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2017-04-26Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/netDavid S. Miller1-2/+4
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2017-04-25ipv6: move stub initialization after ipv6 setup completionPaolo Abeni1-2/+4
The ipv6 stub pointer is currently initialized before the ipv6 routing subsystem: a 3rd party can access and use such stub before the routing data is ready. Moreover, such pointer is not cleared in case of initialization error, possibly leading to dangling pointers usage. This change addresses the above moving the stub initialization at the end of ipv6 init code. Fixes: 5f81bd2e5d80 ("ipv6: export a stub for IPv6 symbols used by vxlan") Signed-off-by: Paolo Abeni <pabeni@redhat.com> Acked-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2017-03-28ipv6: add support for NETDEV_RESEND_IGMP eventVlad Yasevich1-1/+7
This patch adds support for NETDEV_RESEND_IGMP event similar to how it works for IPv4. Signed-off-by: Vladislav Yasevich <vyasevic@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2017-03-07ipv6: reorder icmpv6_init() and ip6_mr_init()WANG Cong1-5/+5
Andrey reported the following kernel crash: kasan: GPF could be caused by NULL-ptr deref or user memory access general protection fault: 0000 [#1] SMP KASAN Dumping ftrace buffer: (ftrace buffer empty) Modules linked in: CPU: 0 PID: 14446 Comm: syz-executor6 Not tainted 4.10.0+ #82 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS Bochs 01/01/2011 task: ffff88001f311700 task.stack: ffff88001f6e8000 RIP: 0010:ip6mr_sk_done+0x15a/0x3d0 net/ipv6/ip6mr.c:1618 RSP: 0018:ffff88001f6ef418 EFLAGS: 00010202 RAX: dffffc0000000000 RBX: 1ffff10003edde8c RCX: ffffc900043ee000 RDX: 0000000000000004 RSI: ffffffff83e3b3f8 RDI: 0000000000000020 RBP: ffff88001f6ef508 R08: fffffbfff0dcc5d8 R09: 0000000000000000 R10: ffffffff86e62ec0 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000000 R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffff88001f6ef4e0 R15: ffff8800380a0040 FS: 00007f7a52cec700(0000) GS:ffff88003ec00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 000000000061c500 CR3: 000000001f1ae000 CR4: 00000000000006f0 DR0: 0000000020000000 DR1: 0000000020000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000ffff0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000600 Call Trace: rawv6_close+0x4c/0x80 net/ipv6/raw.c:1217 inet_release+0xed/0x1c0 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:425 inet6_release+0x50/0x70 net/ipv6/af_inet6.c:432 sock_release+0x8d/0x1e0 net/socket.c:597 __sock_create+0x39d/0x880 net/socket.c:1226 sock_create_kern+0x3f/0x50 net/socket.c:1243 inet_ctl_sock_create+0xbb/0x280 net/ipv4/af_inet.c:1526 icmpv6_sk_init+0x163/0x500 net/ipv6/icmp.c:954 ops_init+0x10a/0x550 net/core/net_namespace.c:115 setup_net+0x261/0x660 net/core/net_namespace.c:291 copy_net_ns+0x27e/0x540 net/core/net_namespace.c:396 9pnet_virtio: no channels available for device ./file1 create_new_namespaces+0x437/0x9b0 kernel/nsproxy.c:106 unshare_nsproxy_namespaces+0xae/0x1e0 kernel/nsproxy.c:205 SYSC_unshare kernel/fork.c:2281 [inline] SyS_unshare+0x64e/0x1000 kernel/fork.c:2231 entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x1f/0xc2 This is because net->ipv6.mr6_tables is not initialized at that point, ip6mr_rules_init() is not called yet, therefore on the error path when we iterator the list, we trigger this oops. Fix this by reordering ip6mr_rules_init() before icmpv6_sk_init(). Reported-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2017-01-24Introduce a sysctl that modifies the value of PROT_SOCK.Krister Johansen1-1/+2
Add net.ipv4.ip_unprivileged_port_start, which is a per namespace sysctl that denotes the first unprivileged inet port in the namespace. To disable all privileged ports set this to zero. It also checks for overlap with the local port range. The privileged and local range may not overlap. The use case for this change is to allow containerized processes to bind to priviliged ports, but prevent them from ever being allowed to modify their container's network configuration. The latter is accomplished by ensuring that the network namespace is not a child of the user namespace. This modification was needed to allow the container manager to disable a namespace's priviliged port restrictions without exposing control of the network namespace to processes in the user namespace. Signed-off-by: Krister Johansen <kjlx@templeofstupid.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-12-24Replace <asm/uaccess.h> with <linux/uaccess.h> globallyLinus Torvalds1-1/+1
This was entirely automated, using the script by Al: PATT='^[[:blank:]]*#[[:blank:]]*include[[:blank:]]*<asm/uaccess.h>' sed -i -e "s!$PATT!#include <linux/uaccess.h>!" \ $(git grep -l "$PATT"|grep -v ^include/linux/uaccess.h) to do the replacement at the end of the merge window. Requested-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
