summaryrefslogtreecommitdiff
path: root/gs/doc/Use.htm
blob: 5c30d7d0d2bafd4cbafc0b8de2d9e6b23b9d0601 (plain) 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>How to use Ghostscript</title>
<!-- $Id$ -->
<!-- Originally: use.txt -->
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="gs.css" title="Ghostscript Style">
</head>

<body>
<!-- [1.0 begin visible header] ============================================ -->

<!-- [1.1 begin headline] ================================================== -->

<h1>How to use Ghostscript</h1>

<!-- [1.1 end headline] ==================================================== -->

<!-- [1.2 begin table of contents] ========================================= -->

<h2>Table of contents</h2>

<blockquote><ul>
<li><a href="#Invoking">Invoking Ghostscript</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Help_command">Help at the command line: <code>gs -h</code></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Output_device">Selecting an output device</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Output_resolution">Output resolution</a>
<li><a href="#File_output">Output to files</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#One_page_per_file">One page per file</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Paper_size">Choosing paper size</a>
<li><a href="#Change_default_size">Changing the installed default paper size</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Pipes">Interacting with pipes</a>
<li><a href="#PDF">Using Ghostscript with PDF files</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#PDF_switches">Switches for PDF files</a>
<li><a href="#PDF_problems">Problems interpreting a PDF file</a>
<li><a href="#PDF_stdin">PDF files from standard input</a>
</ul>

<li><a href="#EPS">Using Ghostscript with EPS files</a>
<li><a href="#SPOT">Using Ghostscript with overprinting and spot colors</a>
<li><a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#PS_resources">Finding PostScript Level 2 resources</a>
<li><a href="#Font_lookup">Font lookup</a>
<li><a href="#CIDFonts">CID fonts</a>
<li><a href="#CIDFontSubstitution">CID font substitution</a>
<li><a href="#UnicodeTT">Using Unicode True Type fonts</a>
<li><a href="#Temp_files">Temporary files</a>
</ul>

<li><a href="#Platforms">Notes on specific platforms</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Unix">Unix</a>
<li><a href="#VMS">VMS</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#VMS_X_Windows">Using X Windows on VMS</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#MS_Windows">MS Windows</a>
<li><a href="#X_Windows">X Windows</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#X_resources">X resources</a>
<li><a href="#X_server_bugs">Working around bugs in X servers</a>
<li><a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>
<li><a href="#GS_fonts_as_X_fonts">Using Ghostscript fonts on X displays</a>
<li><a href="#X_device_parameters">X device parameters</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#SCO_Unix">SCO Unix</a>
</ul>

<li><a href="#Options">Command line options</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#General_switches">General switches</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Input_control">Input control</a>
<li><a href="#File_searching">File searching</a>
<li><a href="#Parameters">Setting parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Quiet">Suppress messages</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Parameter_switches">Parameter switches (<code>-d</code> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b>)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Rendering_parameters">Rendering parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Page_parameters">Page parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Font_related_parameters">Font-related parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Resource_related_parameters">Resource-related parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Interaction_related_parameters">Interaction-related parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Output_selection_parameters">Device and output selection parameters</a>
<li><a href="#EPS_parameters">EPS parameters</a>
<li><a href="#ICC_color_parameters">ICC color parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Other_parameters">Other parameters</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Improving_performance">Improving performance</a>
<li><a href="#Environment_variables">Summary of environment variables</a>

<li><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Debug_switches">Debug Switches</a>
<li><a href="#Visual_trace">Visual Trace</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Known_paper_sizes">Appendix: Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</a>
<li><a href="#X_font_mappings">Appendix: X default font mappings</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Standard_X_server_fonts">Standard X servers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#X_regular_fonts">Regular fonts</a>
<li><a href="#X_symbol_fonts">Symbol fonts</a>
<li><a href="#X_dingbat_fonts">Dingbat fonts</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#OpenWindows_fonts">Sun OpenWindows</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#FAPI_run">Appendix: Running Ghostscript with third-party
font renderers</a>
</ul></blockquote>

<!-- [1.2 end table of contents] =========================================== -->

<!-- [1.3 begin hint] ====================================================== -->

<p>For other information, see the <a href="Readme.htm">Ghostscript
overview</a> and, if necessary, how to
<a href="Install.htm">install Ghostscript</a>.

