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2023-08-21scripts/bloat-o-meter: count weak symbol sizesGeert Uytterhoeven1-5/+5
Currently, bloat-o-meter does not take into account weak symbols, and thus ignores any size changes in code or data marked __weak. Fix this by handling weak code ("w"/"W") and data ("v"/"V"). Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/a1e7abd2571c3bbfe75345d6ee98b276d2d5c39d.1692200010.git.geert+renesas@glider.be Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be> Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2023-02-02scripts/bloat-o-meter: use the reverse flag for sortAlexander Pantyukhin1-2/+1
The sort function has the inbuilt reversal option. We can use it to save some time. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20230106091319.3824-1-apantykhin@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Alexander Pantyukhin <apantykhin@gmail.com> Cc: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com> Cc: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2022-07-17scripts/bloat-o-meter: add -p argumentNikolay Borisov1-1/+6
When doing cross platform development on a machine sometimes it might be useful to invoke bloat-o-meter for files which haven't been build with the native toolchain. In cases when the host nm doesn't support the target one then a toolchain-specific nm could be used. Add this ability by adding the -p allowing invocations as: ./scripts/bloat-o-meter -p riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu- file1.o file2.o Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220701113513.1938008-2-nborisov@suse.com Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2022-07-17scripts/bloat-o-meter: switch argument parsing to using argparseNikolay Borisov1-19/+21
This will facilitate further extension to the arguments the script takes. As an added benefit it also produces saner usage output, where mutual exclusivity of the c|d|t parameters is clearly visible: ./scripts/bloat-o-meter -h usage: bloat-o-meter [-h] [-c | -d | -t] file1 file2 Simple script used to compare the symbol sizes of 2 object files positional arguments: file1 First file to compare file2 Second file to compare optional arguments: -h, --help show this help message and exit -c categorize output based on symbol type -d Show delta of Data Section -t Show delta of text Section Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220701113513.1938008-1-nborisov@suse.com Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2022-04-29scripts/bloat-o-meter: filter out vermagic as it is not relevantPaul Gortmaker1-0/+1
Seeing it as a false positive increase at the top is just noise: linux-head$./scripts/bloat-o-meter ../pre/vmlinux ../post/vmlinux add/remove: 0/571 grow/shrink: 1/9 up/down: 20/-64662 (-64642) Function old new delta vermagic 49 69 +20 Since it really doesn't "grow", it makes sense to filter it out. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220428035824.7934-1-paul.gortmaker@windriver.com Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
2021-01-22scripts: switch explicitly to Python 3Andy Shevchenko1-1/+1
Some distributions are about to switch to Python 3 support only. This means that /usr/bin/python, which is Python 2, is not available anymore. Hence, switch scripts to use Python 3 explicitly. Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2020-12-08tweewide: Fix most Shebang linesFinn Behrens1-1/+1
Change every shebang which does not need an argument to use /usr/bin/env. This is needed as not every distro has everything under /usr/bin, sometimes not even bash. Signed-off-by: Finn Behrens <me@kloenk.de> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
2020-08-07scripts/bloat-o-meter: Support comparing library archivesNikolay Borisov1-0/+2
Library archives (.a) usually contain multiple object files so their output of nm --size-sort contains lines like: <omitted for brevity> 00000000000003a8 t run_test extent-map-tests.o: <omitted for brevity> bloat-o-meter currently doesn't handle them which results in errors when calling .split() on them. Fix this by simply ignoring them. This enables diffing subsystems which generate built-in.a files. Signed-off-by: Nikolay Borisov <nborisov@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200603103513.3712-1-nborisov@suse.com Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-12-28bloat-o-meter: ignore __addressable_ symbolsRasmus Villemoes1-0/+1
