer->viewport.y) {
+        const int x = renderer->viewport.x;
+        const int y = renderer->viewport.y;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < count; i++, verts++, rects++) {
+            verts->x = (int)(x + rects->x);
+            verts->y = (int)(y + rects->y);
+            verts->w = SDL_max((int)rects->w, 1);
+            verts->h = SDL_max((int)rects->h, 1);
         }
     } else {
-        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            final_points[i].x = (int)points[i].x;
-            final_points[i].y = (int)points[i].y;
+        for (i = 0; i < count; i++, verts++, rects++) {
+            verts->x = (int)rects->x;
+            verts->y = (int)rects->y;
+            verts->w = SDL_max((int)rects->w, 1);
+            verts->h = SDL_max((int)rects->h, 1);
         }
     }
 
-    /* Draw the lines! */
-    if (renderer->blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
-        Uint32 color = SDL_MapRGBA(surface->format,
-                                   renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b,
-                                   renderer->a);
-
-        status = SDL_DrawLines(surface, final_points, count, color);
-    } else {
-        status = SDL_BlendLines(surface, final_points, count,
-                                renderer->blendMode,
-                                renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b,
-                                renderer->a);
-    }
-    SDL_stack_free(final_points);
-
-    return status;
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-SW_RenderFillRects(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_FRect * rects, int count)
+SW_QueueCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+             const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
 {
-    SDL_Surface *surface = SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-    SDL_Rect *final_rects;
-    int i, status;
+    SDL_Rect *verts = (SDL_Rect *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, 2 * sizeof (SDL_Rect), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    if (!surface) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
-    final_rects = SDL_stack_alloc(SDL_Rect, count);
-    if (!final_rects) {
-        return SDL_OutOfMemory();
-    }
-    if (renderer->viewport.x || renderer->viewport.y) {
-        int x = renderer->viewport.x;
-        int y = renderer->viewport.y;
-
-        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            final_rects[i].x = (int)(x + rects[i].x);
-            final_rects[i].y = (int)(y + rects[i].y);
-            final_rects[i].w = SDL_max((int)rects[i].w, 1);
-            final_rects[i].h = SDL_max((int)rects[i].h, 1);
-        }
-    } else {
-        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-            final_rects[i].x = (int)rects[i].x;
-            final_rects[i].y = (int)rects[i].y;
-            final_rects[i].w = SDL_max((int)rects[i].w, 1);
-            final_rects[i].h = SDL_max((int)rects[i].h, 1);
-        }
-    }
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
 
-    if (renderer->blendMode == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
-        Uint32 color = SDL_MapRGBA(surface->format,
-                                   renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b,
-                                   renderer->a);
-        status = SDL_FillRects(surface, final_rects, count, color);
+    SDL_memcpy(verts, srcrect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+    verts++;
+
+    if (renderer->viewport.x || renderer->viewport.y) {
+        verts->x = (int)(renderer->viewport.x + dstrect->x);
+        verts->y = (int)(renderer->viewport.y + dstrect->y);
     } else {
-        status = SDL_BlendFillRects(surface, final_rects, count,
-                                    renderer->blendMode,
-                                    renderer->r, renderer->g, renderer->b,
-                                    renderer->a);
+        verts->x = (int)dstrect->x;
+        verts->y = (int)dstrect->y;
     }
-    SDL_stack_free(final_rects);
+    verts->w = (int)dstrect->w;
+    verts->h = (int)dstrect->h;
 
-    return status;
+    return 0;
 }
 
+typedef struct CopyExData
+{
+    SDL_Rect srcrect;
+    SDL_Rect dstrect;
+    double angle;
+    SDL_FPoint center;
+    SDL_RendererFlip flip;
+} CopyExData;
+
 static int
-SW_RenderCopy(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-              const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect)
+SW_QueueCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, SDL_Texture * texture,
+               const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+               const double angle, const SDL_FPoint *center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-    SDL_Surface *surface = SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
-    SDL_Surface *src = (SDL_Surface *) texture->driverdata;
-    SDL_Rect final_rect;
+    CopyExData *verts = (CopyExData *) SDL_AllocateRenderVertices(renderer, sizeof (CopyExData), 0, &cmd->data.draw.first);
 
-    if (!surface) {
+    if (!verts) {
         return -1;
     }
 
+    cmd->data.draw.count = 1;
+
+    SDL_memcpy(&verts->srcrect, srcrect, sizeof (SDL_Rect));
+
     if (renderer->viewport.x || renderer->viewport.y) {
-        final_rect.x = (int)(renderer->viewport.x + dstrect->x);
-        final_rect.y = (int)(renderer->viewport.y + dstrect->y);
+        verts->dstrect.x = (int)(renderer->viewport.x + dstrect->x);
+        verts->dstrect.y = (int)(renderer->viewport.y + dstrect->y);
     } else {
-        final_rect.x = (int)dstrect->x;
-        final_rect.y = (int)dstrect->y;
+        verts->dstrect.x = (int)dstrect->x;
+        verts->dstrect.y = (int)dstrect->y;
     }
-    final_rect.w = (int)dstrect->w;
-    final_rect.h = (int)dstrect->h;
+    verts->dstrect.w = (int)dstrect->w;
+    verts->dstrect.h = (int)dstrect->h;
+    verts->angle = angle;
+    SDL_memcpy(&verts->center, center, sizeof (SDL_FPoint));
+    verts->flip = flip;
 
