object: surfacewip/objectify3

48 files changed, 888 insertions, 942 deletions

diff --git a/src/cairo-analysis-surface.c b/src/cairo-analysis-surface.c
index 01428b49f..9adbd19b2 100644
--- a/src/cairo-analysis-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-analysis-surface.c
@@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ _cairo_analysis_surface_create (cairo_surface_t		*target)
     cairo_analysis_surface_t *surface;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    status = target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ _cairo_analysis_surface_create (cairo_surface_t		*target)
     cairo_matrix_init_identity (&surface->ctm);
     surface->has_ctm = FALSE;
 
-    surface->target = cairo_surface_reference (target);
+    surface->target = _cairo_surface_reference (target);
     surface->first_op  = TRUE;
     surface->has_supported = FALSE;
     surface->has_unsupported = FALSE;
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ _cairo_analysis_surface_set_ctm (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
 {
     cairo_analysis_surface_t	*surface;
 
-    if (abstract_surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
 
     surface = (cairo_analysis_surface_t *) abstract_surface;
diff --git a/src/cairo-clip.c b/src/cairo-clip.c
index 2d6ac152d..975ab08b3 100644
--- a/src/cairo-clip.c
+++ b/src/cairo-clip.c
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ _cairo_clip_path_reapply_clip_path_translate (cairo_clip_t      *clip,
 
 	cairo_region_translate (clip_path->region, tx, ty);
     }
-    clip_path->surface = cairo_surface_reference (other_path->surface);
+    clip_path->surface = _cairo_surface_reference (other_path->surface);
 
     clip_path->extents = other_path->extents;
     clip_path->extents.x += tx;
@@ -980,7 +980,7 @@ _cairo_clip_path_get_surface (cairo_clip_path_t *clip_path,
 					      clip_extents->width,
 					      clip_extents->height);
     }
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return surface;
 
     need_translate = clip_extents->x | clip_extents->y;
@@ -1066,7 +1066,7 @@ _cairo_clip_path_get_surface (cairo_clip_path_t *clip_path,
 	    int prev_tx, prev_ty;
 
 	    prev_surface = _cairo_clip_path_get_surface (prev, target, &prev_tx, &prev_ty);
-	    status = prev_surface->status;
+	    status = _cairo_surface_status (prev_surface);
 	    if (unlikely (status))
 		goto BAIL;
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-directfb-surface.c b/src/cairo-directfb-surface.c
index 75a9e5c72..84104f2c1 100644
--- a/src/cairo-directfb-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-directfb-surface.c
@@ -491,8 +491,8 @@ _directfb_acquire_surface (cairo_directfb_surface_t  *surface,
 
     image = _cairo_image_surface_create_for_pixman_image (pixman_image,
 							  pixman_format);
-    status = image->status;
-    if (status)
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
+    if (unlikely (status))
         goto ERROR;
 
     if (image_rect_out) {
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ _cairo_directfb_surface_clone_similar (void             *abstract_surface,
     if (src->backend == surface->base.backend) {
 	*clone_offset_x = 0;
 	*clone_offset_y = 0;
-	*clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (src);
+	*clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (src);
 
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     } else if (_cairo_surface_is_image (src)) {
@@ -735,6 +735,7 @@ _cairo_directfb_surface_clone_similar (void             *abstract_surface,
 	pixman_image_t	      *pixman_image;
 	void *data;
 	int pitch;
+	cairo_status_t status;
 
 	format = _directfb_from_pixman_format (image_src->pixman_format);
 	if (format == 0)
@@ -744,8 +745,9 @@ _cairo_directfb_surface_clone_similar (void             *abstract_surface,
 	    _cairo_directfb_surface_create_internal (surface->dfb, format,
 						     image_src->base.content,
 						     width, height);
-	if (unlikely (clone->base.status))
-	    return clone->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&clone->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	ret = clone->dfbsurface->Lock (clone->dfbsurface,
 				       DSLF_WRITE, (void *)&data, &pitch);
diff --git a/src/cairo-ft-font.c b/src/cairo-ft-font.c
index 7292f8593..683efcc38 100644
--- a/src/cairo-ft-font.c
+++ b/src/cairo-ft-font.c
@@ -1107,14 +1107,15 @@ _get_bitmap_surface (FT_Bitmap		     *bitmap,
     unsigned char *data;
     int format = CAIRO_FORMAT_A8;
     cairo_image_surface_t *image;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     width = bitmap->width;
     height = bitmap->rows;
 
     if (width == 0 || height == 0) {
-	*surface = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
+	*surface = image = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
 	    cairo_image_surface_create_for_data (NULL, format, 0, 0, 0);
-	return (*surface)->base.status;
+	return _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
     }
 
     switch (bitmap->pixel_mode) {
@@ -1202,9 +1203,10 @@ _get_bitmap_surface (FT_Bitmap		     *bitmap,
 	cairo_image_surface_create_for_data (data,
 					     format,
 					     width, height, stride);
-    if (image->base.status) {
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	free (data);
-	return (*surface)->base.status;
+	return status;
     }
 
     if (format == CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32)
@@ -1322,8 +1324,9 @@ _render_glyph_outline (FT_Face                    face,
 
 	(*surface) = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
 	    cairo_image_surface_create_for_data (NULL, format, 0, 0, 0);
-	if ((*surface)->base.status)
-	    return (*surface)->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&(*surface)->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
     } else {
 
 	int bitmap_size;
@@ -1512,8 +1515,9 @@ _transform_glyph_bitmap (cairo_matrix_t         * shape,
 	return status;
 
     image = cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_A8, width, height);
-    if (unlikely (image->status))
-	return image->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     /* Draw the original bitmap transformed into the new bitmap
      */
diff --git a/src/cairo-gl-glyphs.c b/src/cairo-gl-glyphs.c
index 1f2741259..7cbadbd5c 100644
--- a/src/cairo-gl-glyphs.c
+++ b/src/cairo-gl-glyphs.c
@@ -155,12 +155,13 @@ cairo_gl_context_get_glyph_cache (cairo_gl_context_t *ctx,
 
     if (unlikely (cache->pattern.surface == NULL)) {
         cairo_surface_t *surface;
+	cairo_status_t status;
         surface = cairo_gl_surface_create (&ctx->base,
                                            content,
                                            GLYPH_CACHE_WIDTH,
                                            GLYPH_CACHE_HEIGHT);
-        if (unlikely (surface->status)) {
-            cairo_status_t status = surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+        if (unlikely (status)) {
             cairo_surface_destroy (surface);
             return status;
         }
@@ -389,8 +390,9 @@ _cairo_gl_surface_show_glyphs_via_mask (cairo_gl_surface_t	*dst,
                                     CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA,
                                     glyph_extents->width,
                                     glyph_extents->height);
-    if (unlikely (mask->status))
-        return mask->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (mask);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     for (i = 0; i < num_glyphs; i++) {
 	glyphs[i].x -= glyph_extents->x;
diff --git a/src/cairo-gl-surface.c b/src/cairo-gl-surface.c
index ad47d5a42..3f6b84784 100644
--- a/src/cairo-gl-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-gl-surface.c
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ _cairo_gl_surface_create_scratch (cairo_gl_context_t   *ctx,
     surface = (cairo_gl_surface_t *)
 	_cairo_gl_surface_create_scratch_for_texture (ctx, content,
 						      tex, width, height);
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&surface->base)))
 	return &surface->base;
 
     surface->owns_tex = TRUE;
@@ -524,8 +524,9 @@ cairo_gl_surface_create (cairo_device_t		*abstract_device,
 
     surface = (cairo_gl_surface_t *)
 	_cairo_gl_surface_create_scratch (ctx, content, width, height);
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status)) {
-	status = _cairo_gl_context_release (ctx, surface->base.status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&surface->base);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	status = _cairo_gl_context_release (ctx, status);
 	cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->base);
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
     }
@@ -615,7 +616,7 @@ cairo_gl_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
     cairo_gl_surface_t *surface = (cairo_gl_surface_t *) abstract_surface;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
 	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
@@ -665,7 +666,7 @@ cairo_gl_surface_swapbuffers (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface)
     cairo_gl_surface_t *surface = (cairo_gl_surface_t *) abstract_surface;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
 	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
@@ -763,7 +764,8 @@ _cairo_gl_surface_draw_image (cairo_gl_surface_t *dst,
 	cairo_bool_t is_supported;
 
 	clone = _cairo_image_surface_coerce (src);
-	if (unlikely (status = clone->base.status))
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&clone->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto FAIL;
 
 	is_supported =
@@ -856,7 +858,7 @@ _cairo_gl_surface_draw_image (cairo_gl_surface_t *dst,
         tmp = _cairo_gl_surface_create_scratch (ctx,
                                                 dst->base.content,
                                                 width, height);
-        if (unlikely (tmp->status)) {
+	if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (tmp))) {
             cairo_surface_destroy (tmp);
             goto FAIL;
         }
@@ -967,8 +969,9 @@ _cairo_gl_surface_get_image (cairo_gl_surface_t      *surface,
 							interest->width,
 							interest->height,
 							-1);
-    if (unlikely (image->base.status))
-	return _cairo_gl_context_release (ctx, image->base.status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_gl_context_release (ctx, status);
 
     /* This is inefficient, as we'd rather just read the thing without making
      * it the destination.  But then, this is the fallback path, so let's not
@@ -1108,7 +1111,7 @@ _cairo_gl_surface_clone_similar (void		     *abstract_surface,
         _cairo_gl_surface_is_texture ((cairo_gl_surface_t *) src)) {
 	*clone_offset_x = 0;
 	*clone_offset_y = 0;
-	*clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (src);
+	*clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (src);
 
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     } else if (_cairo_surface_is_image (src)) {
@@ -1122,8 +1125,9 @@ _cairo_gl_surface_clone_similar (void		     *abstract_surface,
 					      width, height);
 	if (clone == NULL)
 	    return UNSUPPORTED ("create_similar failed");
-	if (clone->base.status)
-	    return clone->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&clone->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	status = _cairo_gl_surface_draw_image (clone, image_src,
 					       src_x, src_y,
@@ -1158,6 +1162,7 @@ _cairo_gl_get_traps_pattern (cairo_gl_surface_t *dst,
     pixman_image_t *image;
     cairo_surface_t *surface;
     int i;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     pixman_format = antialias != CAIRO_ANTIALIAS_NONE ? PIXMAN_a8 : PIXMAN_a1,
     image = pixman_image_create_bits (pixman_format, width, height, NULL, 0);
@@ -1185,9 +1190,10 @@ _cairo_gl_get_traps_pattern (cairo_gl_surface_t *dst,
 
     surface = _cairo_image_surface_create_for_pixman_image (image,
 							    pixman_format);
-    if (unlikely (surface->status)) {
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	pixman_image_unref (image);
-	return surface->status;
+	return status;
     }
 
     _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (pattern, surface);
diff --git a/src/cairo-gstate.c b/src/cairo-gstate.c
index f60f49575..0a0e24f2f 100644
--- a/src/cairo-gstate.c
+++ b/src/cairo-gstate.c
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ _cairo_gstate_init (cairo_gstate_t  *gstate,
 
     _cairo_clip_init (&gstate->clip);
 
-    gstate->target = cairo_surface_reference (target);
+    gstate->target = _cairo_surface_reference (target);
     gstate->parent_target = NULL;
-    gstate->original_target = cairo_surface_reference (target);
+    gstate->original_target = _cairo_surface_reference (target);
 
     gstate->device_transform_observer.callback = _cairo_gstate_update_device_transform;
     cairo_list_add (&gstate->device_transform_observer.link,
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ _cairo_gstate_init (cairo_gstate_t  *gstate,
     /* Now that the gstate is fully initialized and ready for the eventual
      * _cairo_gstate_fini(), we can check for errors (and not worry about
      * the resource deallocation). */
-    status = target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
@@ -174,10 +174,10 @@ _cairo_gstate_init_copy (cairo_gstate_t *gstate, cairo_gstate_t *other)
 
     _cairo_clip_init_copy (&gstate->clip, &other->clip);
 
-    gstate->target = cairo_surface_reference (other->target);
+    gstate->target = _cairo_surface_reference (other->target);
     /* parent_target is always set to NULL; it's only ever set by redirect_target */
     gstate->parent_target = NULL;
-    gstate->original_target = cairo_surface_reference (other->original_target);
+    gstate->original_target = _cairo_surface_reference (other->original_target);
 
     gstate->device_transform_observer.callback = _cairo_gstate_update_device_transform;
     cairo_list_add (&gstate->device_transform_observer.link,
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ _cairo_gstate_redirect_target (cairo_gstate_t *gstate, cairo_surface_t *child)
 
     /* Now set up our new target; we overwrite gstate->target directly,
      * since its ref is now owned by gstate->parent_target */
-    gstate->target = cairo_surface_reference (child);
+    gstate->target = _cairo_surface_reference (child);
     gstate->is_identity &= _cairo_matrix_is_identity (&child->device_transform);
     cairo_list_move (&gstate->device_transform_observer.link,
 		     &gstate->target->device_transform_observers);
@@ -1355,14 +1355,14 @@ cairo_status_t
 _cairo_gstate_copy_page (cairo_gstate_t *gstate)
 {
     cairo_surface_copy_page (gstate->target);
-    return cairo_surface_status (gstate->target);
+    return _cairo_surface_status (gstate->target);
 }
 
 cairo_status_t
 _cairo_gstate_show_page (cairo_gstate_t *gstate)
 {
     cairo_surface_show_page (gstate->target);
-    return cairo_surface_status (gstate->target);
+    return _cairo_surface_status (gstate->target);
 }
 
 static void
diff --git a/src/cairo-image-surface.c b/src/cairo-image-surface.c
index 7fc1f391a..c12e95286 100644
--- a/src/cairo-image-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-image-surface.c
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ _cairo_image_surface_create_with_pixman_format (unsigned char		*data,
 
     surface = _cairo_image_surface_create_for_pixman_image (pixman_image,
 							    pixman_format);
-    if (unlikely (surface->status)) {
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface))) {
 	pixman_image_unref (pixman_image);
 	return surface;
     }
@@ -1634,7 +1634,7 @@ _pixman_image_for_pattern (const cairo_pattern_t *pattern,
 	height = extents->height;
 
 	image = cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32, width, height);
-	if (unlikely (image->status))
+	if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (image)))
 	    return NULL;
 
 	stride = cairo_image_surface_get_stride (image);
@@ -1663,8 +1663,8 @@ _cairo_image_surface_fixup_unbounded (cairo_image_surface_t *dst,
 	int clip_x, clip_y;
 
 	clip_surface = _cairo_clip_get_surface (clip, &dst->base, &clip_x, &clip_y);
-	if (unlikely (clip_surface->status))
-	    return clip_surface->status;
+	if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (clip_surface)))
+	    return _cairo_surface_status (clip_surface);
 
 	mask = ((cairo_image_surface_t *) clip_surface)->pixman_image;
 	mask_x = -clip_x;
@@ -1946,7 +1946,7 @@ _create_composite_mask_pattern (cairo_clip_t                  *clip,
 	cairo_surface_t *tmp;
 
 	tmp = _cairo_image_surface_create_for_pixman_image (mask, PIXMAN_a8);
-	if (unlikely (tmp->status)) {
+	if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (tmp))) {
 	    pixman_image_unref (mask);
 	    return NULL;
 	}
@@ -2085,7 +2085,7 @@ _clip_and_composite_combine (cairo_clip_t                  *clip,
 
     assert (clip->path != NULL);
     clip_surface = _cairo_clip_get_surface (clip, &dst->base, &clip_x, &clip_y);
-    if (unlikely (clip_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (clip_surface)))
 	goto CLEANUP_SURFACE;
 
     if (! dst->base.is_clear) {
@@ -2956,8 +2956,8 @@ _composite_boxes (cairo_image_surface_t *dst,
 	    int clip_x, clip_y;
 
 	    clip_surface = _cairo_clip_get_surface (clip, &dst->base, &clip_x, &clip_y);
-	    if (unlikely (clip_surface->status))
-		return clip_surface->status;
+	    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (clip_surface)))
+		return _cairo_surface_status (clip_surface);
 
 	    mask_x = -clip_x;
 	    mask_y = -clip_y;
@@ -4160,7 +4160,7 @@ _cairo_image_surface_clone_similar (void               *abstract_surface,
 
     if (src->backend == surface->base.backend) {
 	*clone_offset_x = *clone_offset_y = 0;
-	*clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (src);
+	*clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (src);
 
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
@@ -4652,16 +4652,16 @@ _cairo_image_surface_coerce_to_format (cairo_image_surface_t *surface,
     cairo_image_surface_t *clone;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    status = surface->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&surface->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return (cairo_image_surface_t *)_cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
     if (surface->format == format)
-	return (cairo_image_surface_t *)cairo_surface_reference(&surface->base);
+	return (cairo_image_surface_t *)_cairo_surface_reference (&surface->base);
 
     clone = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
 	cairo_image_surface_create (format, surface->width, surface->height);
-    if (unlikely (clone->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&clone->base)))
 	return clone;
 
     pixman_image_composite32 (PIXMAN_OP_SRC,
diff --git a/src/cairo-object-wrappers-private.h b/src/cairo-object-wrappers-private.h
index 0fd57fd9a..7202a8e33 100644
--- a/src/cairo-object-wrappers-private.h
+++ b/src/cairo-object-wrappers-private.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 #define CAIRO_OBJECT_CHECK_TYPES
 #ifdef CAIRO_OBJECT_CHECK_TYPES
 
-#include "cairoint.h"
+//#include "cairoint.h"
 
 #define CAIRO_OBJECT_BASE_WRAPPERS(opt, type, prefix, c)		\
     opt type *								\
diff --git a/src/cairo-paginated-surface.c b/src/cairo-paginated-surface.c
index 884c43e5f..417ee0788 100644
--- a/src/cairo-paginated-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-paginated-surface.c
@@ -111,13 +111,13 @@ _cairo_paginated_surface_create (cairo_surface_t				*target,
      * evidence of the paginated wrapper out to the user. */
     surface->base.type = target->type;
 