2016-12-02bpf: Add new cgroup attach type to enable sock modificationsDavid Ahern1-0/+8
Add new cgroup based program type, BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SOCK. Similar to BPF_PROG_TYPE_CGROUP_SKB programs can be attached to a cgroup and run any time a process in the cgroup opens an AF_INET or AF_INET6 socket. Currently only sk_bound_dev_if is exported to userspace for modification by a bpf program. This allows a cgroup to be configured such that AF_INET{6} sockets opened by processes are automatically bound to a specific device. In turn, this enables the running of programs that do not support SO_BINDTODEVICE in a specific VRF context / L3 domain. Signed-off-by: David Ahern <dsa@cumulusnetworks.com> Acked-by: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-11-09ipv6: sr: add code base for control plane support of SR-IPv6David Lebrun1-1/+8
This patch adds the necessary hooks and structures to provide support for SR-IPv6 control plane, essentially the Generic Netlink commands that will be used for userspace control over the Segment Routing kernel structures. The genetlink commands provide control over two different structures: tunnel source and HMAC data. The tunnel source is the source address that will be used by default when encapsulating packets into an outer IPv6 header + SRH. If the tunnel source is set to :: then an address of the outgoing interface will be selected as the source. The HMAC commands currently just return ENOTSUPP and will be implemented in a future patch. Signed-off-by: David Lebrun <david.lebrun@uclouvain.be> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-11-04net: inet: Support UID-based routing in IP protocols.Lorenzo Colitti1-0/+1
- Use the UID in routing lookups made by protocol connect() and sendmsg() functions. - Make sure that routing lookups triggered by incoming packets (e.g., Path MTU discovery) take the UID of the socket into account. - For packets not associated with a userspace socket, (e.g., ping replies) use UID 0 inside the user namespace corresponding to the network namespace the socket belongs to. This allows all namespaces to apply routing and iptables rules to kernel-originated traffic in that namespaces by matching UID 0. This is better than using the UID of the kernel socket that is sending the traffic, because the UID of kernel sockets created at namespace creation time (e.g., the per-processor ICMP and TCP sockets) is the UID of the user that created the socket, which might not be mapped in the namespace. Tested: compiles allnoconfig, allyesconfig, allmodconfig Tested: https://android-review.googlesource.com/253302 Signed-off-by: Lorenzo Colitti <lorenzo@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-08-28tcp: Set read_sock and peek_len proto_opsTom Herbert1-0/+2
In inet_stream_ops we set read_sock to tcp_read_sock and peek_len to tcp_peek_len (which is just a stub function that calls tcp_inq). Signed-off-by: Tom Herbert <tom@herbertland.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-07-29Merge branch 'next' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-1/+8
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security Pull security subsystem updates from James Morris: "Highlights: - TPM core and driver updates/fixes - IPv6 security labeling (CALIPSO) - Lots of Apparmor fixes - Seccomp: remove 2-phase API, close hole where ptrace can change syscall #" * 'next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jmorris/linux-security: (156 commits) apparmor: fix SECURITY_APPARMOR_HASH_DEFAULT parameter handling tpm: Add TPM 2.0 support to the Nuvoton i2c driver (NPCT6xx family) tpm: Factor out common startup code tpm: use devm_add_action_or_reset tpm2_i2c_nuvoton: add irq validity check tpm: read burstcount from TPM_STS in one 32-bit transaction tpm: fix byte-order for the value read by tpm2_get_tpm_pt tpm_tis_core: convert max timeouts from msec to jiffies apparmor: fix arg_size computation for when setprocattr is null terminated apparmor: fix oops, validate buffer size in apparmor_setprocattr() apparmor: do not expose kernel stack apparmor: fix module parameters can be changed after policy is locked apparmor: fix oops in profile_unpack() when policy_db is not present apparmor: don't check for vmalloc_addr if kvzalloc() failed apparmor: add missing id bounds check on dfa verification apparmor: allow SYS_CAP_RESOURCE to be sufficient to prlimit another task apparmor: use list_next_entry instead of list_entry_next apparmor: fix refcount race when finding a child profile apparmor: fix ref count leak when profile sha1 hash is read apparmor: check that xindex is in trans_table bounds ...