-    if ( srcrect->w == final_rect.w && srcrect->h == final_rect.h ) {
-        return SDL_BlitSurface(src, srcrect, surface, &final_rect);
-    } else {
-        /* If scaling is ever done, permanently disable RLE (which doesn't support scaling)
-         * to avoid potentially frequent RLE encoding/decoding.
-         */
-        SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(surface, 0);
-        return SDL_BlitScaled(src, srcrect, surface, &final_rect);
-    }
+    return 0;
 }
 
 static int
-SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
-                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_FRect * dstrect,
+SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Surface *surface, SDL_Texture * texture,
+                const SDL_Rect * srcrect, const SDL_Rect * final_rect,
                 const double angle, const SDL_FPoint * center, const SDL_RendererFlip flip)
 {
-    SDL_Surface *surface = SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
     SDL_Surface *src = (SDL_Surface *) texture->driverdata;
-    SDL_Rect final_rect, tmp_rect;
+    SDL_Rect tmp_rect;
     SDL_Surface *src_clone, *src_rotated, *src_scaled;
     SDL_Surface *mask = NULL, *mask_rotated = NULL;
     int retval = 0, dstwidth, dstheight, abscenterx, abscentery;
@@ -609,19 +338,10 @@ SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
         return -1;
     }
 
-    if (renderer->viewport.x || renderer->viewport.y) {
-        final_rect.x = (int)(renderer->viewport.x + dstrect->x);
-        final_rect.y = (int)(renderer->viewport.y + dstrect->y);
-    } else {
-        final_rect.x = (int)dstrect->x;
-        final_rect.y = (int)dstrect->y;
-    }
-    final_rect.w = (int)dstrect->w;
-    final_rect.h = (int)dstrect->h;
-
-    tmp_rect = final_rect;
     tmp_rect.x = 0;
     tmp_rect.y = 0;
+    tmp_rect.w = final_rect->w;
+    tmp_rect.h = final_rect->h;
 
     /* It is possible to encounter an RLE encoded surface here and locking it is
      * necessary because this code is going to access the pixel buffer directly.
@@ -653,7 +373,7 @@ SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     }
 
     /* If scaling and cropping is necessary, it has to be taken care of before the rotation. */
-    if (!(srcrect->w == final_rect.w && srcrect->h == final_rect.h && srcrect->x == 0 && srcrect->y == 0)) {
+    if (!(srcrect->w == final_rect->w && srcrect->h == final_rect->h && srcrect->x == 0 && srcrect->y == 0)) {
         blitRequired = SDL_TRUE;
     }
 
@@ -678,7 +398,7 @@ SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
      * to clear the pixels in the destination surface. The other steps are explained below.
      */
     if (blendmode == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE && !isOpaque) {
-        mask = SDL_CreateRGBSurface(0, final_rect.w, final_rect.h, 32,
+        mask = SDL_CreateRGBSurface(0, final_rect->w, final_rect->h, 32,
                                     0x00ff0000, 0x0000ff00, 0x000000ff, 0xff000000);
         if (mask == NULL) {
             retval = -1;
@@ -692,7 +412,7 @@ SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
      */
     if (!retval && (blitRequired || applyModulation)) {
         SDL_Rect scale_rect = tmp_rect;
-        src_scaled = SDL_CreateRGBSurface(0, final_rect.w, final_rect.h, 32,
+        src_scaled = SDL_CreateRGBSurface(0, final_rect->w, final_rect->h, 32,
                                           0x00ff0000, 0x0000ff00, 0x000000ff, 0xff000000);
         if (src_scaled == NULL) {
             retval = -1;
@@ -723,32 +443,32 @@ SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
         }
         if (!retval) {
             /* Find out where the new origin is by rotating the four final_rect points around the center and then taking the extremes */
-            abscenterx = final_rect.x + (int)center->x;
-            abscentery = final_rect.y + (int)center->y;
+            abscenterx = final_rect->x + (int)center->x;
+            abscentery = final_rect->y + (int)center->y;
             /* Compensate the angle inversion to match the behaviour of the other backends */
             sangle = -sangle;
 
             /* Top Left */
-            px = final_rect.x - abscenterx;
-            py = final_rect.y - abscentery;
+            px = final_rect->x - abscenterx;
+            py = final_rect->y - abscentery;
             p1x = px * cangle - py * sangle + abscenterx;
             p1y = px * sangle + py * cangle + abscentery;
 
             /* Top Right */
-            px = final_rect.x + final_rect.w - abscenterx;
-            py = final_rect.y - abscentery;
+            px = final_rect->x + final_rect->w - abscenterx;
+            py = final_rect->y - abscentery;
             p2x = px * cangle - py * sangle + abscenterx;
             p2y = px * sangle + py * cangle + abscentery;
 
             /* Bottom Left */
-            px = final_rect.x - abscenterx;
-            py = final_rect.y + final_rect.h - abscentery;
+            px = final_rect->x - abscenterx;
+            py = final_rect->y + final_rect->h - abscentery;
             p3x = px * cangle - py * sangle + abscenterx;
             p3y = px * sangle + py * cangle + abscentery;
 