-    surface->target = cairo_surface_reference (target);
+    surface->target = _cairo_surface_reference (target);
 
     surface->content = content;
     surface->backend = backend;
 
     surface->recording_surface = _create_recording_surface_for_target (target, content);
-    status = surface->recording_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->recording_surface);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	goto FAIL_CLEANUP_SURFACE;
 
@@ -172,11 +172,11 @@ _cairo_paginated_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
     cairo_surface_destroy (paginated_surface->recording_surface);
     paginated_surface->recording_surface = cairo_recording_surface_create (paginated_surface->content,
 									   &recording_extents);
-    status = paginated_surface->recording_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (paginated_surface->recording_surface);
     if (unlikely (status))
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 
-    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+    return status;
 }
 
 static cairo_status_t
@@ -197,15 +197,15 @@ _cairo_paginated_surface_finish (void *abstract_surface)
       * and check the status afterwards. However, we can only call finish()
       * on the target, if we own it.
       */
-    if (CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_GET_VALUE (&surface->target->ref_count) == 1)
+    if (_cairo_surface_get_reference_count (surface->target) == 1)
 	cairo_surface_finish (surface->target);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
-	status = cairo_surface_status (surface->target);
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->target);
     cairo_surface_destroy (surface->target);
 
     cairo_surface_finish (surface->recording_surface);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
-	status = cairo_surface_status (surface->recording_surface);
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->recording_surface);
     cairo_surface_destroy (surface->recording_surface);
 
     return status;
@@ -328,22 +328,27 @@ _paint_page (cairo_paginated_surface_t *surface)
     cairo_status_t status;
     cairo_bool_t has_supported, has_page_fallback, has_finegrained_fallback;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->target->status))
-	return surface->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     analysis = _cairo_analysis_surface_create (surface->target);
-    if (unlikely (analysis->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface->target, analysis->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (analysis);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface->target, status);
+	return status;
+    }
 
     surface->backend->set_paginated_mode (surface->target,
 	                                  CAIRO_PAGINATED_MODE_ANALYZE);
     status = _cairo_recording_surface_replay_and_create_regions (surface->recording_surface,
 								 analysis);
-    if (status || analysis->status) {
-	if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
-	    status = analysis->status;
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	goto FAIL;
+
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (analysis);
+    if (unlikely (status))
 	goto FAIL;
-    }
 
      if (surface->backend->set_bounding_box) {
 	 cairo_box_t bbox;
@@ -438,20 +443,28 @@ _paint_page (cairo_paginated_surface_t *surface)
   FAIL:
     cairo_surface_destroy (analysis);
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface->target, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface->target, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 static cairo_status_t
 _start_page (cairo_paginated_surface_t *surface)
 {
-    if (surface->target->status)
-	return surface->target->status;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (! surface->backend->start_page)
-	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface->target,
-	                        surface->backend->start_page (surface->target));
+    if (surface->backend->start_page) {
+	status = surface->backend->start_page (surface->target);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface->target, status);
+    }
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 static cairo_int_status_t
@@ -478,7 +491,7 @@ _cairo_paginated_surface_copy_page (void *abstract_surface)
      * the recording-surface. */
 
     cairo_surface_show_page (surface->target);
-    return cairo_surface_status (surface->target);
+    return _cairo_surface_status (surface->target);
 }
 
 static cairo_int_status_t
@@ -496,11 +509,11 @@ _cairo_paginated_surface_show_page (void *abstract_surface)
 	return status;
 
     cairo_surface_show_page (surface->target);
-    status = surface->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->target);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
-    status = surface->recording_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->recording_surface);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
@@ -509,7 +522,7 @@ _cairo_paginated_surface_show_page (void *abstract_surface)
 
 	surface->recording_surface = _create_recording_surface_for_target (surface->target,
 									   surface->content);
-	status = surface->recording_surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->recording_surface);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    return status;
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-pattern.c b/src/cairo-pattern.c
index 35ad781a6..6cff613a4 100644
--- a/src/cairo-pattern.c
+++ b/src/cairo-pattern.c
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ _cairo_pattern_init_copy (cairo_pattern_t	*pattern,
 	VG (VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED (pattern, sizeof (cairo_surface_pattern_t)));
 
 	*dst = *src;
-	cairo_surface_reference (dst->surface);
+	_cairo_surface_reference (dst->surface);
     } break;
     case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_LINEAR:
     case CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_RADIAL: {
@@ -301,11 +301,10 @@ _cairo_pattern_init_snapshot (cairo_pattern_t       *pattern,
 
 	cairo_surface_destroy (surface);
 
-	if (surface_pattern->surface->status)
-	    return surface_pattern->surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface_pattern->surface);
     }
 
-    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+    return status;
 }
 
 void
@@ -416,16 +415,17 @@ void
 _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (cairo_surface_pattern_t *pattern,
 				 cairo_surface_t	 *surface)
 {
-    if (surface->status) {
+    cairo_status_t status;
+
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	/* Force to solid to simplify the pattern_fini process. */
 	_cairo_pattern_init (&pattern->base, CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SOLID);
-	_cairo_pattern_set_error (&pattern->base, surface->status);
-	return;
+	_cairo_pattern_set_error (&pattern->base, status);
+    } else {
+	_cairo_pattern_init (&pattern->base, CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE);
+	pattern->surface = _cairo_surface_reference (surface);
     }
-
-    _cairo_pattern_init (&pattern->base, CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE);
-
-    pattern->surface = cairo_surface_reference (surface);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -571,12 +571,14 @@ cairo_pattern_t *
 cairo_pattern_create_for_surface (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 {
     cairo_surface_pattern_t *pattern;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     if (unlikely (surface == NULL))
 	return _cairo_pattern_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_NULL_POINTER);
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return _cairo_pattern_create_in_error (surface->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_pattern_create_in_error (status);
 
     pattern =
 	_freed_pool_get (&freed_pattern_pool[CAIRO_PATTERN_TYPE_SURFACE]);
@@ -2021,10 +2023,10 @@ _cairo_pattern_acquire_surface_for_gradient (const cairo_gradient_pattern_t *pat
 	image = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
 	    _cairo_image_surface_create_for_pixman_image (pixman_image,
 							  PIXMAN_a8r8g8b8);
-	if (image->base.status)
-	{
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+	if (unlikely (status)) {
 	    pixman_image_unref (pixman_image);
-	    return image->base.status;
+	    return status;
 	}
 
 	attr->x_offset = attr->y_offset = 0;
@@ -2071,9 +2073,10 @@ _cairo_pattern_acquire_surface_for_gradient (const cairo_gradient_pattern_t *pat
 
     image = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
 	cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32, width, height);
-    if (image->base.status) {
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	pixman_image_unref (pixman_image);
-	return image->base.status;
+	return status;
     }
 
     ix = x;
@@ -2156,8 +2159,9 @@ _cairo_pattern_acquire_surface_for_mesh (const cairo_mesh_pattern_t *pattern,
     int stride;
 
     image = cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32, width, height);
-    if (unlikely (image->status))
-	return image->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     stride = cairo_image_surface_get_stride (image);
     data = cairo_image_surface_get_data (image);
@@ -2207,7 +2211,7 @@ _cairo_pattern_solid_surface_matches (
     if (cairo_surface_get_content (cache->surface) != _cairo_color_get_content (&pattern->color))
 	return FALSE;
 
-    if (CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_GET_VALUE (&cache->surface->ref_count) != 1)
+    if (_cairo_surface_get_reference_count (cache->surface) != 1)
 	return FALSE;
 
     if (! _cairo_surface_is_similar (cache->surface, dst))
@@ -2278,7 +2282,7 @@ _cairo_pattern_acquire_surface_for_solid (const cairo_solid_pattern_t	     *patt
 	    if (unlikely (status))
 		goto EVICT;
 
-	    cairo_surface_reference (surface);
+	    _cairo_surface_reference (surface);
 	}
 	else
 	{
@@ -2294,10 +2298,9 @@ _cairo_pattern_acquire_surface_for_solid (const cairo_solid_pattern_t	     *patt
 	    status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
 	    goto UNLOCK;
 	}
-	if (unlikely (surface->status)) {
-	    status = surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto UNLOCK;
-	}
 
 	if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_similar (surface, dst)))
 	{
@@ -2317,7 +2320,7 @@ _cairo_pattern_acquire_surface_for_solid (const cairo_solid_pattern_t	     *patt
     solid_surface_cache.cache[i].color   = pattern->color;
 
 DONE:
-    *out = cairo_surface_reference (solid_surface_cache.cache[i].surface);
+    *out = _cairo_surface_reference (solid_surface_cache.cache[i].surface);
 
 NOCACHE:
     attribs->x_offset = attribs->y_offset = 0;
@@ -3618,7 +3621,7 @@ _cairo_pattern_acquire_surface_for_surface (const cairo_surface_pattern_t   *pat
     cairo_bool_t is_bounded;
     cairo_int_status_t status;
 
-    surface = cairo_surface_reference (pattern->surface);
+    surface = _cairo_surface_reference (pattern->surface);
 
     is_identity = FALSE;
     attr->matrix = pattern->base.matrix;
@@ -3714,9 +3717,10 @@ _cairo_pattern_acquire_surface_for_surface (const cairo_surface_pattern_t   *pat
 						       FALSE);
 	if (surface == NULL)
 	    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
-	if (unlikely (surface->status)) {
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+	if (unlikely (status)) {
 	    cairo_surface_destroy (src);
-	    return surface->status;
+	    return status;
 	}
 
 	surface->device_transform = pattern->surface->device_transform;
diff --git a/src/cairo-pdf-surface.c b/src/cairo-pdf-surface.c
index d4cffe6f1..15da4d6f3 100644
--- a/src/cairo-pdf-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-pdf-surface.c
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_create_for_stream_internal (cairo_output_stream_t	*output,
 					  CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA,
 					  &cairo_pdf_surface_paginated_backend);
 
-    status = surface->paginated_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->paginated_surface);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
 	/* paginated keeps the only reference to surface now, drop ours */
 	cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->base);
@@ -514,37 +514,33 @@ _extract_pdf_surface (cairo_surface_t		 *surface,
 		      cairo_pdf_surface_t	**pdf_surface)
 {
     cairo_surface_t *target;
-    cairo_status_t status_ignored;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return FALSE;
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return FALSE;
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
-        return FALSE;
     }
 
-    if (! _cairo_surface_is_paginated (surface)) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_paginated (surface))) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
     target = _cairo_paginated_surface_get_target (surface);
-    if (target->status) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   target->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 	return FALSE;
     }
-    if (target->finished) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (target->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
-    if (! _cairo_surface_is_pdf (target)) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_pdf (target))) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
@@ -659,8 +655,8 @@ cairo_pdf_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
     status = _cairo_paginated_surface_set_size (pdf_surface->paginated_surface,
 						width_in_points,
 						height_in_points);
-    if (status)
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1217,7 +1213,7 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_add_source_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t	*surface,
     _cairo_pdf_source_surface_init_key (surface_entry);
 
     src_surface.hash_entry = surface_entry;
-    src_surface.surface = cairo_surface_reference (source);
+    src_surface.surface = _cairo_surface_reference (source);
     surface_entry->surface_res = _cairo_pdf_surface_new_object (surface);
     if (surface_entry->surface_res.id == 0) {
 	cairo_surface_destroy (source);
@@ -1671,7 +1667,7 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_finish (void *abstract_surface)
     cairo_pdf_resource_t info, catalog;
     cairo_status_t status, status2;
 
-    status = surface->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)
 	status = _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_font_subsets (surface);
 
@@ -2144,8 +2140,9 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_jpeg_image (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
 
     cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
 				 &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
-    if (unlikely (source->status))
-	return source->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (source);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
     if (mime_data == NULL)
 	return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
 
@@ -2251,10 +2248,9 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_padded_image_surface (cairo_pdf_surface_t     *surface,
         pad_image = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (pattern->surface->content,
                                                               rect.width,
                                                               rect.height);
-        if (pad_image->status) {
-            status = pad_image->status;
-            goto BAIL;
-        }
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (pad_image);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    goto BAIL;
 
         _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&pad_pattern, &image->base);
         cairo_matrix_init_translate (&pad_pattern.base.matrix, -x, -y);
@@ -4756,9 +4752,10 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_user_font_subset (cairo_scaled_font_subset_t *font_su
 						       null_stream,
 						       _cairo_pdf_emit_imagemask,
 						       surface->font_subsets);
-    if (unlikely (type3_surface->status)) {
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (type3_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	status2 = _cairo_output_stream_destroy (null_stream);
-	return type3_surface->status;
+	return status;
     }
 
     _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_set_font_subsets_callback (type3_surface,
@@ -4817,10 +4814,11 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_type3_font_subset (cairo_pdf_surface_t		*surface,
 						       NULL,
 						       _cairo_pdf_emit_imagemask,
 						       surface->font_subsets);
-    if (unlikely (type3_surface->status)) {
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (type3_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
         free (glyphs);
         free (widths);
-	return type3_surface->status;
+	return status;
     }
 
     _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_set_font_subsets_callback (type3_surface,
@@ -5477,8 +5475,9 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_analyze_surface_pattern_transparency (cairo_pdf_surface_t
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
-    if (image->base.status)
-	return image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
     if (transparency == CAIRO_IMAGE_IS_OPAQUE)
@@ -5703,8 +5702,9 @@ _cairo_pdf_surface_emit_stencil_mask (cairo_pdf_surface_t   *surface,
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
-    if (image->base.status)
-	return image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (image->format != CAIRO_FORMAT_A1) {
 	status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
diff --git a/src/cairo-png.c b/src/cairo-png.c
index 0e2f4b0f5..359f94d9a 100644
--- a/src/cairo-png.c
+++ b/src/cairo-png.c
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ write_png (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
      * by coercing them to a simpler format using pixman.
      */
     clone = _cairo_image_surface_coerce (image);
-    status = clone->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&clone->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
         goto BAIL1;
 
@@ -355,8 +355,9 @@ cairo_surface_write_to_png (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
     FILE *fp;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (surface->finished)
 	return CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED;
@@ -420,9 +421,11 @@ cairo_surface_write_to_png_stream (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
 				   void			*closure)
 {
     struct png_write_closure_t png_closure;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (surface->finished)
 	return CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED;
@@ -677,7 +680,7 @@ read_png (struct png_read_closure_t *png_closure)
     surface = cairo_image_surface_create_for_data (data, format,
 						   png_width, png_height,
 						   stride);
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (_cairo_surface_status (surface))
 	goto BAIL;
 
     _cairo_image_surface_assume_ownership_of_data ((cairo_image_surface_t*)surface);
diff --git a/src/cairo-ps-surface.c b/src/cairo-ps-surface.c
index 10a740283..bd5e46980 100644
--- a/src/cairo-ps-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-ps-surface.c
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ _cairo_ps_surface_emit_type3_font_subset (cairo_ps_surface_t		*surface,
 						       NULL,
 						       _cairo_ps_emit_imagemask,
 						       surface->font_subsets);
-    status = type3_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (type3_surface);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ _cairo_ps_surface_create_for_stream_internal (cairo_output_stream_t *stream,
 	                                   &surface->base,
 					   CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA,
 					   &cairo_ps_surface_paginated_backend);
-    status = surface->paginated_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->paginated_surface);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
 	/* paginated keeps the only reference to surface now, drop ours */
 	cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->base);
@@ -1144,41 +1144,38 @@ _extract_ps_surface (cairo_surface_t	 *surface,
 		     cairo_ps_surface_t **ps_surface)
 {
     cairo_surface_t *target;
-    cairo_status_t status_ignored;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return FALSE;
-    if (surface->finished) {
-        if (set_error_on_failure)
-            status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-                                                       CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	if (set_error_on_failure)
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
-    if (! _cairo_surface_is_paginated (surface)) {
-        if (set_error_on_failure)
-            status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-                                                       CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_paginated (surface))) {
+	if (set_error_on_failure)
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
     target = _cairo_paginated_surface_get_target (surface);
-    if (target->status) {
-        if (set_error_on_failure)
-            status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, target->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	if (set_error_on_failure)
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 	return FALSE;
     }
-    if (target->finished) {
-        if (set_error_on_failure)
-            status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-                                                       CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (target->finished)) {
+	if (set_error_on_failure)
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
-    if (! _cairo_surface_is_ps (target)) {
-        if (set_error_on_failure)
-            status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-                                                       CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_ps (target))) {
+	if (set_error_on_failure)
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
@@ -1342,8 +1339,8 @@ cairo_ps_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
     status = _cairo_paginated_surface_set_size (ps_surface->paginated_surface,
 						width_in_points,
 						height_in_points);
-    if (status)
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1447,27 +1444,27 @@ cairo_ps_surface_dsc_comment (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
 	return;
 
     /* A couple of sanity checks on the comment value. */
-    if (comment == NULL) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_NULL_POINTER);
+    if (unlikely (comment == NULL)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_NULL_POINTER);
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (comment[0] != '%' || strlen (comment) > 255) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_DSC_COMMENT);
+    if (unlikely (comment[0] != '%' || strlen (comment) > 255)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_DSC_COMMENT);
 	return;
     }
 
     /* Then, copy the comment and store it in the appropriate array. */
     comment_copy = strdup (comment);
     if (unlikely (comment_copy == NULL)) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_NO_MEMORY);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_NO_MEMORY);
 	return;
     }
 
     status = _cairo_array_append (ps_surface->dsc_comment_target, &comment_copy);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	free (comment_copy);
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 	return;
     }
 }
@@ -1540,7 +1537,7 @@ _cairo_ps_surface_finish (void *abstract_surface)
     int i, num_comments;
     char **comments;
 
-    status = surface->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&surface->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	goto CLEANUP;
 
@@ -1671,8 +1668,9 @@ _cairo_ps_surface_analyze_surface_pattern_transparency (cairo_ps_surface_t
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
-    if (image->base.status)
-	return image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     transparency = _cairo_image_analyze_transparency (image);
     switch (transparency) {
@@ -2007,8 +2005,9 @@ _cairo_ps_surface_flatten_image_transparency (cairo_ps_surface_t    *surface,
     opaque = cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_RGB24,
 					 image->width,
 					 image->height);
-    if (unlikely (opaque->status))
-	return opaque->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (opaque);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (surface->content == CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA) {
 	status = _cairo_surface_paint (opaque,
@@ -2090,8 +2089,9 @@ _cairo_ps_surface_emit_image (cairo_ps_surface_t    *surface,
     int bit;
     const char *interpolate;
 