2016-07-07Merge branch 'stable-4.8' of git://git.infradead.org/users/pcmoore/selinux ↵James Morris1-1/+8
into next
2016-06-27netlabel: Initial support for the CALIPSO netlink protocol.Huw Davies1-1/+8
CALIPSO is a packet labelling protocol for IPv6 which is very similar to CIPSO. It is specified in RFC 5570. Much of the code is based on the current CIPSO code. This adds support for adding passthrough-type CALIPSO DOIs through the NLBL_CALIPSO_C_ADD command. It requires attributes: NLBL_CALIPSO_A_TYPE which must be CALIPSO_MAP_PASS. NLBL_CALIPSO_A_DOI. In passthrough mode the CALIPSO engine will map MLS secattr levels and categories directly to the packet label. At this stage, the major difference between this and the CIPSO code is that IPv6 may be compiled as a module. To allow for this the CALIPSO functions are registered at module init time. Signed-off-by: Huw Davies <huw@codeweavers.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Moore <paul@paul-moore.com>
2016-06-09net: vrf: Fix crash when IPv6 is disabled at boot timeDavid Ahern1-0/+6
Frank Kellermann reported a kernel crash with 4.5.0 when IPv6 is disabled at boot using the kernel option ipv6.disable=1. Using current net-next with the boot option: $ ip link add red type vrf table 1001 Generates: [12210.919584] BUG: unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at 0000000000000748 [12210.921341] IP: [<ffffffff814b30e3>] fib6_get_table+0x2c/0x5a [12210.922537] PGD b79e3067 PUD bb32b067 PMD 0 [12210.923479] Oops: 0000 [#1] SMP [12210.924001] Modules linked in: ipvlan 8021q garp mrp stp llc [12210.925130] CPU: 3 PID: 1177 Comm: ip Not tainted 4.7.0-rc1+ #235 [12210.926168] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.7.5-20140531_083030-gandalf 04/01/2014 [12210.928065] task: ffff8800b9ac4640 ti: ffff8800bacac000 task.ti: ffff8800bacac000 [12210.929328] RIP: 0010:[<ffffffff814b30e3>] [<ffffffff814b30e3>] fib6_get_table+0x2c/0x5a [12210.930697] RSP: 0018:ffff8800bacaf888 EFLAGS: 00010202 [12210.931563] RAX: 0000000000000748 RBX: ffffffff81a9e280 RCX: ffff8800b9ac4e28 [12210.932688] RDX: 00000000000000e9 RSI: 0000000000000002 RDI: 0000000000000286 [12210.933820] RBP: ffff8800bacaf898 R08: ffff8800b9ac4df0 R09: 000000000052001b [12210.934941] R10: 00000000657c0000 R11: 000000000000c649 R12: 00000000000003e9 [12210.936032] R13: 00000000000003e9 R14: ffff8800bace7800 R15: ffff8800bb3ec000 [12210.937103] FS: 00007faa1766c700(0000) GS:ffff88013ac00000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [12210.938321] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [12210.939166] CR2: 0000000000000748 CR3: 00000000b79d6000 CR4: 00000000000406e0 [12210.940278] Stack: [12210.940603] ffff8800bb3ec000 ffffffff81a9e280 ffff8800bacaf8c8 ffffffff814b3135 [12210.941818] ffff8800bb3ec000 ffffffff81a9e280 ffffffff81a9e280 ffff8800bace7800 [12210.943040] ffff8800bacaf8f0 ffffffff81397c88 ffff8800bb3ec000 ffffffff81a9e280 [12210.944288] Call Trace: [12210.944688] [<ffffffff814b3135>] fib6_new_table+0x24/0x8a [12210.945516] [<ffffffff81397c88>] vrf_dev_init+0xd4/0x162 [12210.946328] [<ffffffff814091e1>] register_netdevice+0x100/0x396 [12210.947209] [<ffffffff8139823d>] vrf_newlink+0x40/0xb3 [12210.948001] [<ffffffff814187f0>] rtnl_newlink+0x5d3/0x6d5 ... The problem above is due to the fact that the fib hash table is not allocated when IPv6 is disabled at boot. As for the VRF driver it should not do any IPv6 initializations if IPv6 is disabled, so it needs to know if IPv6 is disabled at boot. The disable parameter is private to the IPv6 module, so provide an accessor for modules to determine if IPv6 was disabled at boot time. Fixes: 35402e3136634 ("net: Add IPv6 support to VRF device") Signed-off-by: David Ahern <dsa@cumulusnetworks.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-04-07udp: Add GRO functions to UDP socketTom Herbert1-0/+8
This patch adds GRO functions (gro_receive and gro_complete) to UDP sockets. udp_gro_receive is changed to perform socket lookup on a packet. If a socket is found the related GRO functions are called. This features obsoletes using UDP offload infrastructure for GRO (udp_offload). This has the advantage of not being limited to provide offload on a per port basis, GRO is now applied to whatever individual UDP sockets are bound to. This also allows the possbility of "application defined GRO"-- that is we can attach something like a BPF program to a UDP socket to perfrom GRO on an application layer protocol. Signed-off-by: Tom Herbert <tom@herbertland.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-04-05udp: enable MSG_PEEK at non-zero offsetsamanthakumar1-0/+1
Enable peeking at UDP datagrams at the offset specified with socket option SOL_SOCKET/SO_PEEK_OFF. Peek at any datagram in the queue, up to the end of the given datagram. Implement the SO_PEEK_OFF semantics introduced in commit ef64a54f6e55 ("sock: Introduce the SO_PEEK_OFF sock option"). Increase the offset on peek, decrease it on regular reads. When peeking, always checksum the packet immediately, to avoid recomputation on subsequent peeks and final read. The socket lock is not held for the duration of udp_recvmsg, so peek and read operations can run concurrently. Only the last store to sk_peek_off is preserved. Signed-off-by: Sam Kumar <samanthakumar@google.com> Signed-off-by: Willem de Bruijn <willemb@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2016-02-11sock: struct proto hash function may errorCraig Gallek1-1/+5
In order to support fast reuseport lookups in TCP, the hash function defined in struct proto must be capable of returning an error code. This patch changes the function signature of all related hash functions to return an integer and handles or propagates this return value at all call sites. Signed-off-by: Craig Gallek <kraig@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-12-14net: add validation for the socket syscall protocol argumentHannes Frederic Sowa1-0/+3