<!-- [1.3 end hint] ======================================================== -->

<hr>

<!-- [1.0 end visible header] ============================================== -->

<!-- [2.0 begin contents] ================================================== -->

<h2><a name="Invoking"></a>Invoking Ghostscript</h2>

<p>This document describes how to use the command line Ghostscript client.
Ghostscript is also used as a general engine inside other applications (for viewing files for example).
Please refer to the documentation for those applications for using Ghostscript in other contexts.

<p><a name="Command_line"></a> The command line to invoke Ghostscript is
essentially the same on all systems, although the name of the executable
program itself may differ among systems.  For instance, to invoke
Ghostscript on unix-like systems type:

<blockquote>
        <pre><code>gs</code> [options] {filename 1} ... [options] {filename <em>N</em>} ...
</pre></blockquote>

<p>Here are some basic examples. The details of how these work are described below.

<p>To view a file:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH document.pdf</pre></blockquote>
You'll be prompted to press <em>return</em> between pages.

<p>To convert a figure to an image file:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=png16m -dGraphicsAlphaBits=4 \
    -sOutputFile=tiger.png tiger.eps</pre></blockquote>

<p>To render the same image at 300 dpi:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=png16m -r300 \
                -sOutputFile=tiger_300.png tiger.eps
</pre></blockquote>

<p>To render a figure in grayscale:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pnggray -sOutputFile=figure.png figure.pdf
</pre></blockquote>

<p>To rasterize a whole document:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pgmraw -r150 \
                -dTextAlphaBits=4 -sOutputFile='paper-%00d.pgm' paper.ps</pre></blockquote>

<p>There are also a number of utility scripts for common

to convert a PostScript document to PDF:
<blockquote><pre>ps2pdf file.ps</pre></blockquote>
The output is saved as file.pdf.

<p>There are other utility scripts besides <tt>ps2pdf</tt>, including <tt>pdf2ps</tt>, <tt>ps2epsi</tt>, <tt>pdf2dsc</tt>, <tt>ps2ascii</tt>,
<tt>ps2ps</tt> and <tt>ps2ps2</tt>. These just call Ghostscript with the appropriate
(if complicated) set of options. You can use the 'ps2' set with eps files.

<p>
Ghostscript is capable of interpreting PostScript, encapsulated PostScript
(EPS), DOS EPS (EPSF), and Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF).  The interpreter reads and executes the files in sequence, using the method described under "<a href="#File_searching">File searching</a>" to find them.

<p>The interpreter runs in interactive mode by default. After processing the files given on the command line (if any) it reads further lines of PostScript language commands from the primary input stream, normally the keyboard, interpreting each line separately. To quit the interpreter, type "<code>quit</code>". The <tt>-dBATCH -dNOPAUSE</tt> options in the examples above disable the interactive prompting. The interpreter also quits gracefully if it encounters end-of-file or control-C.

<p>
The interpreter recognizes many options. An option may appear anywhere in the command line, and applies to all files named after it on the line. Many of them include "<code>=</code>"
followed by a parameter. The most important are described in detail here. Please see the reference
 sections on <a href="#Options">options</a> and <a href="Devices.htm">devices</a> for a more complete listing.