-    if (image->base.status)
-	return image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     switch (filter) {
     default:
@@ -2338,8 +2338,9 @@ _cairo_ps_surface_emit_jpeg_image (cairo_ps_surface_t    *surface,
 
     cairo_surface_get_mime_data (source, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_JPEG,
 				 &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
-    if (unlikely (source->status))
-	return source->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (source);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
     if (mime_data == NULL)
 	return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
 
@@ -2671,10 +2672,9 @@ _cairo_ps_surface_acquire_surface (cairo_ps_surface_t      *surface,
 								surface->acquired_image->pixman_format,
 								rect.width, rect.height,
 								0);
-	    if (pad_image->status) {
-		status = pad_image->status;
+	    status = _cairo_surface_status (pad_image);
+	    if (unlikely (status))
 		goto BAIL;
-	    }
 
 	    _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&pad_pattern, &surface->acquired_image->base);
 	    cairo_matrix_init_translate (&pad_pattern.base.matrix, -x, -y);
diff --git a/src/cairo-qt-surface.cpp b/src/cairo-qt-surface.cpp
index 1740df3da..39b3ea22d 100644
--- a/src/cairo-qt-surface.cpp
+++ b/src/cairo-qt-surface.cpp
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ _cairo_qt_surface_acquire_source_image (void *abstract_surface,
 
     if (qs->image_equiv) {
         *image_out = (cairo_image_surface_t*)
-                     cairo_surface_reference (qs->image_equiv);
+                     _cairo_surface_reference (qs->image_equiv);
 
         return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
@@ -524,10 +524,10 @@ _cairo_qt_surface_acquire_source_image (void *abstract_surface,
 						     qimg->width(), qimg->height(),
 						     qimg->bytesPerLine());
 
-	status = _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (&image->user_data,
-						  (const cairo_user_data_key_t *)&_qimg_destroy,
-						  qimg,
-						  _qimg_destroy);
+	status = _cairo_surface_set_user_data (image,
+					       (const cairo_user_data_key_t *)&_qimg_destroy,
+					       qimg,
+					       _qimg_destroy);
 	if (status) {
 	    cairo_surface_destroy (image);
 	    return status;
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ _cairo_qt_surface_acquire_dest_image (void *abstract_surface,
 
     if (qs->image_equiv) {
         *image_out = (cairo_image_surface_t*)
-                     cairo_surface_reference (qs->image_equiv);
+                     _cairo_surface_reference (qs->image_equiv);
 
         image_rect->x = qs->window.x();
         image_rect->y = qs->window.y();
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ _cairo_qt_surface_clone_similar (void *abstract_surface,
     if (src->backend == qs->base.backend) {
 	*clone_offset_x = 0;
 	*clone_offset_y = 0;
-	*clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (src);
+	*clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (src);
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-quartz-font.c b/src/cairo-quartz-font.c
index f0c07f976..7372fc043 100644
--- a/src/cairo-quartz-font.c
+++ b/src/cairo-quartz-font.c
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ _cairo_quartz_init_glyph_surface (cairo_quartz_scaled_font_t *font,
      */
     if (glyph == INVALID_GLYPH) {
 	surface = (cairo_image_surface_t*) cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_A8, 2, 2);
-	status = cairo_surface_status ((cairo_surface_t *) surface);
+	status = _cairo_surface_status ((cairo_surface_t *) surface);
 	if (status)
 	    return status;
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-quartz-image-surface.c b/src/cairo-quartz-image-surface.c
index bc0d7addd..49f593655 100644
--- a/src/cairo-quartz-image-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-quartz-image-surface.c
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ _cairo_quartz_image_surface_flush (void *asurface)
     CGImageRef newImage = NULL;
 
     /* To be released by the ReleaseCallback */
-    cairo_surface_reference ((cairo_surface_t*) surface->imageSurface);
+    _cairo_surface_reference ((cairo_surface_t*) surface->imageSurface);
 
     newImage = _cairo_quartz_create_cgimage (surface->imageSurface->format,
 					     surface->imageSurface->width,
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ cairo_quartz_image_surface_create (cairo_surface_t *surface)
      * be released via the callback (which will be called in
      * case of failure.)
      */
-    cairo_surface_reference (surface);
+    _cairo_surface_reference (surface);
 
     image = _cairo_quartz_create_cgimage (format,
 					  width, height,
diff --git a/src/cairo-quartz-surface.c b/src/cairo-quartz-surface.c
index a43eca99e..57a9f411c 100644
--- a/src/cairo-quartz-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-quartz-surface.c
@@ -1401,7 +1401,7 @@ _cairo_quartz_get_image (cairo_quartz_surface_t *surface,
     }
 
     if (surface->imageSurfaceEquiv) {
-	*image_out = (cairo_image_surface_t*) cairo_surface_reference (surface->imageSurfaceEquiv);
+	*image_out = (cairo_image_surface_t*) _cairo_surface_reference (surface->imageSurfaceEquiv);
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-recording-surface.c b/src/cairo-recording-surface.c
index b0a3ffb22..85a3d86bc 100644
--- a/src/cairo-recording-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-recording-surface.c
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_acquire_source_image_transformed (void			   *abstract_s
     image = _cairo_surface_has_snapshot (&surface->base,
 					 &_cairo_image_surface_backend);
     if (image != NULL) {
-	*image_out = (cairo_image_surface_t *) cairo_surface_reference (image);
+	*image_out = (cairo_image_surface_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (image);
 	*image_extra = NULL;
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
@@ -272,8 +272,9 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_acquire_source_image_transformed (void			   *abstract_s
     height = surface->extents.height * device_transform->yy;
     image = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (surface->content,
 						      width, height);
-    if (unlikely (image->status))
-	return image->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     cairo_surface_set_device_offset (image,
 				     -surface->extents.x,
@@ -761,8 +762,9 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_get_path (cairo_surface_t    *surface,
     int i, num_elements;
     cairo_int_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     recording_surface = (cairo_recording_surface_t *) surface;
     status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -822,7 +824,10 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_get_path (cairo_surface_t    *surface,
 	    break;
     }
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 #define _clip(c) ((c)->header.clip.path ? &(c)->header.clip : NULL)
@@ -839,11 +844,13 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_replay_internal (cairo_surface_t	     *surface,
     cairo_int_status_t status;
     cairo_surface_wrapper_t wrapper;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
-    if (unlikely (target->status))
-	return target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (unlikely (surface->finished))
 	return CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED;
@@ -1009,7 +1016,10 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_replay_internal (cairo_surface_t	     *surface,
 
     _cairo_surface_wrapper_fini (&wrapper);
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1075,7 +1085,7 @@ _recording_surface_get_ink_bbox (cairo_recording_surface_t *surface,
     analysis_surface = _cairo_analysis_surface_create (null_surface);
     cairo_surface_destroy (null_surface);
 
-    status = analysis_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (analysis_surface);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
@@ -1124,7 +1134,7 @@ cairo_recording_surface_ink_extents (cairo_surface_t *surface,
 					 &bbox,
 					 NULL);
     if (unlikely (status))
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 
 DONE:
     if (x0)
diff --git a/src/cairo-scaled-font.c b/src/cairo-scaled-font.c
index 0b52b08f5..0a891b470 100644
--- a/src/cairo-scaled-font.c
+++ b/src/cairo-scaled-font.c
@@ -2250,7 +2250,7 @@ _cairo_scaled_font_show_glyphs (cairo_scaled_font_t	*scaled_font,
 	if (mask == NULL) {
 	    mask_format = glyph_surface->format;
 	    mask = cairo_image_surface_create (mask_format, width, height);
-	    status = mask->status;
+	    status = _cairo_surface_status (mask);
 	    if (unlikely (status))
 		goto CLEANUP_MASK;
 	}
@@ -2280,7 +2280,7 @@ _cairo_scaled_font_show_glyphs (cairo_scaled_font_t	*scaled_font,
 	    }
 
 	    new_mask = cairo_image_surface_create (mask_format, width, height);
-	    status = new_mask->status;
+	    status = _cairo_surface_status (new_mask);
 	    if (unlikely (status)) {
 		cairo_surface_destroy (new_mask);
 		goto CLEANUP_MASK;
@@ -2430,7 +2430,7 @@ _trace_mask_to_path (cairo_image_surface_t *mask,
     cairo_status_t status;
 
     mask = _cairo_image_surface_coerce_to_format (mask, CAIRO_FORMAT_A1);
-    status = mask->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&mask->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-script-surface.c b/src/cairo-script-surface.c
index 4901c00d5..dfe30865e 100644
--- a/src/cairo-script-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-script-surface.c
@@ -1058,8 +1058,9 @@ _emit_recording_surface_pattern (cairo_script_surface_t *surface,
 						     rect.width,
 						     rect.height,
 						     NULL);
-    if (unlikely (similar->base.status))
-	return similar->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&similar->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     cairo_surface_set_device_offset (&similar->base, -rect.x, -rect.y);
     similar->base.is_clear = TRUE;
@@ -1263,7 +1264,7 @@ _emit_png_surface (cairo_script_surface_t *surface,
 
 struct def {
     cairo_script_context_t *ctx;
-    cairo_user_data_array_t *user_data;
+    cairo_image_surface_t *image;
     unsigned int tag;
     cairo_list_t link;
 };
@@ -1290,8 +1291,8 @@ _emit_image_surface (cairo_script_surface_t *surface,
     unsigned long mime_data_length;
     struct def *tag;
 
-    if (_cairo_user_data_array_get_data (&image->base.user_data,
-					 (cairo_user_data_key_t *) ctx))
+    if (_cairo_surface_get_user_data (&image->base,
+				      (cairo_user_data_key_t *) ctx))
     {
 	_cairo_output_stream_printf (ctx->stream,
 				     "s%u ",
@@ -1310,7 +1311,7 @@ _emit_image_surface (cairo_script_surface_t *surface,
 	    clone = _cairo_image_surface_coerce (image);
 	} else {
 	    clone = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
-		cairo_surface_reference (&image->base);
+		_cairo_surface_reference (&image->base);
 	}
 
 	_cairo_output_stream_printf (ctx->stream,
@@ -1385,11 +1386,11 @@ _emit_image_surface (cairo_script_surface_t *surface,
 
     tag->ctx = ctx;
     tag->tag = image->base.unique_id;
-    tag->user_data = &image->base.user_data;
+    tag->image = image;
     cairo_list_add (&tag->link, &ctx->defines);
-    status = _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (&image->base.user_data,
-					      (cairo_user_data_key_t *) ctx,
-					      tag, _undef);
+    status = _cairo_surface_set_user_data (&image->base,
+					   (cairo_user_data_key_t *) ctx,
+					   tag, _undef);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	free (tag);
 	return status;
@@ -1869,7 +1870,7 @@ _cairo_script_surface_create_similar (void	       *abstract_surface,
 	passthrough =
 	    _cairo_surface_wrapper_create_similar (&other->wrapper,
 						   content, width, height);
-	if (unlikely (passthrough->status)) {
+	if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (passthrough))) {
 	    cairo_device_release (&ctx->base);
 	    return passthrough;
 	}
@@ -1881,7 +1882,7 @@ _cairo_script_surface_create_similar (void	       *abstract_surface,
 						     passthrough);
     cairo_surface_destroy (passthrough);
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status)) {
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&surface->base))) {
 	cairo_device_release (&ctx->base);
 	return &surface->base;
     }
@@ -1931,9 +1932,9 @@ _device_destroy (void *abstract_device)
 	struct def *def = cairo_list_first_entry (&ctx->defines,
 						  struct def, link);
 
-	status = _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (def->user_data,
-						  (cairo_user_data_key_t *) ctx,
-						  NULL, NULL);
+	status = _cairo_surface_set_user_data (&def->image->base,
+					       (cairo_user_data_key_t *) ctx,
+					       NULL, NULL);
 	assert (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS);
     }
 
@@ -3640,6 +3641,7 @@ cairo_script_surface_create_for_target (cairo_device_t *device,
 					cairo_surface_t *target)
 {
     cairo_rectangle_int_t extents;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     if (unlikely (device->backend->type != CAIRO_DEVICE_TYPE_SCRIPT))
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_DEVICE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
@@ -3648,8 +3650,9 @@ cairo_script_surface_create_for_target (cairo_device_t *device,
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
-    if (unlikely (target->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (target->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
     if (! _cairo_surface_get_extents (target, &extents))
 	extents.width = extents.height = -1;
@@ -3677,8 +3680,9 @@ cairo_script_from_recording_surface (cairo_device_t *device,
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
-    if (unlikely (recording_surface->status))
-	return recording_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (recording_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_recording (recording_surface)))
 	return CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH;
@@ -3695,8 +3699,9 @@ cairo_script_from_recording_surface (cairo_device_t *device,
 						      extents.width,
 						      extents.height,
 						      NULL)->base;
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     cairo_surface_set_device_offset (surface, -extents.x, -extents.y);
     status = _cairo_recording_surface_replay (recording_surface, surface);
diff --git a/src/cairo-skia-surface.cpp b/src/cairo-skia-surface.cpp
index 05b4bceac..b3bb6f987 100644
--- a/src/cairo-skia-surface.cpp
+++ b/src/cairo-skia-surface.cpp
@@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ _cairo_skia_surface_clone_similar (void *asurface,
     if (src->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_SKIA || _cairo_surface_is_image (src)) {
 	*clone_offset_x = 0;
 	*clone_offset_y = 0;
-	*clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (src);
+	*clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (src);
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-surface-fallback.c b/src/cairo-surface-fallback.c
index 8a248d853..8b72d5b23 100644
--- a/src/cairo-surface-fallback.c
+++ b/src/cairo-surface-fallback.c
@@ -151,8 +151,9 @@ _create_composite_mask_pattern (cairo_surface_pattern_t       *mask_pattern,
 						extents->height,
 						CAIRO_COLOR_TRANSPARENT,
 						TRUE);
-    if (unlikely (mask->status))
-	return mask->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (mask);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (clip_region && (extents->x || extents->y)) {
 	fallback_region = cairo_region_copy (clip_region);
@@ -257,8 +258,9 @@ _clip_and_composite_combine (cairo_clip_t                  *clip,
 						      extents->width,
 						      extents->width);
     }
-    if (unlikely (intermediate->status))
-	return intermediate->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (intermediate);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     /* Initialize the intermediate surface from the destination surface */
     _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&pattern, dst);
@@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ _clip_and_composite_combine (cairo_clip_t                  *clip,
 
     assert (clip->path != NULL);
     clip_surface = _cairo_clip_get_surface (clip, dst, &clip_x, &clip_y);
-    if (unlikely (clip_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (clip_surface)))
 	goto CLEANUP_SURFACE;
 
     _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&clip_pattern, clip_surface);
@@ -500,8 +502,9 @@ _composite_trap_region (cairo_clip_t            *clip,
 	int clip_x, clip_y;
 
 	clip_surface = _cairo_clip_get_surface (clip, dst, &clip_x, &clip_y);
-	if (unlikely (clip_surface->status))
-	    return clip_surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (clip_surface);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	if (op == CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR) {
 	    src = &_cairo_pattern_white.base;
@@ -1372,7 +1375,7 @@ _cairo_surface_fallback_snapshot (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     snapshot = cairo_image_surface_create (format,
 					   image->width,
 					   image->height);
-    if (cairo_surface_status (snapshot)) {
+    if (_cairo_surface_status (snapshot)) {
 	_cairo_surface_release_source_image (surface, image, image_extra);
 	return snapshot;
     }
@@ -1614,8 +1617,9 @@ _cairo_surface_fallback_clone_similar (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
 							 width, height);
     if (new_surface == NULL)
 	return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
-    if (unlikely (new_surface->status))
-	return new_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (new_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     /* We have to copy these here, so that the coordinate spaces are correct */
     new_surface->device_transform = src->device_transform;
diff --git a/src/cairo-surface-offset.c b/src/cairo-surface-offset.c
index 4abc353e2..086c01f24 100644
--- a/src/cairo-surface-offset.c
+++ b/src/cairo-surface-offset.c
@@ -64,8 +64,9 @@ _cairo_surface_offset_paint (cairo_surface_t		*target,
     cairo_clip_t clip_copy, *dev_clip = clip;
     cairo_pattern_union_t source_copy;
 
-    if (unlikely (target->status))
-	return target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -109,8 +110,9 @@ _cairo_surface_offset_mask (cairo_surface_t		*target,
     cairo_pattern_union_t source_copy;
     cairo_pattern_union_t mask_copy;
 
-    if (unlikely (target->status))
-	return target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -165,8 +167,9 @@ _cairo_surface_offset_stroke (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
     cairo_pattern_union_t source_copy;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -230,8 +233,9 @@ _cairo_surface_offset_fill (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
     cairo_clip_t clip_copy, *dev_clip = clip;
     cairo_pattern_union_t source_copy;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -292,8 +296,9 @@ _cairo_surface_offset_glyphs (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
     cairo_glyph_t *dev_glyphs;
     int i;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
diff --git a/src/cairo-surface-private.h b/src/cairo-surface-private.h
index 31ddb8c7b..8c9137f27 100644
--- a/src/cairo-surface-private.h
+++ b/src/cairo-surface-private.h
@@ -42,12 +42,15 @@
 
 #include "cairo-types-private.h"
 #include "cairo-list-private.h"
-#include "cairo-reference-count-private.h"
+#include "cairo-object-private.h"
+#include "cairo-object-wrappers-private.h"
 #include "cairo-clip-private.h"
 
 typedef void (*cairo_surface_func_t) (cairo_surface_t *);
 
 struct _cairo_surface {
+    cairo_object_t base;
+
     const cairo_surface_backend_t *backend;
     cairo_device_t *device;
 
@@ -58,8 +61,6 @@ struct _cairo_surface {
 
     cairo_content_t content;
 
-    cairo_reference_count_t ref_count;
-    cairo_status_t status;
     unsigned int unique_id;
 
     unsigned finished : 1;
@@ -67,7 +68,6 @@ struct _cairo_surface {
     unsigned has_font_options : 1;
     unsigned owns_device : 1;
 