郭永刚 reported that one could simply crash the kernel as root by using a simple program: int socket_fd; struct sockaddr_in addr; addr.sin_port = 0; addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; addr.sin_family = 10; socket_fd = socket(10,3,0x40000000); connect(socket_fd , &addr,16); AF_INET, AF_INET6 sockets actually only support 8-bit protocol identifiers. inet_sock's skc_protocol field thus is sized accordingly, thus larger protocol identifiers simply cut off the higher bits and store a zero in the protocol fields. This could lead to e.g. NULL function pointer because as a result of the cut off inet_num is zero and we call down to inet_autobind, which is NULL for raw sockets. kernel: Call Trace: kernel: [<ffffffff816db90e>] ? inet_autobind+0x2e/0x70 kernel: [<ffffffff816db9a4>] inet_dgram_connect+0x54/0x80 kernel: [<ffffffff81645069>] SYSC_connect+0xd9/0x110 kernel: [<ffffffff810ac51b>] ? ptrace_notify+0x5b/0x80 kernel: [<ffffffff810236d8>] ? syscall_trace_enter_phase2+0x108/0x200 kernel: [<ffffffff81645e0e>] SyS_connect+0xe/0x10 kernel: [<ffffffff81779515>] tracesys_phase2+0x84/0x89 I found no particular commit which introduced this problem. CVE: CVE-2015-8543 Cc: Cong Wang <cwang@twopensource.com> Reported-by: 郭永刚 <guoyonggang@360.cn> Signed-off-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-12-03ipv6: kill sk_dst_lockEric Dumazet1-1/+1
While testing the np->opt RCU conversion, I found that UDP/IPv6 was using a mixture of xchg() and sk_dst_lock to protect concurrent changes to sk->sk_dst_cache, leading to possible corruptions and crashes. ip6_sk_dst_lookup_flow() uses sk_dst_check() anyway, so the simplest way to fix the mess is to remove sk_dst_lock completely, as we did for IPv4. __ip6_dst_store() and ip6_dst_store() share same implementation. sk_setup_caps() being called with socket lock being held or not, we have to use sk_dst_set() instead of __sk_dst_set() Note that I had to move the "np->dst_cookie = rt6_get_cookie(rt);" in ip6_dst_store() before the sk_setup_caps(sk, dst) call. This is because ip6_dst_store() can be called from process context, without any lock held. As soon as the dst is installed in sk->sk_dst_cache, dst can be freed from another cpu doing a concurrent ip6_dst_store() Doing the dst dereference before doing the install is needed to make sure no use after free would trigger. Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-12-02ipv6: add complete rcu protection around np->optEric Dumazet1-4/+9
This patch addresses multiple problems : UDP/RAW sendmsg() need to get a stable struct ipv6_txoptions while socket is not locked : Other threads can change np->opt concurrently. Dmitry posted a syzkaller (http://github.com/google/syzkaller) program desmonstrating use-after-free. Starting with TCP/DCCP lockless listeners, tcp_v6_syn_recv_sock() and dccp_v6_request_recv_sock() also need to use RCU protection to dereference np->opt once (before calling ipv6_dup_options()) This patch adds full RCU protection to np->opt Reported-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Acked-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-07-31ipv6: Disable flowlabel state ranges by defaultTom Herbert1-1/+1
Per RFC6437 stateful flow labels (e.g. labels set by flow label manager) cannot "disturb" nodes taking part in stateless flow labels. While the ranges only reduce the flow label entropy by one bit, it is conceivable that this might bias the algorithm on some routers causing a load imbalance. For best results on the Internet we really need the full 20 bits. Signed-off-by: Tom Herbert <tom@herbertland.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-07-31ipv6: Implement different admin modes for automatic flow labelsTom Herbert1-1/+2
Change the meaning of net.ipv6.auto_flowlabels to provide a mode for automatic flow labels generation. There are four modes: 0: flow labels are disabled 1: flow labels are enabled, sockets can opt-out 2: flow labels are allowed, sockets can opt-in 3: flow labels are enabled and enforced, no opt-out for sockets np->autoflowlabel is initialized according to the sysctl value. Signed-off-by: Tom Herbert <tom@herbertland.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-07-09ipv6: Nonlocal bindTom Herbert1-1/+2
Add support to allow non-local binds similar to how this was done for IPv4. Non-local binds are very useful in emulating the Internet in a box, etc. This add the ip_nonlocal_bind sysctl under ipv6. Testing: Set up nonlocal binding and receive routing on a host, e.g.: ip -6 rule add from ::/0 iif eth0 lookup 200 ip -6 route add local 2001:0:0:1::/64 dev lo proto kernel scope host table 200 sysctl -w net.ipv6.ip_nonlocal_bind=1 Set up routing to 2001:0:0:1::/64 on peer to go to first host ping6 -I 2001:0:0:1::1 peer-address -- to verify Signed-off-by: Tom Herbert <tom@herbertland.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-07-09ipv6: use flag instead of u16 for hop in inet6_skb_parmFlorian Westphal1-2/+2
Hop was always either 0 or sizeof(struct ipv6hdr). Signed-off-by: Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-06-06inet: add IP_BIND_ADDRESS_NO_PORT to overcome bind(0) limitationsEric Dumazet1-1/+2
When an application needs to force a source IP on an active TCP socket it has to use bind(IP, port=x). As most applications do not want to deal with already used ports, x is often set to 0, meaning the kernel is in charge to find an available port. But kernel does not know yet if this socket is going to be a listener or be connected. It has very limited choices (no full knowledge of final 4-tuple for a connect()) With limited ephemeral port range (about 32K ports), it is very easy to fill the space. This patch adds a new SOL_IP socket option, asking kernel to ignore the 0 port provided by application in bind(IP, port=0) and only remember the given IP address. The port will be automatically chosen at connect() time, in a way that allows sharing a source port as long as the 4-tuples are unique. This new feature is available for both IPv4 and IPv6 (Thanks Neal) Tested: Wrote a test program and checked its behavior on IPv4 and IPv6. strace(1) shows sequences of bind(IP=127.0.0.2, port=0) followed by connect(). Also getsockname() show that the port is still 0 right after bind() but properly allocated after connect(). socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 5 setsockopt(5, SOL_IP, IP_BIND_ADDRESS_NO_PORT, [1], 