<h3><a name="Help_command"></a>Help at the command line: <code>gs -h</code></h3>

<p>
You can get a brief help message by invoking Ghostscript with the
<code>-h</code> or <b><tt>-?</tt></b> switch, like this:

<blockquote><pre>
gs -h
gs -?
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
The message shows for that version of the Ghostscript executable:

<ul>
<li>the version and release information
<li>the general format of the command line
<li>a few of the most useful options
<li>the formats it can interpret
<li>the available output devices
<li>the search path
<li>the bug report address
</ul>

<p>
On other systems the executable may have a different name:

<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr bgcolor="#CCCC00">
        <th align=left>System
        <th>&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th align=left>invocation name
<tr>    <td>Unix
        <td>&nbsp;<td><code>gs</code>
<tr>    <td>VMS
        <td>&nbsp;<td><code>gs</code>
<tr>    <td>MS Windows 95 and later
        <td>&nbsp;<td><code>gswin32c</code>
<tr>    <td>OS/2
        <td>&nbsp;<td><code>gsos2</code>
</table></blockquote>


<h2><a name="Output_device"></a>Selecting an output device</h2>

<p>
Ghostscript has a notion of 'output devices' which handle saving or displaying the results in a particular format. Ghostscript comes with a diverse variety of such devices supporting vector and raster file output, screen display, driving various printers and communicating with other applications.

<p>
The command line option '<tt>-sDEVICE=</tt><em>device</em>' selects which output device Ghostscript should use. If this option isn't given the default device (usually a display device) is used. Ghostscript's built-in help message (<tt>gs&nbsp;-h</tt>) lists
the available output devices. For complete description of the devices distributed with Ghostscript and their options, please see the <a href="Devices.htm">devices section</a> of the documentation.

<p><a name="Device_output"></a>
Note that this switch must precede the name of the first input file, and
only its first use has any effect.  For example, for printer output in a
configuration that includes an Epson printer driver, instead of just
<tt>'gs&nbsp;myfile.ps'</tt> you might use

<blockquote>
        <code>gs -sDEVICE=epson myfile.ps</code>
</blockquote>

<p><a name="GS_DEVICE"></a>
The output device can also be set through the <tt>GS_DEVICE</tt> environment variable.

<p>
Once you invoke Ghostscript
you can also find out what devices are available by typing
'<tt>devicenames&nbsp;==</tt>' at the interactive prompt.
You can set the output device and process a file from the interactive prompt as well:


<blockquote><pre>
(epson) selectdevice
(myfile.ps) run
</pre></blockquote>

All output then goes to the Epson printer instead of the display until you
do something to change devices.  You can switch devices at any time by
using the <tt>selectdevice</tt> procedure, for
instance like one of these:

<blockquote><pre>
(x11alpha) selectdevice
(epson) selectdevice
</pre></blockquote>

<h3><a name="Output_resolution"></a>Output resolution</h3>

<p>
Some printers can print at several different resolutions, letting you
balance resolution against printing speed.  To select the resolution on
such a printer, use the <code>-r</code> switch:

<blockquote>
        <code>gs -sDEVICE=</code><em>printer</em><b><tt> -r</tt></b><em>XRES</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>YRES</em>
</blockquote>

where <em>XRES</em> and <em>YRES</em> are the requested number of dots (or pixels) per inch. Where the two resolutions are same, as is the common case, you can simply use <tt>-r</tt><em>res</em>.

<p>
The <tt>-r</tt> option is also useful for controlling the density of pixels when rasterizing to an image file. It is used this way in the examples at the beginning of this document.

<h3><a name="File_output"></a>Output to files</h3>

<p>
Ghostscript also allows you to control where it sends its output. With a display device this isn't necessary as the device handles presenting the output on screen internally. Some specialized printer drivers operate this way as well, but most devices are general and need to be directed to a particular file or printer.

<p>
To send the output to a file, use the <tt>-sOutputFile=</tt> switch or the <a href="#o_option"><tt>-o</tt> switch</a> (below).
For instance, to direct all output into the file <tt>ABC.xyz</tt>, use

<blockquote><code>
gs -sOutputFile=ABC.xyz
</code></blockquote>

<p>
When printing on MS Windows systems, output normally goes directly to the printer, <tt>PRN</tt>. On Unix and VMS systems it normally goes to a temporary file which is sent to the printer in a separate step. When using Ghostscript as a file rasterizer (converting PostScript or PDF to a raster image format) you will of course want to specify an appropriately named file for the output.