-    cairo_user_data_array_t user_data;
     cairo_user_data_array_t mime_data;
 
     cairo_matrix_t device_transform;
@@ -101,4 +101,6 @@ struct _cairo_surface {
     cairo_font_options_t font_options;
 };
 
+CAIRO_OBJECT_WRAPPERS(cairo_surface)
+
 #endif /* CAIRO_SURFACE_PRIVATE_H */
diff --git a/src/cairo-surface-snapshot.c b/src/cairo-surface-snapshot.c
index 2cc5aa824..2cdc31e2e 100644
--- a/src/cairo-surface-snapshot.c
+++ b/src/cairo-surface-snapshot.c
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ _cairo_surface_snapshot_finish (void *abstract_surface)
 
     if (surface->clone != NULL) {
 	cairo_surface_finish (surface->clone);
-	status = surface->clone->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->clone);
 
 	cairo_surface_destroy (surface->clone);
     }
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ _cairo_surface_snapshot_copy_on_write (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     status = _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (snapshot->target, &image, &extra);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	snapshot->target = _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ _cairo_surface_snapshot_copy_on_write (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 							image->width,
 							image->height,
 							0);
-    if (likely (clone->base.status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)) {
+    if (likely (_cairo_surface_status (&clone->base) == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)) {
 	if (clone->stride == image->stride) {
 	    memcpy (clone->data, image->data, image->stride * image->height);
 	} else {
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ _cairo_surface_snapshot_copy_on_write (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 	snapshot->clone = &clone->base;
     } else {
 	snapshot->clone = &clone->base;
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, clone->base.status);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, _cairo_surface_status (&clone->base));
     }
 
     _cairo_surface_release_source_image (snapshot->target, image, extra);
@@ -184,25 +184,26 @@ _cairo_surface_snapshot (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     cairo_surface_snapshot_t *snapshot;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (surface->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
     if (surface->finished)
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 
     if (surface->snapshot_of != NULL)
-	return cairo_surface_reference (surface);
+	return _cairo_surface_reference (surface);
 
     if (surface->backend->snapshot != NULL) {
 	cairo_surface_t *snap;
 
 	snap = _cairo_surface_has_snapshot (surface, surface->backend);
 	if (snap != NULL)
-	    return cairo_surface_reference (snap);
+	    return _cairo_surface_reference (snap);
 
 	snap = surface->backend->snapshot (surface);
 	if (snap != NULL) {
-	    if (unlikely (snap->status))
+	    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (snap)))
 		return snap;
 
 	    status = _cairo_surface_copy_mime_data (snap, surface);
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ _cairo_surface_snapshot (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     snapshot = (cairo_surface_snapshot_t *)
 	_cairo_surface_has_snapshot (surface, &_cairo_surface_snapshot_backend);
     if (snapshot != NULL)
-	return cairo_surface_reference (&snapshot->base);
+	return _cairo_surface_reference (&snapshot->base);
 
     snapshot = malloc (sizeof (cairo_surface_snapshot_t));
     if (unlikely (snapshot == NULL))
diff --git a/src/cairo-surface-subsurface.c b/src/cairo-surface-subsurface.c
index ce069bdb6..dd9927f02 100644
--- a/src/cairo-surface-subsurface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-surface-subsurface.c
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ _cairo_surface_subsurface_acquire_source_image (void                    *abstrac
 	snapshot = _cairo_surface_has_snapshot (&surface->base,
 						&_cairo_image_surface_backend);
 	if (snapshot != NULL) {
-	    *image_out = (cairo_image_surface_t *) cairo_surface_reference (snapshot);
+	    *image_out = (cairo_image_surface_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (snapshot);
 	    *extra_out = NULL;
 	    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
 	}
@@ -326,8 +326,9 @@ _cairo_surface_subsurface_acquire_source_image (void                    *abstrac
 		_cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (meta->content,
 							  surface->extents.width,
 							  surface->extents.height);
-	    if (unlikely (image->base.status))
-		return image->base.status;
+	    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+	    if (unlikely (status))
+		return status;
 
             cairo_surface_paint_to_target (&image->base, surface);
 
@@ -368,7 +369,8 @@ _cairo_surface_subsurface_acquire_source_image (void                    *abstrac
 							    surface->extents.width,
 							    surface->extents.height,
 							    extra->image->stride);
-	if (unlikely ((status = image->base.status)))
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto CLEANUP_IMAGE;
 
         image->base.is_clear = FALSE;
@@ -379,7 +381,8 @@ _cairo_surface_subsurface_acquire_source_image (void                    *abstrac
 							    surface->extents.width,
 							    surface->extents.height,
 							    0);
-	if (unlikely ((status = image->base.status)))
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto CLEANUP_IMAGE;
 
         cairo_surface_paint_to_target (&image->base, surface);
@@ -418,6 +421,7 @@ _cairo_surface_subsurface_snapshot (void *abstract_surface)
 {
     cairo_surface_subsurface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
     cairo_surface_subsurface_t *snapshot;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     snapshot = malloc (sizeof (cairo_surface_subsurface_t));
     if (unlikely (snapshot == NULL))
@@ -428,10 +432,8 @@ _cairo_surface_subsurface_snapshot (void *abstract_surface)
 			 NULL, /* device */
 			 surface->target->content);
     snapshot->target = _cairo_surface_snapshot (surface->target);
-    if (unlikely (snapshot->target->status)) {
-	cairo_status_t status;
-
-	status = snapshot->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (snapshot->target);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	free (snapshot);
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
     }
@@ -512,9 +514,11 @@ cairo_surface_create_for_rectangle (cairo_surface_t *target,
 				    double width, double height)
 {
     cairo_surface_subsurface_t *surface;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (target->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (target->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
     if (unlikely (target->finished))
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 
@@ -545,7 +549,7 @@ cairo_surface_create_for_rectangle (cairo_surface_t *target,
 	target = sub->target;
     }
 
-    surface->target = cairo_surface_reference (target);
+    surface->target = _cairo_surface_reference (target);
 
     return &surface->base;
 }
diff --git a/src/cairo-surface-wrapper.c b/src/cairo-surface-wrapper.c
index 785a97f8f..b998570fd 100644
--- a/src/cairo-surface-wrapper.c
+++ b/src/cairo-surface-wrapper.c
@@ -70,8 +70,11 @@ _cairo_surface_wrapper_acquire_source_image (cairo_surface_wrapper_t *wrapper,
 					     cairo_image_surface_t  **image_out,
 					     void                   **image_extra)
 {
-    if (unlikely (wrapper->target->status))
-	return wrapper->target->status;
+    cairo_status_t status;
+
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (wrapper->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     return _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (wrapper->target,
 						image_out, image_extra);
@@ -96,8 +99,9 @@ _cairo_surface_wrapper_paint (cairo_surface_wrapper_t *wrapper,
     cairo_pattern_union_t source_copy;
     cairo_clip_t target_clip;
 
-    if (unlikely (wrapper->target->status))
-	return wrapper->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (wrapper->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (wrapper->has_extents) {
 	_cairo_clip_init_copy (&target_clip, clip);
@@ -164,8 +168,9 @@ _cairo_surface_wrapper_mask (cairo_surface_wrapper_t *wrapper,
     cairo_pattern_union_t mask_copy;
     cairo_clip_t target_clip;
 
-    if (unlikely (wrapper->target->status))
-	return wrapper->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (wrapper->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (wrapper->has_extents) {
 	_cairo_clip_init_copy (&target_clip, clip);
@@ -242,8 +247,9 @@ _cairo_surface_wrapper_stroke (cairo_surface_wrapper_t *wrapper,
     cairo_pattern_union_t source_copy;
     cairo_clip_t target_clip;
 
-    if (unlikely (wrapper->target->status))
-	return wrapper->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (wrapper->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (wrapper->has_extents) {
 	_cairo_clip_init_copy (&target_clip, clip);
@@ -347,8 +353,9 @@ _cairo_surface_wrapper_fill_stroke (cairo_surface_wrapper_t *wrapper,
     cairo_pattern_union_t fill_source_copy;
     cairo_clip_t target_clip;
 
-    if (unlikely (wrapper->target->status))
-	return wrapper->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (wrapper->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (wrapper->has_extents) {
 	_cairo_clip_init_copy (&target_clip, clip);
@@ -449,8 +456,9 @@ _cairo_surface_wrapper_fill (cairo_surface_wrapper_t	*wrapper,
     cairo_pattern_union_t source_copy;
     cairo_clip_t target_clip;
 
-    if (unlikely (wrapper->target->status))
-	return wrapper->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (wrapper->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (wrapper->has_extents) {
 	_cairo_clip_init_copy (&target_clip, clip);
@@ -543,8 +551,9 @@ _cairo_surface_wrapper_show_text_glyphs (cairo_surface_wrapper_t *wrapper,
     cairo_pattern_union_t source_copy;
     cairo_clip_t target_clip;
 
-    if (unlikely (wrapper->target->status))
-	return wrapper->target->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (wrapper->target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (glyphs == NULL || num_glyphs == 0)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -689,7 +698,7 @@ void
 _cairo_surface_wrapper_init (cairo_surface_wrapper_t *wrapper,
 			     cairo_surface_t *target)
 {
-    wrapper->target = cairo_surface_reference (target);
+    wrapper->target = _cairo_surface_reference (target);
     wrapper->has_extents = FALSE;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-surface.c b/src/cairo-surface.c
index 3146c8cab..90749882e 100644
--- a/src/cairo-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-surface.c
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@
 #include "cairo-region-private.h"
 #include "cairo-tee-surface-private.h"
 
+CAIRO_OBJECT_PUBLIC_WRAPPERS (cairo_surface)
+
 /**
  * SECTION:cairo-surface
  * @Title: cairo_surface_t
@@ -93,93 +95,6 @@
  * devices.
  */
 
-#define DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(status, name)			\
-const cairo_surface_t name = {					\
-    NULL,				/* backend */		\
-    NULL,				/* device */		\
-    CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_IMAGE,		/* type */		\
-    CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR,		/* content */		\
-    CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_INVALID,	/* ref_count */		\
-    status,				/* status */		\
-    0,					/* unique id */		\
-    FALSE,				/* finished */		\
-    TRUE,				/* is_clear */		\
-    FALSE,				/* has_font_options */	\
-    FALSE,				/* owns_device */	\
-    { 0, 0, 0, NULL, },			/* user_data */		\
-    { 0, 0, 0, NULL, },			/* mime_data */         \
-    { 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 },   /* device_transform */	\
-    { 1.0, 0.0,	0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0 },	/* device_transform_inverse */	\
-    { NULL, NULL },			/* device_transform_observers */ \
-    0.0,				/* x_resolution */	\
-    0.0,				/* y_resolution */	\
-    0.0,				/* x_fallback_resolution */	\
-    0.0,				/* y_fallback_resolution */	\
-    NULL,				/* snapshot_of */	\
-    NULL,				/* snapshot_detach */	\
-    { NULL, NULL },			/* snapshots */		\
-    { NULL, NULL },			/* snapshot */		\
-    { CAIRO_ANTIALIAS_DEFAULT,		/* antialias */		\
-      CAIRO_SUBPIXEL_ORDER_DEFAULT,	/* subpixel_order */	\
-      CAIRO_LCD_FILTER_DEFAULT,		/* lcd_filter */	\
-      CAIRO_HINT_STYLE_DEFAULT,		/* hint_style */	\
-      CAIRO_HINT_METRICS_DEFAULT,	/* hint_metrics */	\
-      CAIRO_ROUND_GLYPH_POS_DEFAULT	/* round_glyph_positions */	\
-    }					/* font_options */	\
-}
-
-/* XXX error object! */
-
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY, _cairo_surface_nil);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH, _cairo_surface_nil_surface_type_mismatch);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_STATUS, _cairo_surface_nil_invalid_status);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_CONTENT, _cairo_surface_nil_invalid_content);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_FORMAT, _cairo_surface_nil_invalid_format);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_VISUAL, _cairo_surface_nil_invalid_visual);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_FILE_NOT_FOUND, _cairo_surface_nil_file_not_found);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_TEMP_FILE_ERROR, _cairo_surface_nil_temp_file_error);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_READ_ERROR, _cairo_surface_nil_read_error);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_WRITE_ERROR, _cairo_surface_nil_write_error);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_STRIDE, _cairo_surface_nil_invalid_stride);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_SIZE, _cairo_surface_nil_invalid_size);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_DEVICE_TYPE_MISMATCH, _cairo_surface_nil_device_type_mismatch);
-static DEFINE_NIL_SURFACE(CAIRO_STATUS_DEVICE_ERROR, _cairo_surface_nil_device_error);
-
-/**
- * _cairo_surface_set_error:
- * @surface: a surface
- * @status: a status value indicating an error
- *
- * Atomically sets surface->status to @status and calls _cairo_error;
- * Does nothing if status is %CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS or any of the internal
- * status values.
- *
- * All assignments of an error status to surface->status should happen
- * through _cairo_surface_set_error(). Note that due to the nature of
- * the atomic operation, it is not safe to call this function on the
- * nil objects.
- *
- * The purpose of this function is to allow the user to set a
- * breakpoint in _cairo_error() to generate a stack trace for when the
- * user causes cairo to detect an error.
- *
- * Return value: the error status.
- **/
-cairo_status_t
-_cairo_surface_set_error (cairo_surface_t *surface,
-			  cairo_status_t status)
-{
-    if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS ||
-        status == CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO)
-        return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
-
-    /* Don't overwrite an existing error. This preserves the first
-     * error, which is the most significant. */
-    _cairo_status_set_error (&surface->status, status);
-
-    return _cairo_error (status);
-}
-
 /**
  * cairo_surface_get_type:
  * @surface: a #cairo_surface_t
@@ -233,12 +148,6 @@ slim_hidden_def(cairo_surface_get_content);
  * %CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_CONTENT, %CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_FORMAT, or
  * %CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_VISUAL.
  **/
-cairo_status_t
-cairo_surface_status (cairo_surface_t *surface)
-{
-    return surface->status;
-}
-slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_status);
 
 static unsigned int
 _cairo_surface_allocate_unique_id (void)
@@ -278,8 +187,8 @@ _cairo_surface_allocate_unique_id (void)
 cairo_device_t *
 cairo_surface_get_device (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 {
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return _cairo_device_create_in_error (surface->status);
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_device_create_in_error (_cairo_surface_status (surface));
 
     return surface->device;
 }
@@ -338,7 +247,7 @@ _cairo_surface_attach_snapshot (cairo_surface_t *surface,
     assert (surface != snapshot);
     assert (snapshot->snapshot_of != surface);
 
-    cairo_surface_reference (snapshot);
+    _cairo_surface_reference (snapshot);
 
     if (snapshot->snapshot_of != NULL)
 	_cairo_surface_detach_snapshot (snapshot);
@@ -380,7 +289,7 @@ _cairo_surface_is_writable (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 static void
 _cairo_surface_begin_modification (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 {
-    assert (surface->status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS);
+    assert (_cairo_surface_status (surface) == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS);
     assert (! surface->finished);
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
 
@@ -396,6 +305,8 @@ _cairo_surface_init (cairo_surface_t			*surface,
 {
     CAIRO_MUTEX_INITIALIZE ();
 
+    _cairo_object_init (&surface->base);
+
     surface->backend = backend;
 
     if (device)
@@ -405,14 +316,11 @@ _cairo_surface_init (cairo_surface_t			*surface,
     surface->content = content;
     surface->type = backend->type;
 
-    CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_INIT (&surface->ref_count, 1);
-    surface->status = CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     surface->unique_id = _cairo_surface_allocate_unique_id ();
     surface->finished = FALSE;
     surface->is_clear = FALSE;
     surface->owns_device = (device != NULL);
 
-    _cairo_user_data_array_init (&surface->user_data);
     _cairo_user_data_array_init (&surface->mime_data);
 
     cairo_matrix_init_identity (&surface->device_transform);
@@ -454,16 +362,18 @@ _cairo_surface_create_similar_scratch (cairo_surface_t *other,
 				       int		height)
 {
     cairo_surface_t *surface;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (other->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (other->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (other);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
     if (other->backend->create_similar == NULL)
 	return NULL;
 
     surface = other->backend->create_similar (other,
 					      content, width, height);
-    if (surface == NULL || surface->status)
+    if (surface == NULL || _cairo_surface_status (surface))
 	return surface;
 
     _cairo_surface_copy_similar_properties (surface, other);
@@ -502,8 +412,11 @@ cairo_surface_create_similar (cairo_surface_t  *other,
 			      int		width,
 			      int		height)
 {
-    if (unlikely (other->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (other->status);
+    cairo_status_t status;
+
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (other);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
     if (unlikely (other->finished))
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
     if (unlikely (width < 0 || height < 0))
@@ -535,7 +448,7 @@ _cairo_surface_create_similar_solid (cairo_surface_t	 *other,
     if (surface == NULL && allow_fallback)
 	surface = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (content,
 							    width, height);
-    if (surface == NULL || surface->status)
+    if (surface == NULL || _cairo_surface_status (surface))
 	return surface;
 
     _cairo_pattern_init_solid (&pattern, color);
@@ -609,20 +522,6 @@ _cairo_surface_repaint_solid_pattern_surface (cairo_surface_t	    *other,
  *
  * Return value: the referenced #cairo_surface_t.
  **/
-cairo_surface_t *
-cairo_surface_reference (cairo_surface_t *surface)
-{
-    if (surface == NULL ||
-	    CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_IS_INVALID (&surface->ref_count))
-	return surface;
-
-    assert (CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_HAS_REFERENCE (&surface->ref_count));
-
-    _cairo_reference_count_inc (&surface->ref_count);
-
-    return surface;
-}
-slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_reference);
 
 /**
  * cairo_surface_destroy:
@@ -635,13 +534,7 @@ slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_reference);
 void
 cairo_surface_destroy (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 {
-    if (surface == NULL ||
-	    CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_IS_INVALID (&surface->ref_count))
-	return;
-
-    assert (CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_HAS_REFERENCE (&surface->ref_count));
-
-    if (! _cairo_reference_count_dec_and_test (&surface->ref_count))
+    if (! _cairo_object_destroy (&surface->base))
 	return;
 