4) = 0 bind(5, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(0), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.2")}, 16) = 0 getsockname(5, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(0), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.2")}, [16]) = 0 connect(5, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(53174), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.3")}, 16) = 0 getsockname(5, {sa_family=AF_INET, sin_port=htons(38050), sin_addr=inet_addr("127.0.0.2")}, [16]) = 0 IPv6 test : socket(PF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, IPPROTO_IP) = 7 setsockopt(7, SOL_IP, IP_BIND_ADDRESS_NO_PORT, [1], 4) = 0 bind(7, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(0), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=0, sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 0 getsockname(7, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(0), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=0, sin6_scope_id=0}, [28]) = 0 connect(7, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(57300), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=0, sin6_scope_id=0}, 28) = 0 getsockname(7, {sa_family=AF_INET6, sin6_port=htons(60964), inet_pton(AF_INET6, "::1", &sin6_addr), sin6_flowinfo=0, sin6_scope_id=0}, [28]) = 0 I was able to bind()/connect() a million concurrent IPv4 sockets, instead of ~32000 before patch. lpaa23:~# ulimit -n 1000010 lpaa23:~# ./bind --connect --num-flows=1000000 & 1000000 sockets lpaa23:~# grep TCP /proc/net/sockstat TCP: inuse 2000063 orphan 0 tw 47 alloc 2000157 mem 66 Check that a given source port is indeed used by many different connections : lpaa23:~# ss -t src :40000 | head -10 State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.0.202.33:44983 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.2.27.240:44983 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.2.98.5:44983 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.0.124.196:44983 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.2.139.38:44983 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.1.59.80:44983 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.3.6.228:44983 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.0.38.53:44983 ESTAB 0 0 127.0.0.2:40000 127.1.197.10:44983 Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-05-11net: Pass kern from net_proto_family.create to sk_allocEric W. Biederman1-1/+1
In preparation for changing how struct net is refcounted on kernel sockets pass the knowledge that we are creating a kernel socket from sock_create_kern through to sk_alloc. Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-05-03ipv6: Flow label state rangesTom Herbert1-0/+1
This patch divides the IPv6 flow label space into two ranges: 0-7ffff is reserved for flow label manager, 80000-fffff will be used for creating auto flow labels (per RFC6438). This only affects how labels are set on transmit, it does not affect receive. This range split can be disbaled by systcl. Background: IPv6 flow labels have been an unmitigated disappointment thus far in the lifetime of IPv6. Support in HW devices to use them for ECMP is lacking, and OSes don't turn them on by default. If we had these we could get much better hashing in IPv6 networks without resorting to DPI, possibly eliminating some of the motivations to to define new encaps in UDP just for getting ECMP. Unfortunately, the initial specfications of IPv6 did not clarify how they are to be used. There has always been a vague concept that these can be used for ECMP, flow hashing, etc. and we do now have a good standard how to this in RFC6438. The problem is that flow labels can be either stateful or stateless (as in RFC6438), and we are presented with the possibility that a stateless label may collide with a stateful one. Attempts to split the flow label space were rejected in IETF. When we added support in Linux for RFC6438, we could not turn on flow labels by default due to this conflict. This patch splits the flow label space and should give us a path to enabling auto flow labels by default for all IPv6 packets. This is an API change so we need to consider compatibility with existing deployment. The stateful range is chosen to be the lower values in hopes that most uses would have chosen small numbers. Once we resolve the stateless/stateful issue, we can proceed to look at enabling RFC6438 flow labels by default (starting with scaled testing). Signed-off-by: Tom Herbert <tom@herbertland.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-03-31ipv6: coding style: comparison for inequality with NULLIan Morris1-3/+3
The ipv6 code uses a mixture of coding styles. In some instances check for NULL pointer is done as x != NULL and sometimes as x. x is preferred according to checkpatch and this patch makes the code consistent by adopting the latter form. No changes detected by objdiff. Signed-off-by: Ian Morris <ipm@chirality.org.uk> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-03-31ipv6: coding style: comparison for equality with NULLIan Morris1-4/+4
The ipv6 code uses a mixture of coding styles. In some instances check for NULL pointer is done as x == NULL and sometimes as !x. !x is preferred according to checkpatch and this patch makes the code consistent by adopting the latter form. No changes detected by objdiff. Signed-off-by: Ian Morris <ipm@chirality.org.uk> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-03-23ipv6: introduce idgen_delay and idgen_retries knobsHannes Frederic Sowa1-0/+2
This is specified by RFC 7217. Cc: Erik Kline <ek@google.com> Cc: Fernando Gont <fgont@si6networks.com> Cc: Lorenzo Colitti <lorenzo@google.com> Cc: YOSHIFUJI Hideaki/吉藤英明 <hideaki.yoshifuji@miraclelinux.com> Signed-off-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2015-03-02net: use common macro for assering skb->cb[] available size in protocol familiesEyal Birger1-1/+1
As part of an effort to move skb->dropcount to skb->cb[] use a common macro in protocol families using skb->cb[] for ancillary data to validate available room in skb->cb[]. Signed-off-by: Eyal Birger <eyal.birger@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-10-07ipv6: make fib6 serial number per namespaceHannes Frederic Sowa1-1/+1
