From 0b24becc810dc3be6e3f94103a866f214c282394 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andrey Ryabinin Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2015 14:39:17 -0800 Subject: kasan: add kernel address sanitizer infrastructure Kernel Address sanitizer (KASan) is a dynamic memory error detector. It provides fast and comprehensive solution for finding use-after-free and out-of-bounds bugs. KASAN uses compile-time instrumentation for checking every memory access, therefore GCC > v4.9.2 required. v4.9.2 almost works, but has issues with putting symbol aliases into the wrong section, which breaks kasan instrumentation of globals. This patch only adds infrastructure for kernel address sanitizer. It's not available for use yet. The idea and some code was borrowed from [1]. Basic idea: The main idea of KASAN is to use shadow memory to record whether each byte of memory is safe to access or not, and use compiler's instrumentation to check the shadow memory on each memory access. Address sanitizer uses 1/8 of the memory addressable in kernel for shadow memory and uses direct mapping with a scale and offset to translate a memory address to its corresponding shadow address. Here is function to translate address to corresponding shadow address: unsigned long kasan_mem_to_shadow(unsigned long addr) { return (addr >> KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT) + KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET; } where KASAN_SHADOW_SCALE_SHIFT = 3. So for every 8 bytes there is one corresponding byte of shadow memory. The following encoding used for each shadow byte: 0 means that all 8 bytes of the corresponding memory region are valid for access; k (1 <= k <= 7) means that the first k bytes are valid for access, and other (8 - k) bytes are not; Any negative value indicates that the entire 8-bytes are inaccessible. Different negative values used to distinguish between different kinds of inaccessible memory (redzones, freed memory) (see mm/kasan/kasan.h). To be able to detect accesses to bad memory we need a special compiler. Such compiler inserts a specific function calls (__asan_load*(addr), __asan_store*(addr)) before each memory access of size 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. These functions check whether memory region is valid to access or not by checking corresponding shadow memory. If access is not valid an error printed. Historical background of the address sanitizer from Dmitry Vyukov: "We've developed the set of tools, AddressSanitizer (Asan), ThreadSanitizer and MemorySanitizer, for user space. We actively use them for testing inside of Google (continuous testing, fuzzing, running prod services). To date the tools have found more than 10'000 scary bugs in Chromium, Google internal codebase and various open-source projects (Firefox, OpenSSL, gcc, clang, ffmpeg, MySQL and lots of others): [2] [3] [4]. The tools are part of both gcc and clang compilers. We have not yet done massive testing under the Kernel AddressSanitizer (it's kind of chicken and egg problem, you need it to be upstream to start applying it extensively). To date it has found about 50 bugs. Bugs that we've found in upstream kernel are listed in [5]. We've also found ~20 bugs in out internal version of the kernel. Also people from Samsung and Oracle have found some. [...] As others noted, the main feature of AddressSanitizer is its performance due to inline compiler instrumentation and simple linear shadow memory. User-space Asan has ~2x slowdown on computational programs and ~2x memory consumption increase. Taking into account that kernel usually consumes only small fraction of CPU and memory when running real user-space programs, I would expect that kernel Asan will have ~10-30% slowdown and similar memory consumption increase (when we finish all tuning). I agree that Asan can well replace kmemcheck. We have plans to start working on Kernel MemorySanitizer that finds uses of unitialized memory. Asan+Msan will provide feature-parity with kmemcheck. As others noted, Asan will unlikely replace debug slab and pagealloc that can be enabled at runtime. Asan uses compiler instrumentation, so even if it is disabled, it still incurs visible overheads. Asan technology is easily portable to other architectures. Compiler instrumentation is fully portable. Runtime has some arch-dependent parts like shadow mapping and atomic operation interception. They are relatively easy to