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
@@ -649,10 +542,6 @@ cairo_surface_destroy (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     if (! surface->finished)
 	cairo_surface_finish (surface);
 
-    /* paranoid check that nobody took a reference whilst finishing */
-    assert (! CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_HAS_REFERENCE (&surface->ref_count));
-
-    _cairo_user_data_array_fini (&surface->user_data);
     _cairo_user_data_array_fini (&surface->mime_data);
 
     if (surface->owns_device)
@@ -661,6 +550,8 @@ cairo_surface_destroy (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
     assert (!_cairo_surface_has_snapshots (surface));
 
+    _cairo_object_fini (&surface->base);
+
     free (surface);
 }
 slim_hidden_def(cairo_surface_destroy);
@@ -676,15 +567,6 @@ slim_hidden_def(cairo_surface_destroy);
  *
  * Since: 1.4
  **/
-unsigned int
-cairo_surface_get_reference_count (cairo_surface_t *surface)
-{
-    if (surface == NULL ||
-	    CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_IS_INVALID (&surface->ref_count))
-	return 0;
-
-    return CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_GET_VALUE (&surface->ref_count);
-}
 
 /**
  * cairo_surface_finish:
@@ -713,10 +595,10 @@ cairo_surface_finish (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     if (surface == NULL)
 	return;
 
-    if (CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_IS_INVALID (&surface->ref_count))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_object_is_static (&surface->base)))
 	return;
 
-    if (surface->finished)
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished))
 	return;
 
     cairo_surface_flush (surface);
@@ -732,7 +614,7 @@ cairo_surface_finish (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     if (surface->backend->finish) {
 	status = surface->backend->finish (surface);
 	if (unlikely (status))
-	    status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
     }
 
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
@@ -773,13 +655,6 @@ _cairo_surface_release_device_reference (cairo_surface_t *surface)
  *
  * Return value: the user data previously attached or %NULL.
  **/
-void *
-cairo_surface_get_user_data (cairo_surface_t		 *surface,
-			     const cairo_user_data_key_t *key)
-{
-    return _cairo_user_data_array_get_data (&surface->user_data,
-					    key);
-}
 
 /**
  * cairo_surface_set_user_data:
@@ -797,18 +672,6 @@ cairo_surface_get_user_data (cairo_surface_t		 *surface,
  * Return value: %CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS or %CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY if a
  * slot could not be allocated for the user data.
  **/
-cairo_status_t
-cairo_surface_set_user_data (cairo_surface_t		 *surface,
-			     const cairo_user_data_key_t *key,
-			     void			 *user_data,
-			     cairo_destroy_func_t	 destroy)
-{
-    if (CAIRO_REFERENCE_COUNT_IS_INVALID (&surface->ref_count))
-	return surface->status;
-
-    return _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (&surface->user_data,
-					    key, user_data, destroy);
-}
 
 /**
  * cairo_surface_get_mime_data:
@@ -834,7 +697,7 @@ cairo_surface_get_mime_data (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
 
     *data = NULL;
     *length = 0;
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
     /* The number of mime-types attached to a surface is usually small,
@@ -955,14 +818,17 @@ cairo_surface_set_mime_data (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
     cairo_status_t status;
     cairo_mime_data_t *mime_data;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
-    if (surface->finished)
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished))
 	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 
     status = _cairo_intern_string (&mime_type, -1);
-    if (unlikely (status))
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	return status;
+    }
 
     if (data != NULL) {
 	mime_data = malloc (sizeof (cairo_mime_data_t));
@@ -986,10 +852,10 @@ cairo_surface_set_mime_data (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
 	if (mime_data != NULL)
 	    free (mime_data);
 
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
     }
 
-    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
+    return status;
 }
 slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_set_mime_data);
 
@@ -1007,16 +873,22 @@ _cairo_surface_copy_mime_data (cairo_surface_t *dst,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (dst->status)
-	return dst->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (dst);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
-    if (src->status)
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (dst, src->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (src);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+	return status;
+    }
 
     /* first copy the mime-data, discarding any already set on dst */
     status = _cairo_user_data_array_copy (&dst->mime_data, &src->mime_data);
-    if (unlikely (status))
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+	return status;
+    }
 
     /* now increment the reference counters for the copies */
     _cairo_user_data_array_foreach (&dst->mime_data,
@@ -1045,16 +917,13 @@ void
 _cairo_surface_set_font_options (cairo_surface_t       *surface,
 				 cairo_font_options_t  *options)
 {
-    cairo_status_t status;
-
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
 
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-		                           CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -1085,7 +954,7 @@ cairo_surface_get_font_options (cairo_surface_t       *surface,
     if (cairo_font_options_status (options))
 	return;
 
-    if (surface->status) {
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface))) {
 	_cairo_font_options_init_default (options);
 	return;
     }
@@ -1120,10 +989,10 @@ cairo_surface_flush (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
-    if (surface->finished)
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished))
 	return;
 
     /* update the current snapshots *before* the user updates the surface */
@@ -1132,7 +1001,7 @@ cairo_surface_flush (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     if (surface->backend->flush) {
 	status = surface->backend->flush (surface);
 	if (unlikely (status))
-	    status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
     }
 }
 slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_flush);
@@ -1177,13 +1046,13 @@ cairo_surface_mark_dirty_rectangle (cairo_surface_t *surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
 
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -1207,7 +1076,7 @@ cairo_surface_mark_dirty_rectangle (cairo_surface_t *surface,
 							 width, height);
 
 	if (unlikely (status))
-	    status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
     }
 }
 slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_mark_dirty_rectangle);
@@ -1236,13 +1105,13 @@ _cairo_surface_set_device_scale (cairo_surface_t *surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
 
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -1286,13 +1155,13 @@ cairo_surface_set_device_offset (cairo_surface_t *surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
 
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -1371,15 +1240,13 @@ cairo_surface_set_fallback_resolution (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
 				       double		 x_pixels_per_inch,
 				       double		 y_pixels_per_inch)
 {
-    cairo_status_t status;
-
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
 
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -1387,7 +1254,7 @@ cairo_surface_set_fallback_resolution (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
 	/* XXX Could delay raising the error until we fallback, but throwing
 	 * the error here means that we can catch the real culprit.
 	 */
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_MATRIX);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_MATRIX);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -1451,8 +1318,8 @@ _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (cairo_surface_t         *surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     assert (!surface->finished);
 
@@ -1461,8 +1328,10 @@ _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image (cairo_surface_t         *surface,
 
     status = surface->backend->acquire_source_image (surface,
 						     image_out, image_extra);
-    if (unlikely (status))
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	return status;
+    }
 
     _cairo_debug_check_image_surface_is_defined (&(*image_out)->base);
 
@@ -1477,8 +1346,8 @@ _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image_transformed (cairo_surface_t	 *surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     assert (!surface->finished);
 
@@ -1488,8 +1357,10 @@ _cairo_surface_acquire_source_image_transformed (cairo_surface_t	 *surface,
 
     status = surface->backend->acquire_source_image_transformed (surface, device_transform,
 								 image_out, image_extra);
-    if (unlikely (status))
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	return status;
+    }
 
     _cairo_debug_check_image_surface_is_defined (&(*image_out)->base);
 
@@ -1554,8 +1425,8 @@ _cairo_surface_acquire_dest_image (cairo_surface_t         *surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     assert (_cairo_surface_is_writable (surface));
 
@@ -1567,8 +1438,10 @@ _cairo_surface_acquire_dest_image (cairo_surface_t         *surface,
 						   image_out,
 						   image_rect,
 						   image_extra);
-    if (unlikely (status))
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	return status;
+    }
 
     _cairo_debug_check_image_surface_is_defined (&(*image_out)->base);
 
@@ -1618,7 +1491,7 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_clone_similar (cairo_surface_t  *surface,
 
     similar = _cairo_surface_has_snapshot (src, surface->backend);
     if (similar != NULL) {
-	*clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (similar);
+	*clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (similar);
 	*clone_offset_x = 0;
 	*clone_offset_y = 0;
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -1634,8 +1507,9 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_clone_similar (cairo_surface_t  *surface,
                                                        FALSE);
 	if (similar == NULL)
 	    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
-	if (unlikely (similar->status))
-	    return similar->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (similar);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	cairo_surface_set_device_offset (similar, -src_x, -src_y);
 
@@ -1651,8 +1525,9 @@ _cairo_recording_surface_clone_similar (cairo_surface_t  *surface,
 							 recorder->extents.height);
 	if (similar == NULL)
 	    return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
-	if (unlikely (similar->status))
-	    return similar->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (similar);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	status = _cairo_recording_surface_replay (src, similar);
 	if (unlikely (status)) {
@@ -1707,8 +1582,8 @@ _cairo_surface_clone_similar (cairo_surface_t  *surface,
     cairo_image_surface_t *image;
     void *image_extra;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     if (unlikely (surface->finished))
 	return CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED;
@@ -1833,8 +1708,8 @@ _cairo_surface_composite (cairo_operator_t	op,
 {
     cairo_int_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (dst->status))
-	return dst->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (dst)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (dst);
 
     assert (_cairo_surface_is_writable (dst));
 
@@ -1853,18 +1728,23 @@ _cairo_surface_composite (cairo_operator_t	op,
                                           dst_x, dst_y,
 					  width, height,
 					  clip_region);
-	if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
-	    return _cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+	if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+	    return status;
+	}
     }
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (dst,
-	    _cairo_surface_fallback_composite (op,
-					      src, mask, dst,
-					      src_x, src_y,
-					      mask_x, mask_y,
-					      dst_x, dst_y,
-					      width, height,
-					      clip_region));
+    status = _cairo_surface_fallback_composite (op,
+						src, mask, dst,
+						src_x, src_y,
+						mask_x, mask_y,
+						dst_x, dst_y,
+						width, height,
+						clip_region);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1892,8 +1772,8 @@ _cairo_surface_fill_region (cairo_surface_t	   *surface,
     cairo_status_t status;
     int i;
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     assert (_cairo_surface_is_writable (surface));
 
@@ -1912,10 +1792,8 @@ _cairo_surface_fill_region (cairo_surface_t	   *surface,
     if (num_rects > ARRAY_LENGTH (stack_rects)) {
 	rects = _cairo_malloc_ab (num_rects,
 				  sizeof (cairo_rectangle_int_t));
-	if (rects == NULL) {
-	    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-					     CAIRO_ERROR_NO_MEMORY);
-	}
+	if (unlikely (rects == NULL))
+	    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_NO_MEMORY);
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < num_rects; i++)
@@ -1927,7 +1805,10 @@ _cairo_surface_fill_region (cairo_surface_t	   *surface,
     if (rects != stack_rects)
 	free (rects);
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1955,8 +1836,8 @@ _cairo_surface_fill_rectangles (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
 {
     cairo_int_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     assert (_cairo_surface_is_writable (surface));
 
@@ -1967,14 +1848,19 @@ _cairo_surface_fill_rectangles (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
 	status = surface->backend->fill_rectangles (surface,
 						    op, color,
 						    rects, num_rects);
-	if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
-	    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	    return status;
+	}
     }
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-	    _cairo_surface_fallback_fill_rectangles (surface,
-						     op, color,
-						     rects, num_rects));
+    status = _cairo_surface_fallback_fill_rectangles (surface,
+						      op, color,
+						      rects, num_rects);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 static cairo_status_t
@@ -1991,8 +1877,8 @@ _pattern_has_error (const cairo_pattern_t *pattern)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
 
     spattern = (const cairo_surface_pattern_t *) pattern;
-    if (unlikely (spattern->surface->status))
-	return spattern->surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (spattern->surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (spattern->surface);
 
     if (unlikely (spattern->surface->finished))
 	return CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED;
@@ -2008,8 +1894,8 @@ _cairo_surface_paint (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -2041,7 +1927,10 @@ _cairo_surface_paint (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
     if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO)
 	surface->is_clear = op == CAIRO_OPERATOR_CLEAR && clip == NULL;
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 cairo_status_t
@@ -2053,8 +1942,8 @@ _cairo_surface_mask (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -2097,7 +1986,10 @@ _cairo_surface_mask (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
     if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO)
 	surface->is_clear = FALSE;
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 cairo_status_t
@@ -2119,8 +2011,8 @@ _cairo_surface_fill_stroke (cairo_surface_t	    *surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -2177,7 +2069,10 @@ _cairo_surface_fill_stroke (cairo_surface_t	    *surface,
     if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO)
 	surface->is_clear = FALSE;
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 cairo_status_t
@@ -2194,8 +2089,8 @@ _cairo_surface_stroke (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -2236,7 +2131,10 @@ _cairo_surface_stroke (cairo_surface_t		*surface,
     if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO)
 	surface->is_clear = FALSE;
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 cairo_status_t
@@ -2251,8 +2149,8 @@ _cairo_surface_fill (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
 {
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     if (clip && clip->all_clipped)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -2291,7 +2189,10 @@ _cairo_surface_fill (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
     if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO)
 	surface->is_clear = FALSE;
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 cairo_status_t
@@ -2311,8 +2212,8 @@ _cairo_surface_composite_trapezoids (cairo_operator_t		op,
 {
     cairo_int_status_t status;
 
-    if (dst->status)
-	return dst->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (dst)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (dst);
 
     assert (_cairo_surface_is_writable (dst));
 
@@ -2330,18 +2231,23 @@ _cairo_surface_composite_trapezoids (cairo_operator_t		op,
 						     width, height,
 						     traps, num_traps,
 						     clip_region);
-	if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED)
-	    return _cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+	if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED) {
+	    _cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+	    return status;
+	}
     }
 
-    return  _cairo_surface_set_error (dst,
-	    _cairo_surface_fallback_composite_trapezoids (op, pattern, dst,
-							  antialias,
-							  src_x, src_y,
-							  dst_x, dst_y,
-							  width, height,
-							  traps, num_traps,
-							  clip_region));
+    status = _cairo_surface_fallback_composite_trapezoids (op, pattern, dst,
+							   antialias,
+							   src_x, src_y,
+							   dst_x, dst_y,
+							   width, height,
+							   traps, num_traps,
+							   clip_region);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 cairo_span_renderer_t *
@@ -2354,8 +2260,8 @@ _cairo_surface_create_span_renderer (cairo_operator_t		 op,
 {
     assert (dst->snapshot_of == NULL);
 
-    if (unlikely (dst->status))
-	return _cairo_span_renderer_create_in_error (dst->status);
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (dst)))
+	return _cairo_span_renderer_create_in_error (_cairo_surface_status (dst));
 
     if (unlikely (dst->finished))
 	return _cairo_span_renderer_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
@@ -2378,7 +2284,7 @@ _cairo_surface_check_span_renderer (cairo_operator_t		 op,
 				    cairo_antialias_t	         antialias)
 {
     assert (dst->snapshot_of == NULL);
-    assert (dst->status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS);
+    assert (_cairo_surface_status (dst) == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS);
     assert (! dst->finished);
 
     /* XXX: Currently we have no mono span renderer */
@@ -2408,16 +2314,13 @@ _cairo_surface_check_span_renderer (cairo_operator_t		 op,
 void
 cairo_surface_copy_page (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 {
-    cairo_status_t status_ignored;
-
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
     assert (surface->snapshot_of == NULL);
 
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -2425,8 +2328,7 @@ cairo_surface_copy_page (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     if (surface->backend->copy_page == NULL)
 	return;
 
-    status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-			                 surface->backend->copy_page (surface));
+    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, surface->backend->copy_page (surface));
 }
 slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_copy_page);
 
@@ -2445,14 +2347,11 @@ slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_copy_page);
 void
 cairo_surface_show_page (cairo_surface_t *surface)
 {
-    cairo_status_t status_ignored;
-
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -2462,8 +2361,7 @@ cairo_surface_show_page (cairo_surface_t *surface)
     if (surface->backend->show_page == NULL)
 	return;
 
-    status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-			                 surface->backend->show_page (surface));
+    _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, surface->backend->show_page (surface));
 }
 slim_hidden_def (cairo_surface_show_page);
 
@@ -2531,14 +2429,11 @@ _cairo_surface_get_extents (cairo_surface_t         *surface,
 cairo_bool_t
 cairo_surface_has_show_text_glyphs (cairo_surface_t	    *surface)
 {
-    cairo_status_t status_ignored;
-
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return FALSE;
 
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
@@ -2581,8 +2476,8 @@ _cairo_surface_show_text_glyphs (cairo_surface_t	    *surface,
     cairo_status_t status;
     cairo_scaled_font_t *dev_scaled_font = scaled_font;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (surface);
 
     if (num_glyphs == 0 && utf8_len == 0)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
@@ -2615,8 +2510,10 @@ _cairo_surface_show_text_glyphs (cairo_surface_t	    *surface,
 						    &font_options);
     }
     status = cairo_scaled_font_status (dev_scaled_font);
-    if (unlikely (status))
-	return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+	return status;
+    }
 
     status = CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
 
@@ -2696,7 +2593,10 @@ _cairo_surface_show_text_glyphs (cairo_surface_t	    *surface,
     if (status != CAIRO_INT_STATUS_NOTHING_TO_DO)
 	surface->is_clear = FALSE;
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 /* XXX: Previously, we had a function named _cairo_surface_show_glyphs
@@ -2719,22 +2619,27 @@ _cairo_surface_old_show_glyphs (cairo_scaled_font_t	*scaled_font,
 				int			 num_glyphs,
 				cairo_region_t		*clip_region)
 {
-    if (unlikely (dst->status))
-	return dst->status;
+    cairo_status_t status;
+
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (dst)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (dst);
 
     assert (_cairo_surface_is_writable (dst));
 
     if (dst->backend->old_show_glyphs == NULL)
 	return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error
-	    (dst, dst->backend->old_show_glyphs (scaled_font,
-						 op, pattern, dst,
-						 source_x, source_y,
-						 dest_x, dest_y,
-						 width, height,
-						 glyphs, num_glyphs,
-						 clip_region));
+    status = dst->backend->old_show_glyphs (scaled_font,
+					    op, pattern, dst,
+					    source_x, source_y,
+					    dest_x, dest_y,
+					    width, height,
+					    glyphs, num_glyphs,
+					    clip_region);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 static cairo_status_t
@@ -2790,7 +2695,10 @@ _cairo_surface_composite_fixup_unbounded_internal (cairo_surface_t         *dst,
   CLEANUP_REGIONS:
     _cairo_region_fini (&clear_region);
 