Try to reduce number of possible fn_sernum mutation by constraining them to their namespace. Also remove rt_genid which I forgot to remove in 705f1c869d577c ("ipv6: remove rt6i_genid"). Cc: YOSHIFUJI Hideaki <hideaki@yoshifuji.org> Cc: Martin Lau <kafai@fb.com> Signed-off-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-09-28ipv6: add a struct inet6_skb_parm param to ipv6_opt_accepted()Eric Dumazet1-2/+2
ipv6_opt_accepted() assumes IP6CB(skb) holds the struct inet6_skb_parm that it needs. Lets not assume this, as TCP stack might use a different place. Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-09-09net/ipv4: bind ip_nonlocal_bind to current netnsVincent Bernat1-1/+1
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind sysctl was global to all network namespaces. This patch allows to set a different value for each network namespace. Signed-off-by: Vincent Bernat <vincent@bernat.im> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-08-24ipv6: White-space cleansing : Line LayoutsIan Morris1-6/+6
This patch makes no changes to the logic of the code but simply addresses coding style issues as detected by checkpatch. Both objdump and diff -w show no differences. A number of items are addressed in this patch: * Multiple spaces converted to tabs * Spaces before tabs removed. * Spaces in pointer typing cleansed (char *)foo etc. * Remove space after sizeof * Ensure spacing around comparators such as if statements. Signed-off-by: Ian Morris <ipm@chirality.org.uk> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-07-07ipv6: Implement automatic flow label generation on transmitTom Herbert1-0/+1
Automatically generate flow labels for IPv6 packets on transmit. The flow label is computed based on skb_get_hash. The flow label will only automatically be set when it is zero otherwise (i.e. flow label manager hasn't set one). This supports the transmit side functionality of RFC 6438. Added an IPv6 sysctl auto_flowlabels to enable/disable this behavior system wide, and added IPV6_AUTOFLOWLABEL socket option to enable this functionality per socket. By default, auto flowlabels are disabled to avoid possible conflicts with flow label manager, however if this feature proves useful we may want to enable it by default. It should also be noted that FreeBSD has already implemented automatic flow labels (including the sysctl and socket option). In FreeBSD, automatic flow labels default to enabled. Performance impact: Running super_netperf with 200 flows for TCP_RR and UDP_RR for IPv6. Note that in UDP case, __skb_get_hash will be called for every packet with explains slight regression. In the TCP case the hash is saved in the socket so there is no regression. Automatic flow labels disabled: TCP_RR: 86.53% CPU utilization 127/195/322 90/95/99% latencies 1.40498e+06 tps UDP_RR: 90.70% CPU utilization 118/168/243 90/95/99% latencies 1.50309e+06 tps Automatic flow labels enabled: TCP_RR: 85.90% CPU utilization 128/199/337 90/95/99% latencies 1.40051e+06 UDP_RR 92.61% CPU utilization 115/164/236 90/95/99% latencies 1.4687e+06 Signed-off-by: Tom Herbert <therbert@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-07-01inet: move ipv6only in sock_commonEric Dumazet1-3/+3
When an UDP application switches from AF_INET to AF_INET6 sockets, we have a small performance degradation for IPv4 communications because of extra cache line misses to access ipv6only information. This can also be noticed for TCP listeners, as ipv6_only_sock() is also used from __inet_lookup_listener()->compute_score() This is magnified when SO_REUSEPORT is used. Move ipv6only into struct sock_common so that it is available at no extra cost in lookups. Signed-off-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-05-23net: Eliminate no_check from protoswTom Herbert1-3/+0
It doesn't seem like an protocols are setting anything other than the default, and allowing to arbitrarily disable checksums for a whole protocol seems dangerous. This can be done on a per socket basis. Signed-off-by: Tom Herbert <therbert@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-05-07net: clean up snmp stats codeWANG Cong1-25/+17
commit 8f0ea0fe3a036a47767f9c80e (snmp: reduce percpu needs by 50%) reduced snmp array size to 1, so technically it doesn't have to be an array any more. What's more, after the following commit: commit 933393f58fef9963eac61db8093689544e29a600 Date: Thu Dec 22 11:58:51 2011 -0600 percpu: Remove irqsafe_cpu_xxx variants We simply say that regular this_cpu use must be safe regardless of preemption and interrupt state. That has no material change for x86 and s390 implementations of this_cpu operations. However, arches that do not provide their own implementation for this_cpu operations will now get code generated that disables interrupts instead of preemption. probably no arch wants to have SNMP_ARRAY_SZ == 2. At least after almost 3 years, no one complains. So, just convert the array to a single pointer and remove snmp_mib_init() and snmp_mib_free() as well. Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Cc: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Cong Wang <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2014-01-19ipv6: add flowlabel_consistency sysctlFlorent Fourcot1-0/+1