<p>
Ghostscript also accepts the special filename '<tt>-</tt>' which indicates the output should be written to standard output (the command shell).

<p>
Be aware that filenames beginning with the character <tt>%</tt> have a special meaning in PostScript. If you need to specify a file name that actually
begins with <tt>%</tt>, you must prepend the <tt>%os%</tt> filedevice explicitly. For example to output to a file named <tt>%abc</tt>, you need to specify

<blockquote>
<code>gs -sOutputFile=%os%%abc</code>
</blockquote>

Please see <a href="Language.htm">Ghostscript and the PostScript Language</a> and the PostScript Language Reference Manual for more details on <tt>%</tt> and filedevices.

<p>
Note that on MS Windows systems, the <code>%</code> character also has a special meaning for the command processor (shell), so you will have to double it:

<blockquote>
<code>gs -sOutputFile=%%os%%%%abc</code> (on MS Windows)
</blockquote>

<h4><a name="One_page_per_file"></a>One page per file</h4>

<p>
Specifying a single output file works fine for printing and rasterizing
figures, but sometimes you want images of each page of a multi-page
document. You can tell Ghostscript to put each page of output in a
series of similarly named files. To do this place a template
'<tt>%d</tt>' in the filename which Ghostscript will replace with the
page number.

<p>
<b>Note: Since the <tt>%</tt> character is used to precede the page number
format specification, in order to represent a file name that contains a <tt>%</tt>,
double <tt>%</tt> characters must be used. For example for the file <tt>my%foo</tt>
the OutputFile string needs to be <tt>my%%foo</tt>.</b>

<p>
The format can in fact be more involved than a simple '<tt>%d</tt>'.
The format specifier is of a form similar to the C <tt>printf</tt> format.
The general form supported is:
<pre><tt>            %[flags][width][.precision][l]type

    where:  flags    is one of:  #+-
            type     is one of:  diuoxX
</tt></pre>

For more information, please refer to documentation on the C printf format
specifications. Some examples are:

<blockquote><dl>
<dt><code>-sOutputFile=ABC-%d.png</code>
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC-1.png</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC-10.png</tt>', ...<p>
<dt><code>-sOutputFile=ABC-%03d.pgm</code>
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC-001.pgm</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC-010.pgm</tt>', ...<p>
<dt><code>-sOutputFile=ABC_p%04d.tiff</code>
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC_p0001.tiff</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC_p0510.tiff</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC_p5238.tiff</tt>'<p>
</dl></blockquote>


<p><b>
Note however that the one page per file feature is not supported by all devices;
in particular it does not work with document-oriented output devices like
<tt>pdfwrite</tt> and <tt>pswrite</tt>. See the <tt>-dFirstPage</tt> and
<tt>-dLastPage</tt> switches <a href="#PDF_switches">below</a> for a way to extract
single pdf pages.
</b>

<p>
As noted above, when using MS Windows console (command.com or cmd.exe), you
will have to double the <tt>%</tt> character since the <tt>%</tt> is used by
that shell to prefix variables for substitution, e.g.,

<blockquote><code>
gswin32c -sOutputFile=ABC%%03d.xyz
</code></blockquote>

<h4><a name="o_option"></a>-o option:</h4>
<p>
As a convenient shorthand you can use the <tt>-o</tt> option followed by the output
file specification as discussed above. The <tt>-o</tt> option also sets the
<a href="Interaction_related_parameters"><tt>-dBATCH</tt> and <tt>-dNOPAUSE</tt> options</a>.
This is intended to be a quick way to invoke ghostscript to convert one or more
input files.