             /* Bottom Right */
-            px = final_rect.x + final_rect.w - abscenterx;
-            py = final_rect.y + final_rect.h - abscentery;
+            px = final_rect->x + final_rect->w - abscenterx;
+            py = final_rect->y + final_rect->h - abscentery;
             p4x = px * cangle - py * sangle + abscenterx;
             p4y = px * sangle + py * cangle + abscentery;
 
@@ -824,6 +544,170 @@ SW_RenderCopyEx(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * texture,
     return retval;
 }
 
+static void
+PrepTextureForCopy(const SDL_RenderCommand *cmd)
+{
+    const Uint8 r = cmd->data.draw.r;
+    const Uint8 g = cmd->data.draw.g;
+    const Uint8 b = cmd->data.draw.b;
+    const Uint8 a = cmd->data.draw.a;
+    const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+    SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
+    SDL_Surface *surface = (SDL_Surface *) texture->driverdata;
+
+    if (texture->modMode & SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_COLOR) {
+        SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(surface, 0);
+        SDL_SetSurfaceColorMod(surface, r, g, b);
+    }
+
+    if ((texture->modMode & SDL_TEXTUREMODULATE_ALPHA) && surface->format->Amask) {
+        SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(surface, 0);
+        SDL_SetSurfaceAlphaMod(surface, a);
+    }
+
+    if ((blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_ADD) || (blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_MOD)) {
+        SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(surface, 0);
+    }
+    SDL_SetSurfaceBlendMode(surface, blend);
+}
+
+static int
+SW_RunCommandQueue(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_RenderCommand *cmd, void *vertices, size_t vertsize)
+{
+    SW_RenderData *data = (SW_RenderData *) renderer->driverdata;
+    SDL_Surface *surface = SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
+    const SDL_Rect *viewport = NULL;
+    const SDL_Rect *cliprect = NULL;
+
+    if (!surface) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    while (cmd) {
+        switch (cmd->command) {
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETDRAWCOLOR: {
+                break;  /* Not used in this backend. */
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETVIEWPORT: {
+                viewport = &cmd->data.viewport.rect;
+                SDL_SetClipRect(data->surface, viewport);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_SETCLIPRECT: {
+                SDL_assert(viewport != NULL);
+                cliprect = cmd->data.cliprect.enabled ? &cmd->data.cliprect.rect : NULL;
+                if (cliprect) {
+                    SDL_Rect clip_rect = { cliprect->x + viewport->x, cliprect->y + viewport->y, cliprect->w, cliprect->h };
+                    SDL_IntersectRect(viewport, &clip_rect, &clip_rect);
+                    SDL_SetClipRect(surface, &clip_rect);
+                } else {
+                    SDL_SetClipRect(surface, viewport);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_CLEAR: {
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.color.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.color.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.color.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.color.a;
+                const SDL_Rect clip_rect = surface->clip_rect;
+                /* By definition the clear ignores the clip rect */
+                SDL_SetClipRect(surface, NULL);
+                SDL_FillRect(surface, NULL, SDL_MapRGBA(surface->format, r, g, b, a));
+                SDL_SetClipRect(surface, &clip_rect);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_POINTS: {
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.draw.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.draw.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.draw.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.draw.a;
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const SDL_Point *verts = (SDL_Point *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+                if (blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
+                    SDL_DrawPoints(surface, verts, count, SDL_MapRGBA(surface->format, r, g, b, a));
+                } else {
+                    SDL_BlendPoints(surface, verts, count, blend, r, g, b, a);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_DRAW_LINES: {
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.draw.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.draw.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.draw.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.draw.a;
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const SDL_Point *verts = (SDL_Point *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+                if (blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
+                    SDL_DrawLines(surface, verts, count, SDL_MapRGBA(surface->format, r, g, b, a));
+                } else {
+                    SDL_BlendLines(surface, verts, count, blend, r, g, b, a);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_FILL_RECTS: {
+                const Uint8 r = cmd->data.draw.r;
+                const Uint8 g = cmd->data.draw.g;
+                const Uint8 b = cmd->data.draw.b;
+                const Uint8 a = cmd->data.draw.a;
+                const size_t count = cmd->data.draw.count;
+                const SDL_Rect *verts = (SDL_Rect *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const SDL_BlendMode blend = cmd->data.draw.blend;
+                if (blend == SDL_BLENDMODE_NONE) {
+                    SDL_FillRects(surface, verts, count, SDL_MapRGBA(surface->format, r, g, b, a));
+                } else {
+                    SDL_BlendFillRects(surface, verts, count, blend, r, g, b, a);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY: {
+                SDL_Rect *verts = (SDL_Rect *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                const SDL_Rect *srcrect = verts;
+                SDL_Rect *dstrect = verts + 1;
+                SDL_Texture *texture = cmd->data.draw.texture;
+                SDL_Surface *src = (SDL_Surface *) texture->driverdata;
+
+                PrepTextureForCopy(cmd);
+
+                if ( srcrect->w == dstrect->w && srcrect->h == dstrect->h ) {
+                    SDL_BlitSurface(src, srcrect, surface, dstrect);
+                } else {
+                    /* If scaling is ever done, permanently disable RLE (which doesn't support scaling)
+                     * to avoid potentially frequent RLE encoding/decoding.
+                     */
+                    SDL_SetSurfaceRLE(surface, 0);
+                    SDL_BlitScaled(src, srcrect, surface, dstrect);
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_COPY_EX: {
+                const CopyExData *copydata = (CopyExData *) (((Uint8 *) vertices) + cmd->data.draw.first);
+                PrepTextureForCopy(cmd);
+                SW_RenderCopyEx(renderer, surface, cmd->data.draw.texture, &copydata->srcrect,
+                                &copydata->dstrect, copydata->angle, &copydata->center, copydata->flip);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            case SDL_RENDERCMD_NO_OP:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        cmd = cmd->next;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static int
 SW_RenderReadPixels(SDL_Renderer * renderer, const SDL_Rect * rect,
                     Uint32 format, void * pixels, int pitch)
@@ -882,6 +766,91 @@ SW_DestroyRenderer(SDL_Renderer * renderer)
     SDL_free(renderer);
 }
 