With the introduction of IPV6_FL_F_REFLECT, there is no guarantee of flow label unicity. This patch introduces a new sysctl to protect the old behaviour, enable by default. Changelog of V3: * rename ip6_flowlabel_consistency to flowlabel_consistency * use net_info_ratelimited() * checkpatch cleanups Signed-off-by: Florent Fourcot <florent.fourcot@enst-bretagne.fr> Acked-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-12-19Merge branch 'master' of ↵David S. Miller1-1/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/klassert/ipsec-next Steffen Klassert says: ==================== pull request (net-next): ipsec-next 2013-12-19 1) Use the user supplied policy index instead of a generated one if present. From Fan Du. 2) Make xfrm migration namespace aware. From Fan Du. 3) Make the xfrm state and policy locks namespace aware. From Fan Du. 4) Remove ancient sleeping when the SA is in acquire state, we now queue packets to the policy instead. This replaces the sleeping code. 5) Remove FLOWI_FLAG_CAN_SLEEP. This was used to notify xfrm about the posibility to sleep. The sleeping code is gone, so remove it. 6) Check user specified spi for IPComp. Thr spi for IPcomp is only 16 bit wide, so check for a valid value. From Fan Du. 7) Export verify_userspi_info to check for valid user supplied spi ranges with pfkey and netlink. From Fan Du. 8) RFC3173 states that if the total size of a compressed payload and the IPComp header is not smaller than the size of the original payload, the IP datagram must be sent in the original non-compressed form. These packets are dropped by the inbound policy check because they are not transformed. Document the need to set 'level use' for IPcomp to receive such packets anyway. From Fan Du. Please pull or let me know if there are problems. ==================== Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-12-18inet: make no_pmtu_disc per namespace and kill ipv4_configHannes Frederic Sowa1-1/+1
The other field in ipv4_config, log_martians, was converted to a per-interface setting, so we can just remove the whole structure. Signed-off-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-12-09ipv6: use ip6_flowinfo helperFlorent Fourcot1-2/+1
Signed-off-by: Florent Fourcot <florent.fourcot@enst-bretagne.fr> Reviewed-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-12-06net: Remove FLOWI_FLAG_CAN_SLEEPSteffen Klassert1-1/+1
FLOWI_FLAG_CAN_SLEEP was used to notify xfrm about the posibility to sleep until the needed states are resolved. This code is gone, so FLOWI_FLAG_CAN_SLEEP is not needed anymore. Signed-off-by: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
2013-11-19Merge git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/netLinus Torvalds1-2/+2
Pull networking fixes from David Miller: "Mostly these are fixes for fallout due to merge window changes, as well as cures for problems that have been with us for a much longer period of time" 1) Johannes Berg noticed two major deficiencies in our genetlink registration. Some genetlink protocols we passing in constant counts for their ops array rather than something like ARRAY_SIZE(ops) or similar. Also, some genetlink protocols were using fixed IDs for their multicast groups. We have to retain these fixed IDs to keep existing userland tools working, but reserve them so that other multicast groups used by other protocols can not possibly conflict. In dealing with these two problems, we actually now use less state management for genetlink operations and multicast groups. 2) When configuring interface hardware timestamping, fix several drivers that simply do not validate that the hwtstamp_config value is one the driver actually supports. From Ben Hutchings. 3) Invalid memory references in mwifiex driver, from Amitkumar Karwar. 4) In dev_forward_skb(), set the skb->protocol in the right order relative to skb_scrub_packet(). From Alexei Starovoitov. 5) Bridge erroneously fails to use the proper wrapper functions to make calls to netdev_ops->ndo_vlan_rx_{add,kill}_vid. Fix from Toshiaki Makita. 6) When detaching a bridge port, make sure to flush all VLAN IDs to prevent them from leaking, also from Toshiaki Makita. 7) Put in a compromise for TCP Small Queues so that deep queued devices that delay TX reclaim non-trivially don't have such a performance decrease. One particularly problematic area is 802.11 AMPDU in wireless. From Eric Dumazet. 8) Fix crashes in tcp_fastopen_cache_get(), we can see NULL socket dsts here. Fix from Eric Dumzaet, reported by Dave Jones. 9) Fix use after free in ipv6 SIT driver, from Willem de Bruijn. 10) When computing mergeable buffer sizes, virtio-net fails to take the virtio-net header into account. From Michael Dalton. 11) Fix seqlock deadlock in ip4_datagram_connect() wrt. statistic bumping, this one has been with us for a while. From Eric Dumazet. 12) Fix NULL deref in the new TIPC fragmentation handling, from Erik Hugne. 13) 6lowpan bit used for traffic classification was wrong, from Jukka Rissanen. 14) macvlan has the same issue as normal vlans did wrt. propagating LRO disabling down to the real device, fix it the same way. From Michal Kubecek. 15) CPSW driver needs to soft reset all slaves during suspend, from Daniel Mack. 16) Fix small frame pacing in FQ packet scheduler, from Eric Dumazet. 17) The xen-netfront RX buffer refill timer isn't properly scheduled on partial RX allocation success, from Ma JieYue. 18) When ipv6 ping protocol support was added, the AF_INET6 protocol initialization cleanup path on failure was borked a little. Fix from Vlad Yasevich. 19) If a socket disconnects during a read/recvmsg/recvfrom/etc that blocks we can do the wrong thing with the msg_name we write back to userspace. From Hannes Frederic Sowa. There is another fix in the works from Hannes which will prevent future problems of this nature. 20) Fix route leak in VTI tunnel transmit, from Fan Du. * git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net: (106 commits) genetlink: make multicast groups const, prevent abuse genetlink: pass family to functions using groups genetlink: add and use genl_set_err() genetlink: remove family pointer from genl_multicast_group genetlink: remove genl_unregister_mc_group() hsr: don't call genl_unregister_mc_group() quota/genetlink: use proper genetlink multicast APIs drop_monitor/genetlink: use proper genetlink multicast APIs genetlink: only pass array to genl_register_family_with_ops() tcp: don't update snd_nxt, when a socket is switched from repair mode atm: idt77252: fix dev refcnt leak xfrm: Release dst if this dst is improper for vti tunnel netlink: fix documentation typo in netlink_set_err() be2net: Delete secondary unicast MAC addresses during be_close be2net: Fix unconditional enabling of Rx interface options net, virtio_net: replace the magic value ping: prevent NULL pointer dereference on write to msg_name bnx2x: Prevent "timeout waiting for state X" bnx2x: prevent CFC attention bnx2x: Prevent panic during DMAE timeout ...