Since __LINE__ is part of the symbol created by __ADDRESSABLE, almost any change causes those symbols to disappear and get reincarnated, e.g. add/remove: 4/4 grow/shrink: 0/3 up/down: 32/-171 (-139) Function old new delta __addressable_tracing_set_default_clock8649 - 8 +8 __addressable_tracer_init_tracefs8631 - 8 +8 __addressable_ftrace_dump8383 - 8 +8 __addressable_clear_boot_tracer8632 - 8 +8 __addressable_tracing_set_default_clock8650 8 - -8 __addressable_tracer_init_tracefs8632 8 - -8 __addressable_ftrace_dump8384 8 - -8 __addressable_clear_boot_tracer8633 8 - -8 trace_default_header 663 642 -21 tracing_mark_raw_write 406 355 -51 tracing_mark_write 624 557 -67 Total: Before=63889, After=63750, chg -0.22% They're small and in .discard, so ignore them, leading to more useful add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/3 up/down: 0/-139 (-139) Function old new delta trace_default_header 663 642 -21 tracing_mark_raw_write 406 355 -51 tracing_mark_write 624 557 -67 Total: Before=63721, After=63582, chg -0.22% Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20181102210030.8383-1-linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk Signed-off-by: Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> Reviewed-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net> Cc: Maninder Singh <maninder1.s@samsung.com> Cc: Matteo Croce <mcroce@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2018-04-09syscalls/core, syscalls/x86: Clean up compat syscall stub naming conventionDominik Brodowski1-1/+1
Tidy the naming convention for compat syscall subs. Hints which describe the purpose of the stub go in front and receive a double underscore to denote that they are generated on-the-fly by the COMPAT_SYSCALL_DEFINEx() macro. For the generic case, this means: t kernel_waitid # common C function (see kernel/exit.c) __do_compat_sys_waitid # inlined helper doing the actual work # (takes original parameters as declared) T __se_compat_sys_waitid # sign-extending C function calling inlined # helper (takes parameters of type long, # casts them to unsigned long and then to # the declared type) T compat_sys_waitid # alias to __se_compat_sys_waitid() # (taking parameters as declared), to # be included in syscall table For x86, the naming is as follows: t kernel_waitid # common C function (see kernel/exit.c) __do_compat_sys_waitid # inlined helper doing the actual work # (takes original parameters as declared) t __se_compat_sys_waitid # sign-extending C function calling inlined # helper (takes parameters of type long, # casts them to unsigned long and then to # the declared type) T __ia32_compat_sys_waitid # IA32_EMULATION 32-bit-ptregs -> C stub, # calls __se_compat_sys_waitid(); to be # included in syscall table T __x32_compat_sys_waitid # x32 64-bit-ptregs -> C stub, calls # __se_compat_sys_waitid(); to be included # in syscall table If only one of IA32_EMULATION and x32 is enabled, __se_compat_sys_waitid() may be inlined into the stub __{ia32,x32}_compat_sys_waitid(). Suggested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org> Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com> Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180409105145.5364-3-linux@dominikbrodowski.net Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2018-04-09syscalls/core, syscalls/x86: Clean up syscall stub naming conventionDominik Brodowski1-1/+1
Tidy the naming convention for compat syscall subs. Hints which describe the purpose of the stub go in front and receive a double underscore to denote that they are generated on-the-fly by the SYSCALL_DEFINEx() macro. For the generic case, this means (0xffffffff prefix removed): 810f08d0 t kernel_waitid # common C function (see kernel/exit.c) <inline> __do_sys_waitid # inlined helper doing the actual work # (takes original parameters as declared) 810f1aa0 T __se_sys_waitid # sign-extending C function calling inlined # helper (takes parameters of type long; # casts them to the declared type) 810f1aa0 T sys_waitid # alias to __se_sys_waitid() (taking # parameters as declared), to be included # in syscall table For x86, the naming is as follows: 810efc70 t kernel_waitid # common C function (see kernel/exit.c) <inline> __do_sys_waitid # inlined helper doing the actual work # (takes original parameters as declared) 810efd60 t __se_sys_waitid # sign-extending C function calling inlined # helper (takes parameters of type long; # casts them to the declared type) 810f1140 T __ia32_sys_waitid # IA32_EMULATION 32-bit-ptregs -> C stub, # calls __se_sys_waitid(); to be included # in syscall table 810f1110 T sys_waitid # x86 64-bit-ptregs -> C stub, calls # __se_sys_waitid(); to be included in # syscall table For x86, sys_waitid() will be re-named to __x64_sys_waitid in a follow-up patch. Suggested-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Dominik Brodowski <linux@dominikbrodowski.net> Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org> Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de> Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com> Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com> Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20180409105145.5364-2-linux@dominikbrodowski.net Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2018-03-09scripts/bloat-o-meter: fix typos in helpMatteo Croce1-1/+1
The bloat-o-meter script has two typos in the help, fix both. Fixes: 192efb7a1f9b ("bloat-o-meter: provide 3 different arguments for data, function and All") Signed-off-by: Matteo Croce <mcroce@redhat.com> Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