+SDL_Renderer *
+SW_CreateRendererForSurface(SDL_Surface * surface)
+{
+    SDL_Renderer *renderer;
+    SW_RenderData *data;
+
+    if (!surface) {
+        SDL_SetError("Can't create renderer for NULL surface");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    renderer = (SDL_Renderer *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer));
+    if (!renderer) {
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    data = (SW_RenderData *) SDL_calloc(1, sizeof(*data));
+    if (!data) {
+        SW_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
+        SDL_OutOfMemory();
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    data->surface = surface;
+    data->window = surface;
+
+    renderer->WindowEvent = SW_WindowEvent;
+    renderer->GetOutputSize = SW_GetOutputSize;
+    renderer->CreateTexture = SW_CreateTexture;
+    renderer->UpdateTexture = SW_UpdateTexture;
+    renderer->LockTexture = SW_LockTexture;
+    renderer->UnlockTexture = SW_UnlockTexture;
+    renderer->SetRenderTarget = SW_SetRenderTarget;
+    renderer->QueueSetViewport = SW_QueueSetViewport;
+    renderer->QueueSetDrawColor = SW_QueueSetViewport;  /* SetViewport and SetDrawColor are (currently) no-ops. */
+    renderer->QueueDrawPoints = SW_QueueDrawPoints;
+    renderer->QueueDrawLines = SW_QueueDrawPoints;  /* lines and points queue vertices the same way. */
+    renderer->QueueFillRects = SW_QueueFillRects;
+    renderer->QueueCopy = SW_QueueCopy;
+    renderer->QueueCopyEx = SW_QueueCopyEx;
+    renderer->RunCommandQueue = SW_RunCommandQueue;
+    renderer->RenderReadPixels = SW_RenderReadPixels;
+    renderer->RenderPresent = SW_RenderPresent;
+    renderer->DestroyTexture = SW_DestroyTexture;
+    renderer->DestroyRenderer = SW_DestroyRenderer;
+    renderer->info = SW_RenderDriver.info;
+    renderer->driverdata = data;
+
+    SW_ActivateRenderer(renderer);
+
+    return renderer;
+}
+
+SDL_Renderer *
+SW_CreateRenderer(SDL_Window * window, Uint32 flags)
+{
+    SDL_Surface *surface;
+
+    surface = SDL_GetWindowSurface(window);
+    if (!surface) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    return SW_CreateRendererForSurface(surface);
+}
+
+SDL_RenderDriver SW_RenderDriver = {
+    SW_CreateRenderer,
+    {
+     "software",
+     SDL_RENDERER_SOFTWARE | SDL_RENDERER_TARGETTEXTURE,
+     8,
+     {
+      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888,
+      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ABGR8888,
+      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888,
+      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGRA8888,
+      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB888,
+      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_BGR888,
+      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB565,
+      SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGB555
+     },
+     0,
+     0}
+};
+
 #endif /* !SDL_RENDER_DISABLED */
 
 /* vi: set ts=4 sw=4 expandtab: */
diff --git a/src/video/cocoa/SDL_cocoamodes.m b/src/video/cocoa/SDL_cocoamodes.m
index 97ccd945dc..b614b795b1 100644
--- a/src/video/cocoa/SDL_cocoamodes.m
+++ b/src/video/cocoa/SDL_cocoamodes.m
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ Cocoa_InitModes(_THIS)
     CGDisplayErr result;
     CGDirectDisplayID *displays;
     CGDisplayCount numDisplays;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
     int pass, i;
 
     result = CGGetOnlineDisplayList(0, NULL, &numDisplays);
@@ -194,11 +195,11 @@ Cocoa_InitModes(_THIS)
         CG_SetError("CGGetOnlineDisplayList()", result);
         return;
     }
-    displays = SDL_stack_alloc(CGDirectDisplayID, numDisplays);
+    displays = SDL_small_alloc(CGDirectDisplayID, numDisplays, &isstack);
     result = CGGetOnlineDisplayList(numDisplays, displays, &numDisplays);
     if (result != kCGErrorSuccess) {
         CG_SetError("CGGetOnlineDisplayList()", result);
-        SDL_stack_free(displays);
+        SDL_small_free(displays, isstack);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -260,7 +261,7 @@ Cocoa_InitModes(_THIS)
             SDL_free(display.name);
         }
     }
-    SDL_stack_free(displays);
+    SDL_small_free(displays, isstack);
 }}
 
 int
diff --git a/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandvideo.c b/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandvideo.c
index b6155e76d9..0759719d38 100644
--- a/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandvideo.c
+++ b/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandvideo.c
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 
 #include "xdg-shell-client-protocol.h"
 #include "xdg-shell-unstable-v6-client-protocol.h"
+#include "org-kde-kwin-server-decoration-manager-client-protocol.h"
 
