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'\" t
.\" Copyright (C) 2001 Andries Brouwer <aeb@cwi.nl>
.\"
.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
.\" preserved on all copies.
.\"
.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
.\" permission notice identical to this one.
.\"
.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no
.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
.\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not
.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
.\" professionally.
.\"
.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
.\" %%%LICENSE_END
.\"
.TH UNITS 7 2012-08-05 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
.SH NAME
units, kilo, kibi, mega, mebi, giga, gibi \- decimal and binary prefixes
.SH DESCRIPTION
.SS Decimal prefixes
The SI system of units uses prefixes that indicate powers of ten.
A kilometer is 1000 meter, and a megawatt is 1000000 watt.
Below the standard prefixes.
.RS
.TS
l l l.
Prefix Name Value
y yocto 10^-24 = 0.000000000000000000000001
z zepto 10^-21 = 0.000000000000000000001
a atto 10^-18 = 0.000000000000000001
f femto 10^-15 = 0.000000000000001
p pico 10^-12 = 0.000000000001
n nano 10^-9 = 0.000000001
\(mc micro 10^-6 = 0.000001
m milli 10^-3 = 0.001
c centi 10^-2 = 0.01
d deci 10^-1 = 0.1
da deka 10^ 1 = 10
h hecto 10^ 2 = 100
k kilo 10^ 3 = 1000
M mega 10^ 6 = 1000000
G giga 10^ 9 = 1000000000
T tera 10^12 = 1000000000000
P peta 10^15 = 1000000000000000
E exa 10^18 = 1000000000000000000
Z zetta 10^21 = 1000000000000000000000
Y yotta 10^24 = 1000000000000000000000000
.TE
.RE
The symbol for micro is the Greek letter mu, often written u
in an ASCII context where this Greek letter is not available.
See also
.sp
.RS
.UR http://physics.nist.gov\:/cuu\:/Units\:/prefixes.html
.UE
.RE
.SS Binary prefixes
The binary prefixes resemble the decimal ones,
but have an additional \(aqi\(aq
(and "Ki" starts with a capital \(aqK\(aq).
The names are formed by taking the
first syllable of the names of the decimal prefix with roughly the same
size, followed by "bi" for "binary".
.RS
.TS
l l l.
Prefix Name Value
Ki kibi 2^10 = 1024
Mi mebi 2^20 = 1048576
Gi gibi 2^30 = 1073741824
Ti tebi 2^40 = 1099511627776
Pi pebi 2^50 = 1125899906842624
Ei exbi 2^60 = 1152921504606846976
.TE
.RE
See also
.sp
.UR http://physics.nist.gov\:/cuu\:/Units\:/binary.html
.UE
.SS Discussion
Before these binary prefixes were introduced, it was fairly
common to use k=1000 and K=1024, just like b=bit, B=byte.
Unfortunately, the M is capital already, and cannot be
capitalized to indicate binary-ness.
At first that didn't matter too much, since memory modules
and disks came in sizes that were powers of two, so everyone
knew that in such contexts "kilobyte" and "megabyte" meant
1024 and 1048576 bytes, respectively.
What originally was a
sloppy use of the prefixes "kilo" and "mega" started to become
regarded as the "real true meaning" when computers were involved.
But then disk technology changed, and disk sizes became arbitrary numbers.
After a period of uncertainty all disk manufacturers settled on the
standard, namely k=1000, M=1000k, G=1000M.
The situation was messy: in the 14k4 modems, k=1000; in the 1.44MB
.\" also common: 14.4k modem
diskettes, M=1024000; etc.
In 1998 the IEC approved the standard
that defines the binary prefixes given above, enabling people
to be precise and unambiguous.
Thus, today, MB = 1000000B and MiB = 1048576B.
In the free software world programs are slowly
being changed to conform.
When the Linux kernel boots and says
.RS
.nf
hda: 120064896 sectors (61473 MB) w/2048KiB Cache
.fi
.RE
the MB are megabytes and the KiB are kibibytes.
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