For instance, to convert somefile.ps to JPEG image files, one per page, use:

<blockquote><code>
gs -sDEVICE=jpeg -o out-%d.jpg somefile.ps
</code></blockquote>

is equivalent to:

<blockquote><code>
gs -sDEVICE=jpeg -sOutputFile=out-%d.jpg -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE somefile.ps
</code></blockquote>

<h3><a name="Paper_size"></a>Choosing paper size</h3>

<p>
Ghostscript is distributed configured to use U.S. letter paper as its
default page size.  There are two ways to select other paper sizes from the
command line:

<ul>

<li>
If the desired paper size is listed in the section on <a
href="#Known_paper_sizes">paper sizes known to Ghostscript</a> below, you
can select it as the default paper size for a single invocation of
Ghostscript by using the <code>-sPAPERSIZE=</code> switch, for instance

<blockquote><code>
-sPAPERSIZE=a4<br>
-sPAPERSIZE=legal
</code></blockquote>

<li>
Otherwise you can set the page size using the
pair of switches

<blockquote>
<code>-dDEVICEWIDTHPOINTS=</code><em>w</em>
<code>-dDEVICEHEIGHTPOINTS=</code><em>h</em>
</blockquote>

Where <em>w</em> be the desired paper width and <em>h</em> be the
desired paper height in <em>points</em> (units of 1/72 of an inch).
</ul>

<p>
Individual documents can (and often do) specify a paper size, which takes
precedence over the default size.  To force a specific paper size and
ignore the paper size specified in the document, select a paper size as
just described, and also include the
<a href="#FIXEDMEDIA"><code>-dFIXEDMEDIA</code> switch</a> on the
command line.

<p>
The default set of paper sizes will be included in the <code>currentpagedevice</code>
in the <code>InputAttributes</code> dictionary with each paper size as
one of the entries. The last entry in the dictionary (which has numeric keys)
is a non-standard (Ghostscript extension) type of PageSize where the array
has four elements rather than the standard two elements. This four element
array represents a page size range where the first two elements are the lower
bound of the range and the second two are the upper bound. By default these
are [0, 0] for the lower bound and [16#fffff, 16#fffff] for the upper bound.
<br>
The range type of PageSize is intended to allow flexible page size sepcification
for non-printer file formats such as JPEG, PNG, TIFF, EPS, ...
<br>
For actual printers, either the entire <code>InputAttributes</code> dictionary
should be replaced or the range type entry should not be included. To simplify
using the default page sizes in the <code>InputAttributes</code> dictionary,
the command line option <code>-dNORANGEPAGESIZE</code> can be used. Using
this option will result in automatic rotation of the document page if the requested
page size matches one of the default page sizes.

<h3><a name="Change_default_size"></a>Changing the installed default paper size</h3>

<p>
You can change the installed default paper size on an installed version of Ghostscript, by editing the initialization file <code>gs_init.ps</code>.
This file is usually in the <tt>Resource/Init</tt> directory somewhere in the search path. See the section on <a href="#Finding_files">finding files</a> for details.

<p>
Find the line

<blockquote><pre>
% /DEFAULTPAPERSIZE (a4) def
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
Then to make A4 the default paper size, uncomment the line to change
this to

<blockquote><pre>
/DEFAULTPAPERSIZE (a4) def
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
For <tt>a4</tt> you can substitute any
<a href="#Known_paper_sizes">paper size Ghostscript knows</a>.

<p>
This supecedes the previous method of uncommenting the line
<code>% (a4) ...</code>.

<p>
Sometimes the initialization files are compiled into Ghostscript and cannot be changed.

<p>
On Windows and some Linux builds, the default paper size will be
selected to be a4 or letter depending
on the locale.