-    return _cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (dst, status);
+
+    return status;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -2839,8 +2747,8 @@ _cairo_surface_composite_fixup_unbounded (cairo_surface_t            *dst,
     cairo_rectangle_int_t *src_rectangle = NULL;
     cairo_rectangle_int_t *mask_rectangle = NULL;
 
-    if (unlikely (dst->status))
-	return dst->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (dst)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (dst);
 
     assert (_cairo_surface_is_writable (dst));
 
@@ -2918,8 +2826,8 @@ _cairo_surface_composite_shape_fixup_unbounded (cairo_surface_t            *dst,
     cairo_rectangle_int_t src_tmp, *src= NULL;
     cairo_rectangle_int_t mask;
 
-    if (dst->status)
-	return dst->status;
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (dst)))
+	return _cairo_surface_status (dst);
 
     assert (_cairo_surface_is_writable (dst));
 
@@ -2962,75 +2870,12 @@ _cairo_surface_set_resolution (cairo_surface_t *surface,
 			       double x_res,
 			       double y_res)
 {
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return;
 
     surface->x_resolution = x_res;
     surface->y_resolution = y_res;
 }
 
-cairo_surface_t *
-_cairo_surface_create_in_error (cairo_status_t status)
-{
-    switch (status) {
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_NO_MEMORY:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_surface_type_mismatch;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_STATUS:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_invalid_status;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_CONTENT:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_invalid_content;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_FORMAT:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_invalid_format;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_VISUAL:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_invalid_visual;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_READ_ERROR:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_read_error;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_WRITE_ERROR:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_write_error;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_FILE_NOT_FOUND:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_file_not_found;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_TEMP_FILE_ERROR:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_temp_file_error;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_STRIDE:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_invalid_stride;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_SIZE:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_invalid_size;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_DEVICE_TYPE_MISMATCH:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_device_type_mismatch;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_DEVICE_ERROR:
-	return (cairo_surface_t *) &_cairo_surface_nil_device_error;
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_LAST_STATUS:
-	ASSERT_NOT_REACHED;
-	/* fall-through */
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_RESTORE:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_POP_GROUP:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_NO_CURRENT_POINT:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_MATRIX:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_NULL_POINTER:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_STRING:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_PATH_DATA:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_SURFACE_FINISHED:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_PATTERN_TYPE_MISMATCH:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_DASH:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_DSC_COMMENT:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_INDEX:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_CLIP_NOT_REPRESENTABLE:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_FONT_TYPE_MISMATCH:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_USER_FONT_IMMUTABLE:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_USER_FONT_ERROR:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_NEGATIVE_COUNT:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_CLUSTERS:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_SLANT:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_WEIGHT:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_USER_FONT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED:
-    case CAIRO_STATUS_INVALID_MESH_CONSTRUCTION:
-    default:
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_NO_MEMORY);
-    }
-}
-
 /*  LocalWords:  rasterized
  */
diff --git a/src/cairo-svg-surface.c b/src/cairo-svg-surface.c
index 1585c750b..43407ad04 100644
--- a/src/cairo-svg-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-svg-surface.c
@@ -275,37 +275,33 @@ _extract_svg_surface (cairo_surface_t		 *surface,
 		      cairo_svg_surface_t	**svg_surface)
 {
     cairo_surface_t *target;
-    cairo_status_t status_ignored;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (surface->status)
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
+	return FALSE;
+    if (unlikely (surface->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return FALSE;
-    if (surface->finished) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
-        return FALSE;
     }
 
-    if (! _cairo_surface_is_paginated (surface)) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_paginated (surface))) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
     target = _cairo_paginated_surface_get_target (surface);
-    if (target->status) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   target->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, status);
 	return FALSE;
     }
-    if (target->finished) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
-        return FALSE;
+    if (unlikely (target->finished)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+	return FALSE;
     }
 
-    if (! _cairo_surface_is_svg (target)) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_svg (target))) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
@@ -506,7 +502,7 @@ _cairo_svg_surface_create_for_document (cairo_svg_document_t	*document,
     paginated = _cairo_paginated_surface_create (&surface->base,
 					         surface->content,
 						 &cairo_svg_surface_paginated_backend);
-    status = paginated->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (paginated);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
 	/* paginated keeps the only reference to surface now, drop ours */
 	cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->base);
@@ -545,7 +541,7 @@ _cairo_svg_surface_create_for_stream_internal (cairo_output_stream_t	*stream,
 
     surface = _cairo_svg_surface_create_for_document (document, CAIRO_CONTENT_COLOR_ALPHA,
 						      width, height);
-    if (surface->status) {
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface))) {
 	status = _cairo_svg_document_destroy (document);
 	return surface;
     }
@@ -785,7 +781,7 @@ _cairo_svg_document_emit_bitmap_glyph_data (cairo_svg_document_t	*document,
 
     image = _cairo_image_surface_coerce_to_format (scaled_glyph->surface,
 					           CAIRO_FORMAT_A1);
-    status = image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
@@ -1133,8 +1129,9 @@ _cairo_surface_base64_encode_png (cairo_surface_t       *surface,
 
     cairo_surface_get_mime_data (surface, CAIRO_MIME_TYPE_PNG,
 				 &mime_data, &mime_data_length);
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
     if (mime_data == NULL)
 	return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
 
@@ -1270,8 +1267,8 @@ _cairo_svg_surface_emit_surface (cairo_svg_document_t *document,
     const unsigned char *uri;
     unsigned long uri_len;
 
-    if (_cairo_user_data_array_get_data (&surface->user_data,
-					 (cairo_user_data_key_t *) document))
+    if (_cairo_surface_get_user_data (surface,
+				      (cairo_user_data_key_t *) document))
     {
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
@@ -1301,9 +1298,9 @@ _cairo_svg_surface_emit_surface (cairo_svg_document_t *document,
     _cairo_output_stream_printf (document->xml_node_defs, "\"/>\n");
 
     /* and tag it */
-    return _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (&surface->user_data,
-					    (cairo_user_data_key_t *) document,
-					    document, NULL);
+    return _cairo_surface_set_user_data (surface,
+					 (cairo_user_data_key_t *) document,
+					 document, NULL);
 }
 
 static cairo_status_t
@@ -1379,8 +1376,8 @@ _cairo_svg_surface_emit_recording_surface (cairo_svg_document_t      *document,
 
     cairo_output_stream_t *contents;
 
-    if (_cairo_user_data_array_get_data (&source->base.user_data,
-					 (cairo_user_data_key_t *) document))
+    if (_cairo_surface_get_user_data (&source->base,
+				      (cairo_user_data_key_t *) document))
     {
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
@@ -1389,8 +1386,9 @@ _cairo_svg_surface_emit_recording_surface (cairo_svg_document_t      *document,
 								source->content,
 								source->extents_pixels.width,
 								source->extents_pixels.height);
-    if (unlikely (paginated_surface->status))
-	return paginated_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (paginated_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     svg_surface = (cairo_svg_surface_t *)
     _cairo_paginated_surface_get_target (paginated_surface);
@@ -1408,7 +1406,7 @@ _cairo_svg_surface_emit_recording_surface (cairo_svg_document_t      *document,
     }
 
     cairo_surface_show_page (paginated_surface);
-    status = cairo_surface_status (paginated_surface);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (paginated_surface);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	cairo_surface_destroy (paginated_surface);
 	return status;
@@ -1460,16 +1458,16 @@ _cairo_svg_surface_emit_recording_surface (cairo_svg_document_t      *document,
 
     _cairo_output_stream_printf (document->xml_node_defs, "</g>\n");
 
-    status = cairo_surface_status (paginated_surface);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (paginated_surface);
     cairo_surface_destroy (paginated_surface);
 
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
     /* and tag it */
-    return _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (&source->base.user_data,
-					    (cairo_user_data_key_t *) document,
-					    document, NULL);
+    return _cairo_surface_set_user_data (&source->base,
+					 (cairo_user_data_key_t *) document,
+					 document, NULL);
 }
 
 static cairo_status_t
diff --git a/src/cairo-tee-surface.c b/src/cairo-tee-surface.c
index 37ac5fa70..6d262262e 100644
--- a/src/cairo-tee-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-tee-surface.c
@@ -68,12 +68,14 @@ _cairo_tee_surface_create_similar (void			*abstract_surface,
     cairo_surface_t *surface;
     cairo_surface_wrapper_t *slaves;
     int n, num_slaves;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     similar = _cairo_surface_wrapper_create_similar (&other->master,
 						     content, width, height);
     surface = cairo_tee_surface_create (similar);
     cairo_surface_destroy (similar);
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
 	return surface;
 
     num_slaves = _cairo_array_num_elements (&other->slaves);
@@ -87,8 +89,8 @@ _cairo_tee_surface_create_similar (void			*abstract_surface,
 	cairo_surface_destroy (similar);
     }
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->status)) {
-	cairo_status_t status = surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	cairo_surface_destroy (surface);
 	surface = _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
     }
@@ -436,9 +438,11 @@ cairo_surface_t *
 cairo_tee_surface_create (cairo_surface_t *master)
 {
     cairo_tee_surface_t *surface;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (master->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (master->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (master);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
     surface = malloc (sizeof (cairo_tee_surface_t));
     if (unlikely (surface == NULL))
@@ -465,7 +469,7 @@ cairo_tee_surface_add (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
     cairo_surface_wrapper_t slave;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
 	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
@@ -479,8 +483,9 @@ cairo_tee_surface_add (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (unlikely (target->status)) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, target->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
+	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, status);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -504,7 +509,7 @@ cairo_tee_surface_remove (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
     int n, num_slaves;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
 	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
@@ -549,9 +554,11 @@ cairo_tee_surface_index (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
 			 int index)
 {
     cairo_tee_surface_t *surface;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (abstract_surface->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished))
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-type3-glyph-surface.c b/src/cairo-type3-glyph-surface.c
index 324ab45ad..dae2a33a0 100644
--- a/src/cairo-type3-glyph-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-type3-glyph-surface.c
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_emit_image (cairo_type3_glyph_surface_t *surface,
 
     /* The only image type supported by Type 3 fonts are 1-bit masks */
     image = _cairo_image_surface_coerce_to_format (image, CAIRO_FORMAT_A1);
-    status = image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_set_font_subsets_callback (void		     		    *abstract
 {
     cairo_type3_glyph_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
 
     _cairo_pdf_operators_set_font_subsets_callback (&surface->pdf_operators,
@@ -418,8 +418,9 @@ _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_analyze_glyph (void		     *abstract_surface,
     cairo_status_t status, status2;
     cairo_output_stream_t *null_stream;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status))
-	return surface->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     null_stream = _cairo_null_stream_create ();
     if (unlikely (null_stream->status))
@@ -473,8 +474,9 @@ _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_emit_glyph (void		     *abstract_surface,
     double x_advance, y_advance;
     cairo_matrix_t font_matrix_inverse;
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status))
-	return surface->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     _cairo_type3_glyph_surface_set_stream (surface, stream);
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-vg-surface.c b/src/cairo-vg-surface.c
index 904c520e5..85330b762 100644
--- a/src/cairo-vg-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-vg-surface.c
@@ -425,8 +425,9 @@ _vg_surface_clipper_intersect_clip_path (cairo_surface_clipper_t *clipper,
 				    surface->width, surface->height);
     if (unlikely (mask == NULL))
 	return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
-    if (unlikely (mask->base.status))
-	return mask->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&mask->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     status = _cairo_surface_fill (&mask->base,
 				  CAIRO_OPERATOR_SOURCE,
@@ -919,7 +920,7 @@ _vg_clone_image_surface (cairo_vg_context_t *context,
     clone = (cairo_vg_surface_t *)
 	_vg_surface_create_internal (context, vg_image, format,
 				    image->width, image->height);
-    if (unlikely (clone->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&clone->base)))
 	return clone;
 
     vgImageSubData (clone->image,
@@ -959,7 +960,7 @@ _vg_setup_surface_source (cairo_vg_context_t *context,
     snapshot = _cairo_surface_has_snapshot (spat->surface,
 					    &cairo_vg_surface_backend);
     if (snapshot != NULL) {
-	clone = (cairo_vg_surface_t *) cairo_surface_reference (snapshot);
+	clone = (cairo_vg_surface_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (snapshot);
 	goto DONE;
     }
 
@@ -969,8 +970,9 @@ _vg_setup_surface_source (cairo_vg_context_t *context,
 	clone = _vg_clone_image_surface (context, spat->surface);
     if (clone == NULL)
 	return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
-    if (unlikely (clone->base.status))
-	return clone->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&clone->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     clone->snapshot_cache_entry.hash = clone->base.unique_id;
     status = _cairo_cache_insert (&context->snapshot_cache,
@@ -1387,6 +1389,7 @@ _vg_get_image (cairo_vg_surface_t *surface,
     pixman_image_t *pixman_image;
     pixman_format_code_t pixman_format;
     cairo_bool_t needs_premultiply;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     pixman_format = _vg_format_to_pixman (surface->format,
 					  &needs_premultiply);
@@ -1411,9 +1414,10 @@ _vg_get_image (cairo_vg_surface_t *surface,
     image = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
 	_cairo_image_surface_create_for_pixman_image (pixman_image,
 						      pixman_format);
-    if (unlikely (image->base.status)) {
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	pixman_image_unref (pixman_image);
-	return image->base.status;
+	return status;
     }
 
     if (needs_premultiply)
@@ -1667,7 +1671,7 @@ cairo_vg_surface_create (cairo_vg_context_t *context,
 
     surface = _vg_surface_create_internal (context,
 					   image, format, width, height);
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (surface)))
 	return surface;
 
     ((cairo_vg_surface_t *) surface)->own_image = TRUE;
diff --git a/src/cairo-win32-font.c b/src/cairo-win32-font.c
index c7202fe1c..19a69165b 100644
--- a/src/cairo-win32-font.c
+++ b/src/cairo-win32-font.c
@@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@ _compute_a8_mask (cairo_win32_surface_t *mask_surface)
     int i, j;
 
     if (image24->base.status)
-	return cairo_surface_reference (&image24->base);
+	return _cairo_surface_reference (&image24->base);
 
     image8 = (cairo_image_surface_t *)cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_A8,
 								  image24->width, image24->height);
diff --git a/src/cairo-win32-surface.c b/src/cairo-win32-surface.c
index 240af72c6..5b7a185c4 100644
--- a/src/cairo-win32-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-win32-surface.c
@@ -1990,7 +1990,7 @@ _cairo_win32_surface_span_renderer_finish (void *abstract_renderer)
     if (renderer->pattern == NULL || renderer->mask == NULL)
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
 
-    status = cairo_surface_status (&renderer->mask->base);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&renderer->mask->base);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
 	cairo_composite_rectangles_t *rects = &renderer->composite_rectangles;
 	cairo_win32_surface_t *dst = renderer->dst;
@@ -2075,7 +2075,7 @@ _cairo_win32_surface_create_span_renderer (cairo_operator_t	 op,
 	cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_A8,
 				    width, height);
 
-    status = cairo_surface_status (&renderer->mask->base);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&renderer->mask->base);
 
     if (status != CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
 	_cairo_win32_surface_span_renderer_destroy (renderer);
diff --git a/src/cairo-xcb-screen.c b/src/cairo-xcb-screen.c
index 1934e3472..7e9d5e2ae 100644
--- a/src/cairo-xcb-screen.c
+++ b/src/cairo-xcb-screen.c
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_screen_finish (cairo_xcb_screen_t *screen)
 					   cairo_xcb_surface_t,
 					   link)->base;
 
-	cairo_surface_reference (surface);
+	_cairo_surface_reference (surface);
 	cairo_surface_finish (surface);
 	cairo_surface_destroy (surface);
     }
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_screen_store_linear_picture (cairo_xcb_screen_t *screen,
 	return status;
     }
 
-    entry->picture = cairo_surface_reference (picture);
+    entry->picture = _cairo_surface_reference (picture);
     entry->screen = screen;
 
     status = _cairo_cache_insert (&screen->linear_pattern_cache,
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_screen_lookup_linear_picture (cairo_xcb_screen_t *screen,
 
     entry = _cairo_cache_lookup (&screen->linear_pattern_cache, &tmpl.key);
     if (entry != NULL)
-	picture = cairo_surface_reference (entry->picture);
+	picture = _cairo_surface_reference (entry->picture);
 
     return picture;
 }
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_screen_store_radial_picture (cairo_xcb_screen_t *screen,
 	return status;
     }
 
-    entry->picture = cairo_surface_reference (picture);
+    entry->picture = _cairo_surface_reference (picture);
     entry->screen = screen;
 
     status = _cairo_cache_insert (&screen->radial_pattern_cache, &entry->key);
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_screen_lookup_radial_picture (cairo_xcb_screen_t *screen,
 
     entry = _cairo_cache_lookup (&screen->radial_pattern_cache, &tmpl.key);
     if (entry != NULL)
-	picture = cairo_surface_reference (entry->picture);
+	picture = _cairo_surface_reference (entry->picture);
 
     return picture;
 }
diff --git a/src/cairo-xcb-surface-core.c b/src/cairo-xcb-surface-core.c
index 2479e82a1..63c04a9f6 100644
--- a/src/cairo-xcb-surface-core.c
+++ b/src/cairo-xcb-surface-core.c
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_pixmap_copy (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target)
     surface->connection = target->connection;
     surface->screen = target->screen;
     surface->pixmap = target->drawable;
-    surface->owner = cairo_surface_reference (&target->base);
+    surface->owner = _cairo_surface_reference (&target->base);
     surface->width = target->width;
     surface->height = target->height;
     surface->depth = target->depth;
@@ -170,16 +170,16 @@ _cairo_xcb_shm_image_create_shm (cairo_xcb_connection_t *connection,
 							    pixman_format,
 							    width, height,
 							    stride);
-    status = image->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	_cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy (shm_info);
 	return status;
     }
 