 #define WAYLANDVID_DRIVER_NAME "wayland"
 
@@ -182,6 +183,7 @@ Wayland_CreateDevice(int devindex)
     device->SetWindowFullscreen = Wayland_SetWindowFullscreen;
     device->MaximizeWindow = Wayland_MaximizeWindow;
     device->RestoreWindow = Wayland_RestoreWindow;
+    device->SetWindowBordered = Wayland_SetWindowBordered;
     device->SetWindowSize = Wayland_SetWindowSize;
     device->SetWindowTitle = Wayland_SetWindowTitle;
     device->DestroyWindow = Wayland_DestroyWindow;
@@ -345,6 +347,8 @@ display_handle_global(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id,
 {
     SDL_VideoData *d = data;
 
+    /*printf("WAYLAND INTERFACE: %s\n", interface);*/
+
     if (strcmp(interface, "wl_compositor") == 0) {
         d->compositor = wl_registry_bind(d->registry, id, &wl_compositor_interface, 1);
     } else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_output") == 0) {
@@ -368,6 +372,8 @@ display_handle_global(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id,
         Wayland_display_add_pointer_constraints(d, id);
     } else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_data_device_manager") == 0) {
         d->data_device_manager = wl_registry_bind(d->registry, id, &wl_data_device_manager_interface, 3);
+    } else if (strcmp(interface, "org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_manager") == 0) {
+        d->kwin_server_decoration_manager = wl_registry_bind(d->registry, id, &org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_manager_interface, 1);
 
 #ifdef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_WAYLAND_QT_TOUCH
     } else if (strcmp(interface, "qt_touch_extension") == 0) {
diff --git a/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandvideo.h b/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandvideo.h
index c16c0bdd49..4d6658fcae 100644
--- a/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandvideo.h
+++ b/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandvideo.h
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ typedef struct {
     struct zwp_relative_pointer_manager_v1 *relative_pointer_manager;
     struct zwp_pointer_constraints_v1 *pointer_constraints;
     struct wl_data_device_manager *data_device_manager;
+    struct org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_manager *kwin_server_decoration_manager;
 
     EGLDisplay edpy;
     EGLContext context;
diff --git a/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandwindow.c b/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandwindow.c
index aa7299181d..828d69c3a4 100644
--- a/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandwindow.c
+++ b/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandwindow.c
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 
 #include "xdg-shell-client-protocol.h"
 #include "xdg-shell-unstable-v6-client-protocol.h"
+#include "org-kde-kwin-server-decoration-manager-client-protocol.h"
 
 /* On modern desktops, we probably will use the xdg-shell protocol instead
    of wl_shell, but wl_shell might be useful on older Wayland installs that
@@ -452,6 +453,17 @@ Wayland_RestoreWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window * window)
 }
 
 void
+Wayland_SetWindowBordered(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, SDL_bool bordered)
+{
+    SDL_WindowData *wind = window->driverdata;
+    const SDL_VideoData *viddata = (const SDL_VideoData *) _this->driverdata;
+    if ((viddata->kwin_server_decoration_manager) && (wind->kwin_server_decoration)) {
+        const enum org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_mode mode = bordered ? ORG_KDE_KWIN_SERVER_DECORATION_MANAGER_MODE_SERVER : ORG_KDE_KWIN_SERVER_DECORATION_MANAGER_MODE_NONE;
+        org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_request_mode(wind->kwin_server_decoration, mode);
+    }
+}
+
+void
 Wayland_MaximizeWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window * window)
 {
     SDL_WindowData *wind = window->driverdata;
@@ -562,6 +574,15 @@ int Wayland_CreateWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window *window)
     }
 #endif /* SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_WAYLAND_QT_TOUCH */
 
+    if (c->kwin_server_decoration_manager) {
+        data->kwin_server_decoration = org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_manager_create(c->kwin_server_decoration_manager, data->surface);
+        if (data->kwin_server_decoration) {
+            const SDL_bool bordered = (window->flags & SDL_WINDOW_BORDERLESS) == 0;
+            const enum org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_mode mode = bordered ? ORG_KDE_KWIN_SERVER_DECORATION_MANAGER_MODE_SERVER : ORG_KDE_KWIN_SERVER_DECORATION_MANAGER_MODE_NONE;
+            org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_request_mode(data->kwin_server_decoration, mode);
+        }
+    }
+
     region = wl_compositor_create_region(c->compositor);
     wl_region_add(region, 0, 0, window->w, window->h);
     wl_surface_set_opaque_region(data->surface, region);
@@ -636,6 +657,10 @@ void Wayland_DestroyWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window *window)
         SDL_EGL_DestroySurface(_this, wind->egl_surface);
         WAYLAND_wl_egl_window_destroy(wind->egl_window);
 