port." Comparison with other debugging features: ======================================== KMEMCHECK: - KASan can do almost everything that kmemcheck can. KASan uses compile-time instrumentation, which makes it significantly faster than kmemcheck. The only advantage of kmemcheck over KASan is detection of uninitialized memory reads. Some brief performance testing showed that kasan could be x500-x600 times faster than kmemcheck: $ netperf -l 30 MIGRATED TCP STREAM TEST from 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) port 0 AF_INET to localhost (127.0.0.1) port 0 AF_INET Recv Send Send Socket Socket Message Elapsed Size Size Size Time Throughput bytes bytes bytes secs. 10^6bits/sec no debug: 87380 16384 16384 30.00 41624.72 kasan inline: 87380 16384 16384 30.00 12870.54 kasan outline: 87380 16384 16384 30.00 10586.39 kmemcheck: 87380 16384 16384 30.03 20.23 - Also kmemcheck couldn't work on several CPUs. It always sets number of CPUs to 1. KASan doesn't have such limitation. DEBUG_PAGEALLOC: - KASan is slower than DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, but KASan works on sub-page granularity level, so it able to find more bugs. SLUB_DEBUG (poisoning, redzones): - SLUB_DEBUG has lower overhead than KASan. - SLUB_DEBUG in most cases are not able to detect bad reads, KASan able to detect both reads and writes. - In some cases (e.g. redzone overwritten) SLUB_DEBUG detect bugs only on allocation/freeing of object. KASan catch bugs right before it will happen, so we always know exact place of first bad read/write. [1] https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/wiki/AddressSanitizerForKernel [2] https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/wiki/FoundBugs [3] https://code.google.com/p/thread-sanitizer/wiki/FoundBugs [4] https://code.google.com/p/memory-sanitizer/wiki/FoundBugs [5] https://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/wiki/AddressSanitizerForKernel#Trophies Based on work by Andrey Konovalov. Signed-off-by: Andrey Ryabinin Acked-by: Michal Marek Signed-off-by: Andrey Konovalov Cc: Dmitry Vyukov Cc: Konstantin Serebryany Cc: Dmitry Chernenkov Cc: Yuri Gribov Cc: Konstantin Khlebnikov Cc: Sasha Levin Cc: Christoph Lameter Cc: Joonsoo Kim Cc: Dave Hansen Cc: Andi Kleen Cc: Ingo Molnar Cc: Thomas Gleixner Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" Cc: Christoph Lameter Cc: Pekka Enberg Cc: David Rientjes Cc: Stephen Rothwell Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds --- lib/Kconfig.debug | 2 ++ lib/Kconfig.kasan | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+) create mode 100644 lib/Kconfig.kasan (limited to 'lib') diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.debug b/lib/Kconfig.debug index 79a9bb67aeaf..ecb3516f6546 100644 --- a/lib/Kconfig.debug +++ b/lib/Kconfig.debug @@ -651,6 +651,8 @@ config DEBUG_STACKOVERFLOW source "lib/Kconfig.kmemcheck" +source "lib/Kconfig.kasan" + endmenu # "Memory Debugging" config DEBUG_SHIRQ diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.kasan b/lib/Kconfig.kasan new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..e5b3fbe5560f --- /dev/null +++ b/lib/Kconfig.kasan @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +config HAVE_ARCH_KASAN + bool + +if HAVE_ARCH_KASAN + +config KASAN + bool "KASan: runtime memory debugger" + help + Enables kernel address sanitizer - runtime memory debugger, + designed to find out-of-bounds accesses and use-after-free bugs. + This is strictly debugging feature. It consumes about 1/8 + of available memory and brings about ~x3 performance slowdown. + For better error detection enable CONFIG_STACKTRACE, + and add slub_debug=U to boot cmdline. + +config KASAN_SHADOW_OFFSET + hex + +choice + prompt "Instrumentation type" + depends on KASAN + default KASAN_OUTLINE + +config KASAN_OUTLINE + bool "Outline instrumentation" + help + Before every memory access compiler insert function call + __asan_load*/__asan_store*. These functions performs check + of shadow memory. This is slower than inline instrumentation, + however it doesn't bloat size of kernel's .text section so + much as inline does. + +config KASAN_INLINE + bool "Inline instrumentation" + help + Compiler directly inserts code checking shadow memory before + memory accesses. This is faster than outline (in some workloads + it gives about x2 boost over outline instrumentation), but + make kernel's .text size much bigger. + +endchoice + +endif -- cgit v1.2.3