-    status = _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (&image->user_data,
-					      (const cairo_user_data_key_t *) connection,
-					      shm_info,
-					      (cairo_destroy_func_t) _cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy);
+    status = _cairo_surface_set_user_data (image,
+					   (const cairo_user_data_key_t *) connection,
+					   shm_info,
+					   (cairo_destroy_func_t) _cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy);
 
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	cairo_surface_destroy (image);
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_shm_image_create (cairo_xcb_connection_t *connection,
 								pixman_format,
 								width, height,
 								0);
-	status = image->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    return status;
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ _pixmap_from_image (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
     pixmap = _cairo_xcb_pixmap_create (target,
 				       image->width,
 				       image->height);
-    if (unlikely (pixmap->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&pixmap->base)))
 	return pixmap;
 
     gc = _cairo_xcb_screen_get_gc (target->screen, pixmap->pixmap, image->depth);
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ _render_to_pixmap (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
     pixmap = _pixmap_from_image (target, target->xrender_format, image, shm_info);
     cairo_surface_destroy (&image->base);
 
-    if (unlikely (pixmap->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&pixmap->base)))
 	return pixmap;
 
     pixmap->x0 = -extents->x;
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ _copy_to_pixmap (cairo_xcb_surface_t *source)
      */
     if (source->owns_pixmap) {
 	pixmap = _cairo_xcb_pixmap_copy (source);
-	if (unlikely (pixmap->base.status))
+	if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&pixmap->base)))
 	    return pixmap;
     } else {
 	uint32_t values[1];
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ _copy_to_pixmap (cairo_xcb_surface_t *source)
 	pixmap = _cairo_xcb_pixmap_create (source,
 					   source->width,
 					   source->height);
-	if (unlikely (pixmap->base.status))
+	if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&pixmap->base)))
 	    return pixmap;
 
 	gc = _cairo_xcb_screen_get_gc (source->screen,
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_pixmap (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
     pixmap = (cairo_xcb_pixmap_t *)
 	_cairo_surface_has_snapshot (source, &_cairo_xcb_pixmap_backend);
     if (pixmap != NULL && pixmap->screen == target->screen)
-	return (cairo_xcb_pixmap_t *) cairo_surface_reference (&pixmap->base);
+	return (cairo_xcb_pixmap_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (&pixmap->base);
 
     if (source->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_XCB &&
 	((cairo_xcb_surface_t *) source)->screen == target->screen)
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_pixmap (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 	pixmap = _render_to_pixmap (target, &pattern->base, &rect);
     }
 
-    if (unlikely (pixmap->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&pixmap->base)))
 	return pixmap;
 
     _cairo_surface_attach_snapshot (source, &pixmap->base, NULL);
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_core_copy_boxes (cairo_xcb_surface_t		*dst,
 	return status;
 
     src = _cairo_xcb_pixmap_for_pattern (dst, src_pattern, extents);
-    status = src->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	goto CLEANUP_CONNECTION;
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-xcb-surface-render.c b/src/cairo-xcb-surface-render.c
index e7628f499..ceeb6d049 100644
--- a/src/cairo-xcb-surface-render.c
+++ b/src/cairo-xcb-surface-render.c
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ _picture_from_image (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
     picture = _cairo_xcb_picture_create (target->screen,
 					 image->pixman_format, format,
 					 image->width, image->height);
-    if (likely (picture->base.status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)) {
+    if (likely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base) == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS)) {
 	_cairo_xcb_connection_render_create_picture (target->connection,
 						     picture->picture, pixmap, format,
 						     0, 0);
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ _solid_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 					 PIXMAN_a8r8g8b8,
 					 xrender_format,
 					 -1, -1);
-    if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 	return picture;
 
     if (target->flags & CAIRO_XCB_RENDER_HAS_GRADIENTS) {
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_transparent_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target)
 	target->screen->stock_colors[CAIRO_STOCK_TRANSPARENT] = &picture->base;
     }
 
-    return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
+    return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
 }
 
 static cairo_xcb_picture_t *
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_black_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target)
 	target->screen->stock_colors[CAIRO_STOCK_BLACK] = &picture->base;
     }
 
-    return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
+    return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
 }
 
 static cairo_xcb_picture_t *
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_white_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target)
 	target->screen->stock_colors[CAIRO_STOCK_WHITE] = &picture->base;
     }
 
-    return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
+    return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
 }
 
 static cairo_xcb_picture_t *
@@ -715,12 +715,12 @@ _cairo_xcb_solid_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
     n_cached = screen->solid_cache_size;
     for (i = 0; i < n_cached; i++) {
 	if (_cairo_color_equal (&screen->solid_cache[i].color, &pattern->color)) {
-	    return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) cairo_surface_reference (screen->solid_cache[i].picture);
+	    return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (screen->solid_cache[i].picture);
 	}
     }
 
     picture = _solid_picture (target, &pattern->color);
-    if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 	return picture;
 
     if (screen->solid_cache_size < ARRAY_LENGTH (screen->solid_cache)) {
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_solid_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 	i = hars_petruska_f54_1_random () % ARRAY_LENGTH (screen->solid_cache);
 	cairo_surface_destroy (screen->solid_cache[i].picture);
     }
-    screen->solid_cache[i].picture = cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
+    screen->solid_cache[i].picture = _cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
     screen->solid_cache[i].color = pattern->color;
 
     return picture;
@@ -775,7 +775,7 @@ _render_to_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
     picture = _picture_from_image (target, xrender_format, image, shm_info);
     cairo_surface_destroy (&image->base);
 
-    if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 	return picture;
 
     _cairo_xcb_picture_set_component_alpha (picture, pattern->has_component_alpha);
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_linear_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 					 target->screen->connection->standard_formats[CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32],
 					 PIXMAN_a8r8g8b8,
 					 -1, -1);
-    if (unlikely (picture->base.status)) {
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base))) {
 	if (stops != (xcb_render_fixed_t *) buf)
 	    free (stops);
 	return picture;
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_radial_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 					 target->screen->connection->standard_formats[CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32],
 					 PIXMAN_a8r8g8b8,
 					 -1, -1);
-    if (unlikely (picture->base.status)) {
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base))) {
 	if (stops != (xcb_render_fixed_t *) buf)
 	    free (stops);
 	return picture;
@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ _copy_to_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *source)
 					 source->pixman_format,
 					 source->width,
 					 source->height);
-    if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 	return picture;
 
     _cairo_xcb_connection_render_create_picture (source->connection,
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 	_cairo_surface_has_snapshot (source, &_cairo_xcb_picture_backend);
     if (picture != NULL) {
 	if (picture->screen == target->screen) {
-	    picture = (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
+	    picture = (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (&picture->base);
 	    goto setup_picture;
 	}
 	picture = NULL;
@@ -1058,7 +1058,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 	if (source->backend->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_XCB) {
 	    if (((cairo_xcb_surface_t *) source)->screen == target->screen) {
 		picture = _copy_to_picture ((cairo_xcb_surface_t *) source);
-		if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+		if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 		    return picture;
 	    }
 	} else if (source->backend->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_SUBSURFACE) {
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 		xcb_rectangle_t rect;
 
 		picture = _copy_to_picture (xcb);
-		if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+		if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 		    return picture;
 
 		rect.x = sub->extents.x;
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 
 	    if (xcb->screen == target->screen) {
 		picture = _copy_to_picture (xcb);
-		if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+		if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 		    return picture;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -1104,7 +1104,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 	if (source->backend->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_XLIB) {
 	    if (((cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_t *) source)->xcb->screen == target->screen) {
 		picture = _copy_to_picture (((cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_t *) source)->xcb);
-		if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+		if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 		    return picture;
 	    }
 	} else if (source->backend->type == CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_SUBSURFACE) {
@@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 		xcb_rectangle_t rect;
 
 		picture = _copy_to_picture (xcb);
-		if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+		if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 		    return picture;
 
 		rect.x = sub->extents.x;
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 
 	    if (xcb->screen == target->screen) {
 		picture = _copy_to_picture (xcb);
-		if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+		if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 		    return picture;
 	    }
 	}
@@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 
 	    conv = _cairo_image_surface_coerce (image);
 	    _cairo_surface_release_source_image (source, image, image_extra);
-	    if (unlikely (conv->base.status))
+	    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&conv->base)))
 		return (cairo_xcb_picture_t *) conv;
 
 	    render_format = target->screen->connection->standard_formats[conv->format];
@@ -1252,7 +1252,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_picture (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 	    cairo_surface_destroy (&conv->base);
 	}
 
-	if (unlikely (picture->base.status))
+	if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&picture->base)))
 	    return picture;
     }
 
@@ -1417,7 +1417,7 @@ _render_composite_boxes (cairo_xcb_surface_t	*dst,
     }
 
     src = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, src_pattern, extents);
-    status = src->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	goto cleanup_boxes;
 
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ _render_composite_boxes (cairo_xcb_surface_t	*dst,
 
 	if (mask_pattern != NULL) {
 	    mask = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, mask_pattern, extents);
-	    status = mask->base.status;
+	    status = _cairo_surface_status (&mask->base);
 	    if (unlikely (status))
 		goto cleanup_clip;
 
@@ -1567,10 +1567,12 @@ _composite_traps (void *closure,
     xcb_render_trapezoid_t *xtraps;
     int render_reference_x, render_reference_y;
     int i;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     src = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, pattern, extents);
-    if (unlikely (src->base.status))
-	return src->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (info->antialias == CAIRO_ANTIALIAS_NONE)
 	format = CAIRO_FORMAT_A1;
@@ -1686,7 +1688,7 @@ _create_composite_mask (cairo_clip_t		*clip,
     surface = (cairo_xcb_surface_t *)
 	_cairo_xcb_surface_create_similar (dst, CAIRO_CONTENT_ALPHA,
 					   extents->width, extents->height);
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&surface->base)))
 	return surface;
 
     _cairo_xcb_surface_ensure_picture (surface);
@@ -1749,16 +1751,19 @@ _clip_and_composite_with_mask (cairo_clip_t		*clip,
 {
     cairo_xcb_surface_t *mask;
     cairo_xcb_picture_t *src;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     mask = _create_composite_mask (clip, draw_func, draw_closure, dst, extents);
-    if (unlikely (mask->base.status))
-	return mask->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&mask->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (pattern != NULL || dst->base.content != CAIRO_CONTENT_ALPHA) {
 	src = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, pattern, extents);
-	if (unlikely (src->base.status)) {
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
+	if (unlikely (status)) {
 	    cairo_surface_destroy (&mask->base);
-	    return src->base.status;
+	    return status;
 	}
 
 	_cairo_xcb_connection_render_composite (dst->connection,
@@ -1809,8 +1814,9 @@ _clip_and_composite_combine (cairo_clip_t		*clip,
     tmp = (cairo_xcb_surface_t *)
 	_cairo_xcb_surface_create_similar (dst, dst->base.content,
 					   extents->width, extents->height);
-    if (unlikely (tmp->base.status))
-	return tmp->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&tmp->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     _cairo_xcb_surface_ensure_picture (tmp);
 
@@ -1862,7 +1868,8 @@ _clip_and_composite_combine (cairo_clip_t		*clip,
 	goto CLEANUP_SURFACE;
 
     clip_surface = _cairo_clip_get_surface (clip, &dst->base, &clip_x, &clip_y);
-    if (unlikely (clip_surface->status))
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (clip_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
 	goto CLEANUP_SURFACE;
 
     clip_picture = ((cairo_xcb_surface_t *) clip_surface)->picture;
@@ -1917,16 +1924,19 @@ _clip_and_composite_source (cairo_clip_t		*clip,
 {
     cairo_xcb_surface_t *mask;
     cairo_xcb_picture_t *src;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     /* Create a surface that is mask IN clip */
     mask = _create_composite_mask (clip, draw_func, draw_closure, dst, extents);
-    if (unlikely (mask->base.status))
-	return mask->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&mask->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     src = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, pattern, extents);
-    if (unlikely (src->base.status)) {
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
+    if (unlikely (status)) {
 	cairo_surface_destroy (&mask->base);
-	return src->base.status;
+	return status;
     }
 
     if (dst->base.is_clear) {
@@ -2063,10 +2073,12 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_fixup_unbounded (cairo_xcb_surface_t *dst,
     } else {
 	int i;
 	cairo_xcb_picture_t *src;
+	cairo_status_t status;
 
 	src = _cairo_xcb_transparent_picture (dst);
-	if (unlikely (src->base.status))
-	    return src->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 	    _cairo_xcb_connection_render_composite (dst->connection,
@@ -2090,10 +2102,12 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_fixup_unbounded_with_mask (cairo_xcb_surface_t *dst,
 {
     cairo_xcb_surface_t *mask;
     int mask_x, mask_y;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     mask = (cairo_xcb_surface_t *) _cairo_clip_get_surface (clip, &dst->base, &mask_x, &mask_y);
-    if (unlikely (mask->base.status))
-	return mask->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&mask->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     /* top */
     if (rects->bounded.y != rects->unbounded.y) {
@@ -2495,8 +2509,9 @@ _composite_boxes (cairo_xcb_surface_t *dst,
 	    int clip_x, clip_y;
 
 	    clip_surface = _cairo_clip_get_surface (clip, &dst->base, &clip_x, &clip_y);
-	    if (unlikely (clip_surface->status))
-		return clip_surface->status;
+	    status = _cairo_surface_status (clip_surface);
+	    if (unlikely (status))
+		return status;
 
 	    _cairo_pattern_init_for_surface (&mask, clip_surface);
 	    mask.base.filter = CAIRO_FILTER_NEAREST;
@@ -2813,16 +2828,19 @@ _composite_mask (void				*closure,
 {
     const cairo_pattern_t *mask_pattern = closure;
     cairo_xcb_picture_t *src, *mask = NULL;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
     if (src_pattern != NULL) {
 	src = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, src_pattern, extents);
-	if (unlikely (src->base.status))
-	    return src->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	mask = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, mask_pattern, extents);
-	if (unlikely (mask->base.status)) {
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&mask->base);
+	if (unlikely (status)) {
 	    cairo_surface_destroy (&src->base);
-	    return mask->base.status;
+	    return status;
 	}
 
 	_cairo_xcb_connection_render_composite (dst->connection,
@@ -2838,8 +2856,9 @@ _composite_mask (void				*closure,
 	cairo_surface_destroy (&src->base);
     } else {
 	src = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, mask_pattern, extents);
-	if (unlikely (src->base.status))
-	    return src->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	_cairo_xcb_connection_render_composite (dst->connection,
 						_render_operator (op),
@@ -3180,8 +3199,9 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_render_stroke_via_mask (cairo_xcb_surface_t		*dst,
     image = _cairo_xcb_surface_create_similar_image (dst, CAIRO_CONTENT_ALPHA,
 						     extents->bounded.width,
 						     extents->bounded.height);
-    if (unlikely (image->status))
-	return image->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     _clear_image (image);
 
@@ -3365,8 +3385,9 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_render_fill_via_mask (cairo_xcb_surface_t	*dst,
 						     CAIRO_CONTENT_ALPHA,
 						     extents->bounded.width,
 						     extents->bounded.height);
-    if (unlikely (image->status))
-	return image->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     _clear_image (image);
 
@@ -3513,8 +3534,9 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_render_glyphs_via_mask (cairo_xcb_surface_t		*dst,
     image = _cairo_xcb_surface_create_similar_image (dst, content,
 						     extents->bounded.width,
 						     extents->bounded.height);
-    if (unlikely (image->status))
-	return image->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     _clear_image (image);
 
@@ -4015,7 +4037,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_add_glyph (cairo_xcb_connection_t *connection,
 	cairo_surface_t *tmp_surface;
 
 	tmp_surface = cairo_image_surface_create (glyphset_info->format, 1, 1);
-	status = tmp_surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (tmp_surface);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto BAIL;
 
@@ -4032,7 +4054,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_add_glyph (cairo_xcb_connection_t *connection,
     if (glyph_surface->format != glyphset_info->format) {
 	glyph_surface = _cairo_image_surface_coerce_to_format (glyph_surface,
 						               glyphset_info->format);
-	status = glyph_surface->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&glyph_surface->base);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto BAIL;
     }
@@ -4249,8 +4271,9 @@ _composite_glyphs (void				*closure,
     int i;
 
     src = _cairo_xcb_picture_for_pattern (dst, pattern, extents);
-    if (unlikely (src->base.status))
-	return src->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&src->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     memset (glyph_cache, 0, sizeof (glyph_cache));
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-xcb-surface.c b/src/cairo-xcb-surface.c
index 89b71f6bf..2e81fb2e5 100644
--- a/src/cairo-xcb-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-xcb-surface.c
@@ -107,16 +107,16 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_create_similar_shm (cairo_xcb_surface_t *other,
 							    pixman_format,
 							    width, height,
 							    stride);
-    status = image->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (image);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	_cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy (shm_info);
 	return status;
     }
 
-    status = _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (&image->user_data,
-					      (const cairo_user_data_key_t *) other->connection,
-					      shm_info,
-					      (cairo_destroy_func_t) _cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy);
+    status = _cairo_surface_set_user_data (image,
+					   (const cairo_user_data_key_t *) other->connection,
+					   shm_info,
+					   (cairo_destroy_func_t) _cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	cairo_surface_destroy (image);
 	_cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy (shm_info);
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_create_similar (void			*abstract_other,
 						width, height);
     }
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&surface->base)))
 	_cairo_xcb_connection_free_pixmap (connection, pixmap);
 
     _cairo_xcb_connection_release (connection);
@@ -343,16 +343,16 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_create_shm_image (cairo_xcb_surface_t *target,
 							target->width,
 							target->height,
 							stride);
-    status = image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	_cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy (shm_info);
 	return status;
     }
 
-    status = _cairo_user_data_array_set_data (&image->base.user_data,
-					      (const cairo_user_data_key_t *) target->connection,
-					      shm_info,
-					      (cairo_destroy_func_t) _cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy);
+    status = _cairo_surface_set_user_data (&image->base,
+					   (const cairo_user_data_key_t *) target->connection,
+					   shm_info,
+					   (cairo_destroy_func_t) _cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	cairo_surface_destroy (&image->base);
 	_cairo_xcb_shm_info_destroy (shm_info);
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ _get_image (cairo_xcb_surface_t		 *surface,
 							    surface->height,
 							    0);
 	*image_out = image;
-	return image->base.status;
+	return _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
     }
 
     connection = surface->connection;
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ _get_image (cairo_xcb_surface_t		 *surface,
 	 surface->height,
 	 CAIRO_STRIDE_FOR_WIDTH_BPP (surface->width,
 				     PIXMAN_FORMAT_BPP (surface->pixman_format)));
-    status = image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
     if (unlikely (status)) {
 	free (reply);
 	goto FAIL;
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_acquire_source_image (void *abstract_surface,
     }
 
     if (surface->fallback != NULL) {
-	image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) cairo_surface_reference (surface->fallback);
+	image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (surface->fallback);
 	goto DONE;
     }
 