2013-11-18ipv6: Fix inet6_init() cleanup orderVlad Yasevich1-2/+2
Commit 6d0bfe22611602f36617bc7aa2ffa1bbb2f54c67 net: ipv6: Add IPv6 support to the ping socket introduced a change in the cleanup logic of inet6_init and has a bug in that ipv6_packet_cleanup() may not be called. Fix the cleanup ordering. CC: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> CC: Lorenzo Colitti <lorenzo@google.com> CC: Fabio Estevam <fabio.estevam@freescale.com> Signed-off-by: Vlad Yasevich <vyasevich@gmail.com> Acked-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-11-14Merge branch 'core-locking-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-0/+14
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip Pull core locking changes from Ingo Molnar: "The biggest changes: - add lockdep support for seqcount/seqlocks structures, this unearthed both bugs and required extra annotation. - move the various kernel locking primitives to the new kernel/locking/ directory" * 'core-locking-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (21 commits) block: Use u64_stats_init() to initialize seqcounts locking/lockdep: Mark __lockdep_count_forward_deps() as static lockdep/proc: Fix lock-time avg computation locking/doc: Update references to kernel/mutex.c ipv6: Fix possible ipv6 seqlock deadlock cpuset: Fix potential deadlock w/ set_mems_allowed seqcount: Add lockdep functionality to seqcount/seqlock structures net: Explicitly initialize u64_stats_sync structures for lockdep locking: Move the percpu-rwsem code to kernel/locking/ locking: Move the lglocks code to kernel/locking/ locking: Move the rwsem code to kernel/locking/ locking: Move the rtmutex code to kernel/locking/ locking: Move the semaphore core to kernel/locking/ locking: Move the spinlock code to kernel/locking/ locking: Move the lockdep code to kernel/locking/ locking: Move the mutex code to kernel/locking/ hung_task debugging: Add tracepoint to report the hang x86/locking/kconfig: Update paravirt spinlock Kconfig description lockstat: Report avg wait and hold times lockdep, x86/alternatives: Drop ancient lockdep fixup message ...
2013-11-06net: Explicitly initialize u64_stats_sync structures for lockdepJohn Stultz1-0/+14
In order to enable lockdep on seqcount/seqlock structures, we must explicitly initialize any locks. The u64_stats_sync structure, uses a seqcount, and thus we need to introduce a u64_stats_init() function and use it to initialize the structure. This unfortunately adds a lot of fairly trivial initialization code to a number of drivers. But the benefit of ensuring correctness makes this worth while. Because these changes are required for lockdep to be enabled, and the changes are quite trivial, I've not yet split this patch out into 30-some separate patches, as I figured it would be better to get the various maintainers thoughts on how to best merge this change along with the seqcount lockdep enablement. Feedback would be appreciated! Signed-off-by: John Stultz <john.stultz@linaro.org> Acked-by: Julian Anastasov <ja@ssi.bg> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: Alexey Kuznetsov <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Eric Dumazet <eric.dumazet@gmail.com> Cc: Hideaki YOSHIFUJI <yoshfuji@linux-ipv6.org> Cc: James Morris <jmorris@namei.org> Cc: Jesse Gross <jesse@nicira.com> Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com> Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com> Cc: Mirko Lindner <mlindner@marvell.com> Cc: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Cc: Roger Luethi <rl@hellgate.ch> Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Simon Horman <horms@verge.net.au> Cc: Stephen Hemminger <stephen@networkplumber.org> Cc: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@goodmis.org> Cc: Thomas Petazzoni <thomas.petazzoni@free-electrons.com> Cc: Wensong Zhang <wensong@linux-vs.org> Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1381186321-4906-2-git-send-email-john.stultz@linaro.org Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
2013-10-21tcp_memcontrol: Remove the per netns control.Eric W. Biederman1-2/+0
The code that is implemented is per memory cgroup not per netns, and having per netns bits is just confusing. Remove the per netns bits to make it easier to see what is really going on. Signed-off-by: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
2013-10-19inet: convert inet_ehash_secret and ipv6_hash_secret to net_get_random_onceHannes Frederic Sowa1-5/+0
Initialize the ehash and ipv6_hash_secrets with net_get_random_once. Each compilation unit gets its own secret now: ipv4/inet_hashtables.o ipv4/udp.o ipv6/inet6_hashtables.o ipv6/udp.o rds/connection.o The functions still get inlined into the hashing functions. In the fast path we have at most two (needed in ipv6) if (unlikely(...)). Cc: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Signed-off-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>