+        if (wind->kwin_server_decoration) {
+            org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_release(wind->kwin_server_decoration);
+        }
+
         if (data->shell.xdg) {
             if (wind->shell_surface.xdg.roleobj.toplevel) {
                 xdg_toplevel_destroy(wind->shell_surface.xdg.roleobj.toplevel);
diff --git a/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandwindow.h b/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandwindow.h
index 69b9889233..38a204e9a6 100644
--- a/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandwindow.h
+++ b/src/video/wayland/SDL_waylandwindow.h
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ typedef struct {
     struct SDL_WaylandInput *keyboard_device;
     EGLSurface egl_surface;
     struct zwp_locked_pointer_v1 *locked_pointer;
+    struct org_kde_kwin_server_decoration *kwin_server_decoration;
 
 #ifdef SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER_WAYLAND_QT_TOUCH
     struct qt_extended_surface *extended_surface;
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@ extern void Wayland_SetWindowFullscreen(_THIS, SDL_Window * window,
                                         SDL_bool fullscreen);
 extern void Wayland_MaximizeWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window * window);
 extern void Wayland_RestoreWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window * window);
+extern void Wayland_SetWindowBordered(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, SDL_bool bordered);
 extern int Wayland_CreateWindow(_THIS, SDL_Window *window);
 extern void Wayland_SetWindowSize(_THIS, SDL_Window * window);
 extern void Wayland_SetWindowTitle(_THIS, SDL_Window * window);
diff --git a/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsevents.c b/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsevents.c
index e961cf568e..59c11bf225 100644
--- a/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsevents.c
+++ b/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsevents.c
@@ -908,7 +908,8 @@ WIN_WindowProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
     case WM_TOUCH:
         if (data->videodata->GetTouchInputInfo && data->videodata->CloseTouchInputHandle) {
             UINT i, num_inputs = LOWORD(wParam);
-            PTOUCHINPUT inputs = SDL_stack_alloc(TOUCHINPUT, num_inputs);
+            SDL_bool isstack;
+            PTOUCHINPUT inputs = SDL_small_alloc(TOUCHINPUT, num_inputs, &isstack);
             if (data->videodata->GetTouchInputInfo((HTOUCHINPUT)lParam, num_inputs, inputs, sizeof(TOUCHINPUT))) {
                 RECT rect;
                 float x, y;
@@ -916,7 +917,7 @@ WIN_WindowProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
                 if (!GetClientRect(hwnd, &rect) ||
                     (rect.right == rect.left && rect.bottom == rect.top)) {
                     if (inputs) {
-                        SDL_stack_free(inputs);
+                        SDL_small_free(inputs, isstack);
                     }
                     break;
                 }
@@ -950,7 +951,7 @@ WIN_WindowProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
                     }
                 }
             }
-            SDL_stack_free(inputs);
+            SDL_small_free(inputs, isstack);
 
             data->videodata->CloseTouchInputHandle((HTOUCHINPUT)lParam);
             return 0;
@@ -961,17 +962,19 @@ WIN_WindowProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
         {
             UINT i;
             HDROP drop = (HDROP) wParam;
+            SDL_bool isstack;
             UINT count = DragQueryFile(drop, 0xFFFFFFFF, NULL, 0);
             for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+                SDL_bool isstack;
                 UINT size = DragQueryFile(drop, i, NULL, 0) + 1;
-                LPTSTR buffer = SDL_stack_alloc(TCHAR, size);
+                LPTSTR buffer = SDL_small_alloc(TCHAR, size, &isstack);
                 if (buffer) {
                     if (DragQueryFile(drop, i, buffer, size)) {
                         char *file = WIN_StringToUTF8(buffer);
                         SDL_SendDropFile(data->window, file);
                         SDL_free(file);
                     }
-                    SDL_stack_free(buffer);
+                    SDL_small_free(buffer, isstack);
                 }
             }
             SDL_SendDropComplete(data->window);
diff --git a/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsframebuffer.c b/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsframebuffer.c
index e07d9c4313..f884f7fa0d 100644
--- a/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsframebuffer.c
+++ b/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsframebuffer.c
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 int WIN_CreateWindowFramebuffer(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, Uint32 * format, void ** pixels, int *pitch)
 {
     SDL_WindowData *data = (SDL_WindowData *) window->driverdata;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
     size_t size;
     LPBITMAPINFO info;
     HBITMAP hbm;
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ int WIN_CreateWindowFramebuffer(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, Uint32 * format, voi
 
     /* Find out the format of the screen */
     size = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER) + 256 * sizeof (RGBQUAD);
-    info = (LPBITMAPINFO)SDL_stack_alloc(Uint8, size);
+    info = (LPBITMAPINFO)SDL_small_alloc(Uint8, size, &isstack);
     if (!info) {
         return SDL_OutOfMemory();
     }
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ int WIN_CreateWindowFramebuffer(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, Uint32 * format, voi
 
     data->mdc = CreateCompatibleDC(data->hdc);
     data->hbm = CreateDIBSection(data->hdc, info, DIB_RGB_COLORS, pixels, NULL, 0);
-    SDL_stack_free(info);
+    SDL_small_free(info, isstack);
 
     if (!data->hbm) {
         return WIN_SetError("Unable to create DIB");
diff --git a/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsmouse.c b/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsmouse.c
index eff31605b3..3dc7e79750 100644
--- a/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsmouse.c
+++ b/src/video/windows/SDL_windowsmouse.c
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ WIN_CreateCursor(SDL_Surface * surface, int hot_x, int hot_y)
     LPVOID pixels;
     LPVOID maskbits;
     size_t maskbitslen;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
     ICONINFO ii;
 