2017-11-29scripts/bloat-o-meter: don't fail with division by 0Andy Shevchenko1-2/+5
Under some circumstances it's possible to get a divider 0 which crashes the script. Traceback (most recent call last): File "linux/scripts/bloat-o-meter", line 98, in <module> print_result("Function", "tTdDbBrR", 2) File "linux/scripts/bloat-o-meter", line 87, in print_result (otot, ntot, (ntot - otot)*100.0/otot)) ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero Hide this by checking the divider first. Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20171123171219.31453-1-andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com Signed-off-by: Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@linux.intel.com> Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Cc: Vaneet Narang <v.narang@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2017-11-15bloat-o-meter: provide 3 different arguments for data, function and AllManinder Singh1-34/+55
This patch provides 3 new arguments for bloat-o-meter 1) -c -> for all (showing function and data differently) 2) -d -> data 3) -t -> function output: ./scripts/bloat-o-meter -c "file1" "file2" add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 0/1 up/down: 0/-152 (-152) Function old new delta main 412 260 -152 Total: Before=548, After=396, chg -27.74% ########################################################## add/remove: 1/0 grow/shrink: 1/0 up/down: 84/0 (84) Data old new delta arr - 64 +64 backtrace 60 80 +20 Total: Before=109, After=193, chg +77.06% ########################################################## add/remove: 0/1 grow/shrink: 0/0 up/down: 0/-64 (-64) RO Data old new delta arr 64 - -64 Total: Before=68, After=4, chg -94.12% [maninder1.s@samsung.com: v1 -> v2] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1506569402-24787-1-git-send-email-maninder1.s@samsung.com Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1506336313-27187-1-git-send-email-maninder1.s@samsung.com Signed-off-by: Vaneet Narang <v.narang@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Maninder Singh <maninder1.s@samsung.com> Cc: Amit Sahrawat <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Cc: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> Cc: <pankaj.m@samsung.com> Cc: <a.sahrawat@samsung.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-12-12scripts/bloat-o-meter: compile .NUMBER regexAlexey Dobriyan1-1/+3
Every often used regex is better be compiled in Python. Speedup is about ~9.8% (whee!) $ perf stat -r 16 taskset -c 15 ./scripts/bloat-o-meter ../vmlinux-000 ../obj/vmlinux >/dev/null 7.091202853 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.15% ) +re.compile 6.397564973 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.34% ) Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161119004417.GB1200@avx2 Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-12-12scripts/bloat-o-meter: don't use readlines()Alexey Dobriyan1-11/+12
readlines() conses whole list before doing anything which is slower for big object files. Use per line iterator. Speed up is ~2% on "allyesconfig" type of kernel. $ perf stat -r 16 taskset -c 15 ./scripts/bloat-o-meter ../vmlinux-000 ../obj/vmlinux >/dev/null ... Before: 7.247708646 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.28% ) After: 7.091202853 seconds time elapsed ( +- 0.15% ) Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161119004143.GA1200@avx2 Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-11-11scripts/bloat-o-meter: fix SIGPIPEAlexey Dobriyan1-0/+3
Fix piping output to a program which quickly exits (read: head -n1) $ ./scripts/bloat-o-meter ../vmlinux-000 ../obj/vmlinux | head -n1 add/remove: 0/0 grow/shrink: 9/60 up/down: 124/-305 (-181) close failed in file object destructor: sys.excepthook is missing lost sys.stderr Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20161028204618.GA29923@avx2 Signed-off-by: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-07-26scripts/bloat-o-meter: fix percent on <1% changesRiku Voipio1-2/+2
Python divisions are integer divisions unless at least one parameter is a float. The current bloat-o-meter fails to print sub-percentage changes: Total: Before=10515408, After=10604060, chg 0.000000% Force float division by using one float and pretty the print to two significant decimals: Total: Before=10515408, After=10604060, chg +0.84% Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1465980311-23814-1-git-send-email-riku.voipio@linaro.org Signed-off-by: Riku Voipio <riku.voipio@linaro.org> Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Cc: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com> Cc: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-05-19scripts/bloat-o-meter: print percent changeVineet Gupta1-0/+6