<h2><a name="Pipes"></a>Interacting with pipes</h2>

<p>
As noted above, input files are normally specified on the command
line.  However, one can also "pipe" input into Ghostscript from another
program by using the special file name '<code>-</code>' which is interpreted as standard input. Examples:

<blockquote>
{<em>some program producing ps</em>} <code>| gs</code> [options] <b><tt>-</tt></b>
<br>
<tt>zcat paper.ps.gz</tt> <code>| gs</code> <b><tt>-</tt></b>
</blockquote>

<p>
When Ghostscript finishes reading from the pipe, it quits rather than
going into interactive mode.  Because of this, options and files after the '<tt>-</tt>' in the command line will be ignored.

<p>
On Unix and MS Windows systems you can send output to a pipe in the same way.  For example, to pipe the output to <tt>lpr</tt>, use the command

<blockquote><tt>
        <b>gs -q -sOutputFile=- |</b> lpr
</tt></blockquote>

<p>
In this case you must also use the <a href="#Quiet"><code>-q</code>
switch</a> to prevent Ghostscript from writing messages to standard output
which become mixed with the intended output stream.
<p>
Also, using the <b>-sstdout=%stderr</b> option is useful, particularly with
input from PostScript files that may print to stdout.

<p>
Similar results can be obtained with the <tt>%stdout</tt> and <tt>%pipe%</tt> filedevices. The example above would become

<blockquote><tt>
        <b>gs -sOutputFile=%stdout -q |</b> lpr
</tt></blockquote>
or
<blockquote><tt>
        <b>gs -sOutputFile=%pipe%</b>lpr
</tt></blockquote>

(again, doubling the <code>%</code> character on MS Windows systems.)

<p>
In the last case, <tt>-q</tt> isn't necessary since Ghostscript handles the pipe itself and messages sent to stdout will be printed as normal.

<h2><a name="PDF"></a>Using Ghostscript with PDF files</h2>

<p>
Ghostscript is normally built to interpret both PostScript and PDF files, examining each file to determine automatically whether its contents are PDF or PostScript.  All the normal switches and procedures for interpreting PostScript files also apply to PDF files, with a few exceptions. In addition, the
<tt>pdf2ps</tt> utility uses Ghostscript to convert PDF to (Level 2) PostScript.

<h3><a name="PDF_switches"></a>Switches for PDF files</h3>

<p>Here are some command line options specific to PDF

<dl>
<dt><code>-dFirstPage=</code><em>pagenumber</em>
<dd>Begins interpreting on the designated page of the document.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dLastPage=</code><em>pagenumber</em>
<dd>Stops interpreting after the designated page of the document.
</dl>

 <dl>
<dt><code>-dPDFFitPage</code>
<dd>Rather than selecting a PageSize given by the PDF MediaBox,
TrimBox (see -dUseTrimBox), or CropBox (see -dUseCropBox),
the PDF file will be scaled to fit
the current device page size (usually the default page size).
<p>
This is useful to avoid clipping information on a PDF document when
sending to a printer that may have unprintable areas at the edge of
the media larger than allowed for in the document.
<p>
This is also useful for creating fixed size images of PDF files
that may have a variety of page sizes, for example thumbnail images.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dPrinted</code>
<dt><code>-dPrinted=false</code>
<dd>Determines whether the file should be displayed or printed using the
"screen" or "printer" options for annotations and images.  With
<code>-dPrinted</code>, the output will use the file's "print"
options; with <code>-dPrinted=false</code>, the output will use the
file's "screen" options.  If neither of these is specified, the output will
use the screen options for any output device that doesn't have an
<code>OutputFile</code> parameter, and the printer options for
devices that do have this parameter.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dUseCropBox</code>
<dd>Sets the page size to the CropBox rather than the MediaBox.
Some files have a CropBox that is smaller than the MediaBox and
may include white space, registration or cutting marks outside
the CropBox.  Using this option will set the page size
appropriately for a viewer.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dUseTrimBox</code>
<dd>Sets the page size to the TrimBox rather than the MediaBox.
The trim box defines the intended dimensions of the finished page
after trimming. Some files have a TrimBox that is smaller than the
MediaBox and may include white space, registration or cutting marks
outside the CropBox. Using this option simulates appearance of the
finished printed page.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sPDFPassword=</code><em>password</em>
<dd>Sets the user or owner password to be used in decoding encrypted
PDF files. For files created with encryption method 4 or earlier, the
password is an arbitrary string of bytes; with encryption method 5 or
later, it should be text in either UTF-8 or your locale's character
set (Ghostscript tries both).
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dShowAnnots=false</code>
<dd>
Don't enumerate anntoations associated with the page objects through
<code>Annots</code> attribute. Annotations are shown by default.
</dl>