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_acquire_source_image (void *abstract_surface,
 	_cairo_surface_has_snapshot (&surface->base,
 				     &_cairo_image_surface_backend);
     if (image != NULL) {
-	image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) cairo_surface_reference (&image->base);
+	image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) _cairo_surface_reference (&image->base);
 	goto DONE;
     }
 
@@ -609,8 +609,8 @@ _put_shm_image (cairo_xcb_surface_t    *surface,
 #if CAIRO_HAS_XCB_SHM_FUNCTIONS
     cairo_xcb_shm_info_t *shm_info;
 
-    shm_info = _cairo_user_data_array_get_data (&image->base.user_data,
-						(const cairo_user_data_key_t *) surface->connection);
+    shm_info = _cairo_surface_get_user_data (&image->base,
+					     (const cairo_user_data_key_t *) surface->connection);
     if (shm_info == NULL)
 	return CAIRO_INT_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED;
 
@@ -693,9 +693,9 @@ _cairo_xcb_surface_flush (void *abstract_surface)
 	return status;
     }
 
-    status = surface->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&surface->base);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS && ! surface->base.finished) {
-	status = cairo_surface_status (surface->fallback);
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (surface->fallback);
 
 	if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
 	    status = _put_image (surface,
@@ -1392,26 +1392,24 @@ cairo_xcb_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
 			    int              height)
 {
     cairo_xcb_surface_t *surface;
-    cairo_status_t status_ignored;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
 
-    if (abstract_surface->type != CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_XCB) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->type != CAIRO_SURFACE_TYPE_XCB)) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (width > XLIB_COORD_MAX || height > XLIB_COORD_MAX || width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
-	status_ignored = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-						   CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE);
+    if (unlikely (width > XLIB_COORD_MAX || height > XLIB_COORD_MAX ||
+		  width <= 0 || height <= 0))
+    {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE);
 	return;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-xlib-surface.c b/src/cairo-xlib-surface.c
index 71f26397e..b2586d99a 100644
--- a/src/cairo-xlib-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-xlib-surface.c
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_create_similar (void	       *abstract_src,
 #endif
     }
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status)) {
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&surface->base))) {
 	XFreePixmap (display->display, pix);
         cairo_device_release (&display->base);
 	return &surface->base;
@@ -935,7 +935,7 @@ _get_image_surface (cairo_xlib_surface_t    *surface,
 							    ximage->width,
 							    ximage->height,
 							    ximage->bytes_per_line);
-	status = image->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto BAIL;
 
@@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ _get_image_surface (cairo_xlib_surface_t    *surface,
 
 	image = (cairo_image_surface_t *) cairo_image_surface_create
 	    (format, ximage->width, ximage->height);
-	status = image->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto BAIL;
 
@@ -1455,7 +1455,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_release_dest_image (void                    *abstract_surfac
     status = _draw_image_surface (surface, image,
 	                          0, 0, image->width, image->height,
 				  image_rect->x, image_rect->y);
-    status = _cairo_surface_set_error (&surface->base, status);
+    _cairo_surface_set_error (&surface->base, status);
 
     cairo_surface_destroy (&image->base);
 }
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ fallback:
 					     width, height,
 					     xrender_format->depth);
 
-    if (unlikely (surface->base.status)) {
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&surface->base))) {
 	XFreePixmap (display->display, pix);
 	cairo_device_release (&display->base);
 	return surface;
@@ -1560,7 +1560,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_clone_similar (void			*abstract_surface,
 	if (_cairo_xlib_surface_same_screen (surface, xlib_src)) {
 	    *clone_offset_x = 0;
 	    *clone_offset_y = 0;
-	    *clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (src);
+	    *clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (src);
 
 	    return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
 	}
@@ -1576,8 +1576,9 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_clone_similar (void			*abstract_surface,
 	if (clone == NULL)
 	    return UNSUPPORTED ("unhandled image format, no similar surface");
 
-	if (unlikely (clone->base.status))
-	    return clone->base.status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (&clone->base);
+	if (unlikely (status))
+	    return status;
 
 	status = _draw_image_surface (clone, image_src,
 				      src_x, src_y,
@@ -1627,7 +1628,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_create_solid_pattern_surface (void                  *abstrac
     image = (cairo_image_surface_t *)
 	_cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (_cairo_color_get_content (&solid_pattern->color),
 						  width, height);
-    status = image->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&image->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	goto BAIL;
 
@@ -1648,7 +1649,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_create_solid_pattern_surface (void                  *abstrac
 						   other->xrender_format,
 						   width, height,
 						   other->depth);
-    status = surface->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&surface->base);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	goto BAIL;
 
@@ -2280,9 +2281,9 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_acquire_pattern_surface (cairo_xlib_display_t *display,
 						     NULL, format,
                                                      /* what could possibly go wrong? */
 						     XLIB_COORD_MAX, XLIB_COORD_MAX, 32);
-	    if (unlikely (surface->base.status)) {
+	    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (&surface->base))) {
 		XRenderFreePicture (display->display, picture);
-		return surface->base.status;
+		return _cairo_surface_status (&surface->base);
 	    }
 
 	    surface->src_picture = picture;
@@ -3596,25 +3597,23 @@ cairo_xlib_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
 			     int              height)
 {
     cairo_xlib_surface_t *surface = (cairo_xlib_surface_t *) abstract_surface;
-    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-		                           CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (! _cairo_surface_is_xlib (abstract_surface)) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-		                           CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_xlib (abstract_surface))) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (width > XLIB_COORD_MAX || height > XLIB_COORD_MAX || width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-		                           CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE);
+    if (unlikely (width > XLIB_COORD_MAX || height > XLIB_COORD_MAX ||
+		  width <= 0 || height <= 0))
+    {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -3644,23 +3643,22 @@ cairo_xlib_surface_set_drawable (cairo_surface_t   *abstract_surface,
     cairo_xlib_surface_t *surface = (cairo_xlib_surface_t *)abstract_surface;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface)))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-		                           CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_FINISHED);
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (! _cairo_surface_is_xlib (abstract_surface)) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-		                           CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
+    if (unlikely (! _cairo_surface_is_xlib (abstract_surface))) {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_SURFACE_TYPE_MISMATCH);
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (width > XLIB_COORD_MAX || height > XLIB_COORD_MAX || width <= 0 || height <= 0) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-		                           CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE);
+    if (unlikely (width > XLIB_COORD_MAX || height > XLIB_COORD_MAX ||
+		  width <= 0 || height <= 0))
+    {
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, CAIRO_ERROR_INVALID_SIZE);
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -3683,7 +3681,7 @@ cairo_xlib_surface_set_drawable (cairo_surface_t   *abstract_surface,
 						  XRenderFreePicture,
 						  surface->dst_picture);
 	    if (unlikely (status)) {
-		status = _cairo_surface_set_error (&surface->base, status);
+		_cairo_surface_set_error (&surface->base, status);
 		return;
 	    }
 
@@ -3696,7 +3694,7 @@ cairo_xlib_surface_set_drawable (cairo_surface_t   *abstract_surface,
 						  XRenderFreePicture,
 						  surface->src_picture);
 	    if (unlikely (status)) {
-		status = _cairo_surface_set_error (&surface->base, status);
+		_cairo_surface_set_error (&surface->base, status);
 		return;
 	    }
 
@@ -4265,7 +4263,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_add_glyph (cairo_xlib_display_t *display,
 	cairo_surface_t *tmp_surface;
 
 	tmp_surface = cairo_image_surface_create (glyphset_info->format, 1, 1);
-	status = tmp_surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (tmp_surface);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto BAIL;
 
@@ -4286,7 +4284,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_surface_add_glyph (cairo_xlib_display_t *display,
 	tmp_surface = cairo_image_surface_create (glyphset_info->format,
 						  glyph_surface->width,
 						  glyph_surface->height);
-	status = tmp_surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (tmp_surface);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto BAIL;
 
diff --git a/src/cairo-xlib-xcb-surface.c b/src/cairo-xlib-xcb-surface.c
index e15e10332..6ff76af98 100644
--- a/src/cairo-xlib-xcb-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-xlib-xcb-surface.c
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_create_similar (void			*abstract_other,
     cairo_surface_t *xcb;
 
     xcb = other->xcb->base.backend->create_similar (other->xcb, content, width, height);
-    if (unlikely (xcb == NULL || xcb->status))
+    if (unlikely (xcb == NULL || _cairo_surface_status (xcb)))
 	return xcb;
 
     return _cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_create (other->display, other->screen, NULL, NULL, xcb);
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_finish (void *abstract_surface)
     cairo_status_t status;
 
     cairo_surface_finish (&surface->xcb->base);
-    status = surface->xcb->base.status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&surface->xcb->base);
     cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->xcb->base);
     surface->xcb = NULL;
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_mark_dirty (void *abstract_surface,
 {
     cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_t *surface = abstract_surface;
     cairo_surface_mark_dirty_rectangle (&surface->xcb->base, x, y, width, height);
-    return cairo_surface_status (&surface->xcb->base);
+    return _cairo_surface_status (&surface->xcb->base);
 }
 
 static const cairo_surface_backend_t _cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_backend = {
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ _cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_create (void *dpy,
 {
     cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_t *surface;
 
-    if (unlikely (xcb->status))
+    if (unlikely (_cairo_surface_status (xcb)))
 	return xcb;
 
     surface = malloc (sizeof (*surface));
@@ -422,7 +422,8 @@ cairo_xlib_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
     cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_t *surface = (cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_t *) abstract_surface;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
 	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
@@ -437,10 +438,9 @@ cairo_xlib_surface_set_size (cairo_surface_t *abstract_surface,
     }
 
     cairo_xcb_surface_set_size (&surface->xcb->base, width, height);
-    if (unlikely (surface->xcb->base.status)) {
-	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
-					   surface->xcb->base.status);
-    }
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (&surface->xcb->base);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	_cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface, status);
 }
 
 void
@@ -452,7 +452,8 @@ cairo_xlib_surface_set_drawable (cairo_surface_t   *abstract_surface,
     cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_t *surface = (cairo_xlib_xcb_surface_t *)abstract_surface;
     cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (abstract_surface->status))
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (abstract_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
 	return;
     if (unlikely (abstract_surface->finished)) {
 	status = _cairo_surface_set_error (abstract_surface,
diff --git a/src/cairo-xml-surface.c b/src/cairo-xml-surface.c
index c4b7e17fe..706c4ff73 100644
--- a/src/cairo-xml-surface.c
+++ b/src/cairo-xml-surface.c
@@ -1107,8 +1107,9 @@ cairo_xml_for_recording_surface (cairo_device_t	 *device,
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return status;
 
-    if (unlikely (recording_surface->status))
-	return recording_surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (recording_surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     if (unlikely (device->backend->type != CAIRO_DEVICE_TYPE_XML))
 	return CAIRO_ERROR_DEVICE_TYPE_MISMATCH;
@@ -1126,8 +1127,9 @@ cairo_xml_for_recording_surface (cairo_device_t	 *device,
 						  recording_surface->content,
 						  extents.width,
 						  extents.height);
-    if (unlikely (surface->status))
-	return surface->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (surface);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return status;
 
     xml = (cairo_xml_t *) device;
 
diff --git a/src/cairo.c b/src/cairo.c
index 4e32e7b0f..8bc5d111a 100644
--- a/src/cairo.c
+++ b/src/cairo.c
@@ -150,8 +150,9 @@ cairo_create (cairo_surface_t *target)
 
     if (unlikely (target == NULL))
 	return _cairo_create_in_error (CAIRO_ERROR_NULL_POINTER);
-    if (unlikely (target->status))
-	return _cairo_create_in_error (target->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_create_in_error (status);
 
     cr = _freed_pool_get (&context_pool);
     if (unlikely (cr == NULL)) {
@@ -409,7 +410,7 @@ cairo_push_group_with_content (cairo_t *cr, cairo_content_t content)
     clip = _cairo_gstate_get_clip (cr->gstate);
     if (clip->all_clipped) {
 	group_surface = cairo_image_surface_create (CAIRO_FORMAT_ARGB32, 0, 0);
-	status = group_surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (group_surface);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto bail;
     } else {
@@ -433,7 +434,7 @@ cairo_push_group_with_content (cairo_t *cr, cairo_content_t content)
 							     extents.height,
 							     CAIRO_COLOR_TRANSPARENT,
 							     TRUE);
-	status = group_surface->status;
+	status = _cairo_surface_status (group_surface);
 	if (unlikely (status))
 	    goto bail;
 
@@ -508,7 +509,7 @@ cairo_pop_group (cairo_t *cr)
 
     /* Get a reference to the active surface before restoring */
     group_surface = _cairo_gstate_get_target (cr->gstate);
-    group_surface = cairo_surface_reference (group_surface);
+    group_surface = _cairo_surface_reference (group_surface);
 
     status = _cairo_gstate_restore (&cr->gstate, &cr->gstate_freelist);
     assert (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS);
diff --git a/src/cairoint.h b/src/cairoint.h
index e46272b25..0fb4c31e1 100644
--- a/src/cairoint.h
+++ b/src/cairoint.h
@@ -1544,17 +1544,10 @@ _cairo_stroke_style_dash_approximate (const cairo_stroke_style_t *style,
 
 /* cairo-surface.c */
 
-cairo_private cairo_surface_t *
-_cairo_surface_create_in_error (cairo_status_t status);
-
 cairo_private cairo_status_t
 _cairo_surface_copy_mime_data (cairo_surface_t *dst,
 			       cairo_surface_t *src);
 
-cairo_private cairo_status_t
-_cairo_surface_set_error (cairo_surface_t	*surface,
-			  cairo_status_t	 status);
-
 cairo_private void
 _cairo_surface_set_resolution (cairo_surface_t *surface,
                                double x_res,
@@ -2503,12 +2496,10 @@ slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_get_type);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_has_show_text_glyphs);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_mark_dirty);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_mark_dirty_rectangle);
-slim_hidden_proto_no_warn (cairo_surface_reference);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_set_device_offset);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_set_fallback_resolution);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_set_mime_data);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_show_page);
-slim_hidden_proto (cairo_surface_status);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_text_cluster_allocate);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_text_cluster_free);
 slim_hidden_proto (cairo_toy_font_face_create);
diff --git a/src/test-fallback-surface.c b/src/test-fallback-surface.c
index 001257774..b3f22673e 100644
--- a/src/test-fallback-surface.c
+++ b/src/test-fallback-surface.c
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ _cairo_test_fallback_surface_create (cairo_content_t	content,
     cairo_surface_t *backing;
 
     backing = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_content (content, width, height);
-    if (cairo_surface_status (backing))
+    if (_cairo_surface_status (backing))
 	return backing;
 
     surface = malloc (sizeof (test_fallback_surface_t));
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ _test_fallback_surface_clone_similar (void		  *abstract_surface,
     if (src->backend == surface->base.backend) {
 	*clone_offset_x = 0;
 	*clone_offset_y = 0;
-	*clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (src);
+	*clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (src);
 
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     }
diff --git a/src/test-fallback16-surface.c b/src/test-fallback16-surface.c
index 953a73c03..2c28ec9b2 100644
--- a/src/test-fallback16-surface.c
+++ b/src/test-fallback16-surface.c
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ _cairo_test_fallback16_surface_create (cairo_content_t	content,
     backing = _cairo_image_surface_create_with_pixman_format (NULL, format,
 							      width, height,
 							      -1);
-    if (cairo_surface_status (backing))
+    if (_cairo_surface_status (backing))
 	return backing;
 
     surface = malloc (sizeof (test_fallback16_surface_t));
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ _test_fallback16_surface_clone_similar (void		  *abstract_surface,
     if (src->backend == surface->base.backend) {
 	*clone_offset_x = 0;
 	*clone_offset_y = 0;
-	*clone_out = cairo_surface_reference (src);
+	*clone_out = _cairo_surface_reference (src);
 
 	return CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS;
     } else {
diff --git a/src/test-paginated-surface.c b/src/test-paginated-surface.c
index 36491fcc6..c33bf3a9f 100644
--- a/src/test-paginated-surface.c
+++ b/src/test-paginated-surface.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ _cairo_test_paginated_surface_create (cairo_surface_t *target)
     cairo_surface_t *paginated;
     test_paginated_surface_t *surface;
 
-    status = cairo_surface_status (target);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
     if (unlikely (status))
 	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
@@ -81,12 +81,12 @@ _cairo_test_paginated_surface_create (cairo_surface_t *target)
 			 NULL, /* device */
 			 target->content);
 
-    surface->target = cairo_surface_reference (target);
+    surface->target = _cairo_surface_reference (target);
 
     paginated =  _cairo_paginated_surface_create (&surface->base,
 						  target->content,
 						  &test_paginated_surface_paginated_backend);
-    status = paginated->status;
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (paginated);
     if (status == CAIRO_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
 	/* paginated keeps the only reference to surface now, drop ours */
 	cairo_surface_destroy (&surface->base);
diff --git a/src/test-wrapping-surface.c b/src/test-wrapping-surface.c
index d300116a0..44083aac1 100644
--- a/src/test-wrapping-surface.c
+++ b/src/test-wrapping-surface.c
@@ -59,9 +59,11 @@ cairo_surface_t *
 _cairo_test_wrapping_surface_create (cairo_surface_t *target)
 {
     test_wrapping_surface_t *surface;
+    cairo_status_t status;
 
-    if (unlikely (target->status))
-	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (target->status);
+    status = _cairo_surface_status (target);
+    if (unlikely (status))
+	return _cairo_surface_create_in_error (status);
 
     surface = malloc (sizeof (test_wrapping_surface_t));
     if (unlikely (surface == NULL))