This adds an additional line of output (to reduce the chances of breaking any existing output parsers) which prints the total size before and after and the relative difference. add/remove: 39/0 grow/shrink: 12408/55 up/down: 362227/-1430 (360797) function old new delta ext4_fill_super 10556 12590 +2034 _fpadd_parts - 1186 +1186 ntfs_fill_super 5340 6164 +824 ... ... __divdf3 752 386 -366 unlzma 3682 3274 -408 Total: Before=5023101, After=5383898, chg 7.000000% ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1463124110-30314-1-git-send-email-vgupta@synopsys.com Signed-off-by: Vineet Gupta <vgupta@synopsys.com> Cc: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Cc: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-01-14scripts/bloat-o-meter: fix python3 syntax errorSergey Senozhatsky1-4/+4
In Python3+ print is a function so the old syntax is not correct anymore: $ ./scripts/bloat-o-meter vmlinux.o vmlinux.o.old File "./scripts/bloat-o-meter", line 61 print "add/remove: %s/%s grow/shrink: %s/%s up/down: %s/%s (%s)" % \ ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax Fix by calling print as a function. Tested on python 2.7.11, 3.5.1 Signed-off-by: Sergey Senozhatsky <sergey.senozhatsky@gmail.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2014-08-23bloat-o-meter: Ignore syscall aliases SyS_ and compat_SyS_Josh Triplett1-0/+2
This avoids double-counting size changes in syscall implementations. Signed-off-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
2013-11-07scripts/bloat-o-meter: use .startswith rather than fragile slicingJosh Triplett1-1/+1
str.startswith has existed since at least Python 2.0, in 2000; use it rather than a fragile comparison against an initial slice of a string, which requires hard-coding the length of the string to compare against. Signed-off-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2013-11-07scripts/bloat-o-meter: ignore changes in the size of linux_bannerJosh Triplett1-0/+1
linux_banner can change size due to changes in the compiler, build number, or the user@host the system was compiled on; ignore size changes in linux_banner entirely. Signed-off-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2013-11-06kbuild, bloat-o-meter: fix static detectionAndi Kleen1-2/+2
Disable static detection: the static currently drops a lot of useful information including clones generated by gcc. Drop this. The statics will appear now without static. prefix. But remove the LTO .NUMBER postfixes that look ugly Signed-off-by: Andi Kleen <ak@linux.intel.com> Signed-off-by: Michal Marek <mmarek@suse.cz>
2011-03-22bloat-o-meter: include read-only data section in reportJean Delvare1-1/+3
I'm not sure why the read-only data section is excluded from the report, it seems as relevant as the other data sections (b and d). I've stripped the symbols starting with __mod_ as they can have their names dynamically generated and thus comparison between binaries is not possible. Signed-off-by: Jean Delvare <khali@linux-fr.org> Cc: Andi Kleen <andi@firstfloor.org> Acked-by: Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2007-12-17fix bloat-o-meter for ppc64Nathan Lynch1-1/+2
bloat-o-meter assumes that a '.' anywhere in a symbol's name means that it is static and prepends 'static.' to the first part of the symbol name, discarding the portion of the name that follows the '.'. However, the names of function entry points begin with '.' in the ppc64 ABI. This causes all function text size changes to be accounted to a single 'static.' entry in the output when comparing ppc64 kernels. Change getsizes() to ignore the first character of the symbol name when searching for '.'. Signed-off-by: Nathan Lynch <ntl@pobox.com> Cc: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2006-06-25[PATCH] bloat-o-meter: gcc-4 fixRob Landley1-1/+2
Upgrade scripts/bloat-o-meter to handle the names gcc 4 gives static symbols. Signed-off-by: Rob Landley <rob@landley.net> Signed-off-by: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
2006-04-11kbuild: fix mode of checkstack.pl and other files.Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso1-0/+0
Make it executable like it should be. Do the same for other files intended to be executed by the user - the ones called by the build process needn't be executable as they already work (as argument to their interpreter). Signed-off-by: Paolo 'Blaisorblade' Giarrusso <blaisorblade@yahoo.it> Signed-off-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
2006-01-08[PATCH] tiny: Add bloat-o-meter to scriptsMatt Mackall1-0/+58
This is a rewrite of Andi Kleen's bloat-o-meter with sorting and reporting of gainers/decliners. Sample output: add/remove: 0/8 grow/shrink: 2/0 up/down: 88/-4424 (-4336) function old new delta __copy_to_user_ll 59 103 +44 __copy_from_user_ll 59 103 +44 fill_note 32 - -32 maydump 58 - -58 dump_seek 67 - -67 writenote 180 - -180 elf_dump_thread_status 274 - -274 fill_psinfo 308 - -308 fill_prstatus 466 - -466 elf_core_dump 3039 - -3039 The summary line says: no functions added, 8 removed two functions grew, none shrunk we gained 88 bytes and lost 4424 (or -4336 net) This work was sponsored in part by CE Linux Forum Signed-off-by: Matt Mackall <mpm@selenic.com> Cc: Andi Kleen <ak@muc.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>