     SDL_zero(bmh);
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ WIN_CreateCursor(SDL_Surface * surface, int hot_x, int hot_y)
     bmh.bV4BlueMask  = 0x000000FF;
 
     maskbitslen = ((surface->w + (pad - (surface->w % pad))) / 8) * surface->h;
-    maskbits = SDL_stack_alloc(Uint8,maskbitslen);
+    maskbits = SDL_small_alloc(Uint8,maskbitslen);
     if (maskbits == NULL) {
         SDL_OutOfMemory();
         return NULL;
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ WIN_CreateCursor(SDL_Surface * surface, int hot_x, int hot_y)
     ii.hbmColor = CreateDIBSection(hdc, (BITMAPINFO*)&bmh, DIB_RGB_COLORS, &pixels, NULL, 0);
     ii.hbmMask = CreateBitmap(surface->w, surface->h, 1, 1, maskbits);
     ReleaseDC(NULL, hdc);
-    SDL_stack_free(maskbits);
+    SDL_small_free(maskbits, isstack);
 
     SDL_assert(surface->format->format == SDL_PIXELFORMAT_ARGB8888);
     SDL_assert(surface->pitch == surface->w * 4);
diff --git a/src/video/windows/SDL_windowswindow.c b/src/video/windows/SDL_windowswindow.c
index 45463c4c7f..d56b8dbfe0 100644
--- a/src/video/windows/SDL_windowswindow.c
+++ b/src/video/windows/SDL_windowswindow.c
@@ -380,10 +380,11 @@ WIN_CreateWindowFrom(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, const void *data)
     HWND hwnd = (HWND) data;
     LPTSTR title;
     int titleLen;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
 
     /* Query the title from the existing window */
     titleLen = GetWindowTextLength(hwnd);
-    title = SDL_stack_alloc(TCHAR, titleLen + 1);
+    title = SDL_small_alloc(TCHAR, titleLen + 1, &isstack);
     if (title) {
         titleLen = GetWindowText(hwnd, title, titleLen);
     } else {
@@ -393,7 +394,7 @@ WIN_CreateWindowFrom(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, const void *data)
         window->title = WIN_StringToUTF8(title);
     }
     if (title) {
-        SDL_stack_free(title);
+        SDL_small_free(title, isstack);
     }
 
     if (SetupWindowData(_this, window, hwnd, GetParent(hwnd), SDL_FALSE) < 0) {
@@ -443,14 +444,15 @@ WIN_SetWindowIcon(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, SDL_Surface * icon)
     BYTE *icon_bmp;
     int icon_len, mask_len, y;
     SDL_RWops *dst;
+    SDL_bool isstack;
 
     /* Create temporary buffer for ICONIMAGE structure */
     mask_len = (icon->h * (icon->w + 7)/8);
     icon_len = 40 + icon->h * icon->w * sizeof(Uint32) + mask_len;
-    icon_bmp = SDL_stack_alloc(BYTE, icon_len);
+    icon_bmp = SDL_small_alloc(BYTE, icon_len, &isstack);
     dst = SDL_RWFromMem(icon_bmp, icon_len);
     if (!dst) {
-        SDL_stack_free(icon_bmp);
+        SDL_small_free(icon_bmp, isstack);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -481,7 +483,7 @@ WIN_SetWindowIcon(_THIS, SDL_Window * window, SDL_Surface * icon)
     hicon = CreateIconFromResource(icon_bmp, icon_len, TRUE, 0x00030000);
 
     SDL_RWclose(dst);
-    SDL_stack_free(icon_bmp);
+    SDL_small_free(icon_bmp, isstack);
 
     /* Set the icon for the window */
     SendMessage(hwnd, WM_SETICON, ICON_SMALL, (LPARAM) hicon);
diff --git a/test/testsprite2.c b/test/testsprite2.c
index b0348f85d7..f471ff3199 100644
--- a/test/testsprite2.c
+++ b/test/testsprite2.c
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ static SDL_Rect *positions;
 static SDL_Rect *velocities;
 static int sprite_w, sprite_h;
 static SDL_BlendMode blendMode = SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND;
+static Uint32 next_fps_check, frames;
+static const Uint32 fps_check_delay = 5000;
 
 /* Number of iterations to move sprites - used for visual tests. */
 /* -1: infinite random moves (default); >=0: enables N deterministic moves */
@@ -244,6 +246,7 @@ MoveSprites(SDL_Renderer * renderer, SDL_Texture * sprite)
 void
 loop()
 {
+    Uint32 now;
     int i;
     SDL_Event event;
 
@@ -261,13 +264,24 @@ loop()
         emscripten_cancel_main_loop();
     }
 #endif
+
+    frames++;
+    now = SDL_GetTicks();
+    if (SDL_TICKS_PASSED(now, next_fps_check)) {
+        /* Print out some timing information */
+        const Uint32 then = next_fps_check - fps_check_delay;
+        const double fps = ((double) frames * 1000) / (now - then);
+        SDL_Log("%2.2f frames per second\n", fps);
+        next_fps_check = now + fps_check_delay;
+        frames = 0;
+    }
+
 }
 
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
     int i;
-    Uint32 then, now, frames;
     Uint64 seed;
     const char *icon = "icon.bmp";
 
@@ -384,24 +398,17 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
     /* Main render loop */
     frames = 0;
-    then = SDL_GetTicks();
+    next_fps_check = SDL_GetTicks() + fps_check_delay;
     done = 0;
 
 #ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
     emscripten_set_main_loop(loop, 0, 1);
 #else
     while (!done) {
-        ++frames;
         loop();
     }
 #endif
 
-    /* Print out some timing information */
-    now = SDL_GetTicks();
-    if (now > then) {
-        double fps = ((double) frames * 1000) / (now - then);
-        SDL_Log("%2.2f frames per second\n", fps);
-    }
     quit(0);
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/wayland-protocols/org-kde-kwin-server-decoration-manager.xml b/wayland-protocols/org-kde-kwin-server-decoration-manager.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8bc106c7c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wayland-protocols/org-kde-kwin-server-decoration-manager.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<protocol name="server_decoration">
+  <copyright><![CDATA[
+    Copyright (C) 2015 Martin Gräßlin
+
+    This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+    the Free Software Foundation, either version 2.1 of the License, or
+    (at your option) any later version.
+
+    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+    along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+  ]]></copyright>
+  <interface  name="org_kde_kwin_server_decoration_manager" version="1">
+      <description summary="Server side window decoration manager">
+        This interface allows to coordinate whether the server should create
+        a server-side window decoration around a wl_surface representing a
+        shell surface (wl_shell_surface or similar). By announcing support
+        for this interface the server indicates that it supports server
+        side decorations.
+      </description>
+      <request name="create">
+        <description summary="Create a server-side decoration object for a given surface">
+            When a client creates a server-side decoration object it indicates
+            that it supports the protocol. The client is supposed to tell the
+            server whether it wants server-side decorations or will provide
+            client-side decorations.
+
+            If the client does not create a server-side decoration object for
+            a surface the server interprets this as lack of support for this
+            protocol and considers it as client-side decorated. Nevertheless a
+            client-side decorated surface should use this protocol to indicate
+            to the server that it does not want a server-side deco.
+        </description>
+        <arg name="id" type="new_id" interface="org_kde_kwin_server_decoration"/>
+        <arg name="surface" type="object" interface="wl_surface"/>
+      </request>
+      <enum name="mode">
+            <description summary="Possible values to use in request_mode and the event mode."/>
+            <entry name="None" value="0" summary="Undecorated: The surface is not decorated at all, neither server nor client-side. An example is a popup surface which should not be decorated."/>
+            <entry name="Client" value="1" summary="Client-side decoration: The decoration is part of the surface and the client."/>
+            <entry name="Server" value="2" summary="Server-side decoration: The server embeds the surface into a decoration frame."/>
+      </enum>
+      <event name="default_mode">
+          <description summary="The default mode used on the server">
+              This event is emitted directly after binding the interface. It contains
+              the default mode for the decoration. When a new server decoration object
+              is created this new object will be in the default mode until the first
+              request_mode is requested.
+
+              The server may change the default mode at any time.
+          </description>
+          <arg name="mode" type="uint" summary="The default decoration mode applied to newly created server decorations."/>
+      </event>
+  </interface>
+  <interface name="org_kde_kwin_server_decoration" version="1">
+      <request name="release" type="destructor">
+        <description summary="release the server decoration object"/>
+      </request>
+      <enum name="mode">
+            <description summary="Possible values to use in request_mode and the event mode."/>
+            <entry name="None" value="0" summary="Undecorated: The surface is not decorated at all, neither server nor client-side. An example is a popup surface which should not be decorated."/>
+            <entry name="Client" value="1" summary="Client-side decoration: The decoration is part of the surface and the client."/>
+            <entry name="Server" value="2" summary="Server-side decoration: The server embeds the surface into a decoration frame."/>
+      </enum>
+      <request name="request_mode">
+          <description summary="The decoration mode the surface wants to use."/>
+          <arg name="mode" type="uint" summary="The mode this surface wants to use."/>
+      </request>
+      <event name="mode">
+          <description summary="The new decoration mode applied by the server">
+              This event is emitted directly after the decoration is created and
+              represents the base decoration policy by the server. E.g. a server
+              which wants all surfaces to be client-side decorated will send Client,
+              a server which wants server-side decoration will send Server.
+
+              The client can request a different mode through the decoration request.
+              The server will acknowledge this by another event with the same mode. So
+              even if a server prefers server-side decoration it's possible to force a
+              client-side decoration.
+
+              The server may emit this event at any time. In this case the client can
+              again request a different mode. It's the responsibility of the server to
+              prevent a feedback loop.
+          </description>
+          <arg name="mode" type="uint" summary="The decoration mode applied to the surface by the server."/>
+      </event>
+  </interface>
+</protocol>