<dl>
<dt><code>-dShowAcroForm</code>
<dd>
Show annotations referred from the Interactive Form Dictionary (AcroForm dictionary).
By default, AcroForm is not enumerated because Adobe Acrobat doesn't do this.
This option may be useful for debugging or recovery of incorrect PDF files
that don't associate all annotations with the page objects.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNoUserUnit</code>
<dd>
Ignore <code>UserUnit</code> parameter. This may be useful for backward
compatibility with old versions of Ghostscript and Adobe Acrobat,
or for processing files with large values of <code>UserUnit</code>
that otherwise exceed implementation limits.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dRENDERTTNOTDEF</code>
<dd>
If a glyph is not present in a font the normal behaviour is to use the /.notdef
glyph instead. On TrueType fonts, this is often a hollow sqaure. Under some
conditions Acrobat does not do this, instead leaving a gap equivalent to the
width of the missing glyph, or the width of the /.notdef glyph if no /Widths
array is present. Ghostscript now attempts to mimic this undocumented feature
using a user parameter <code>RenderTTNotdef</code>. The PDF interpreter sets this
user paramter to the value of <code>RENDERTTNOTDEF</code> in systemdict,
when rendering PDF files. To restore rendering of /.notdef glyphs from TrueType fonts in PDF files, set this parameter to true.
</dl>

<h3><a name="PDF_problems"></a>Problems interpreting a PDF file</h3>

<p>
Occasionally you may try to read or print a 'PDF' file that
Ghostscript doesn't recognize as PDF, even though the same file
<b><em>can</em></b> be opened and interpreted by an Adobe Acrobat viewer.
In many cases, this is because of incorrectly generated PDF. Acrobat
tends to be very forgiving of invalid PDF files. Ghostscript tends to
expect files to conform to the standard. For example, even though
valid PDF files must begin with <code>%PDF</code>, Acrobat will
scan the first 1000 bytes or so for this string, and ignore any preceding
garbage.

<p>
In the past, Ghostscript's policy has been to simply fail with an
error message when confronted with these files. This policy has, no
doubt, encouraged PDF generators to be more careful. However, we now
recognize that this behavior is not very friendly for people who just
want to use Ghostscript to view or print PDF files. Our new policy is
to try to render broken PDF's, and also to print a warning, so that
Ghostscript is still useful as a sanity-check for invalid files.

<h3><a name="PDF_stdin"></a>PDF files from standard input</h3>

<p>
The PDF language, unlike the PostScript language, inherently requires
random access to the file.
If you provide PDF to standard input using the
special filename <a href="#Pipes">'<tt>-</tt>'</a>,
Ghostscript will copy it to a temporary file before interpreting the PDF.

<h2><a name="EPS"></a>Using Ghostscript with EPS files</h2>
<p>
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) files are intended to be incorporated
in other PostScript documents and may not display or print on their
own.  An EPS file must conform to the Document Structuring Conventions,
must include a <code>%%BoundingBox</code> line to indicate the
rectangle in which it will draw, must not use PostScript commands
which will interfere with the document importing the EPS,
and can have either zero pages or one page.
Ghostscript has support for handling EPS files, but requires
that the <code>%%BoundingBox</code> be in the header,
not the trailer.
To customize EPS handling, see <a href="#EPS_parameters">EPS parameters</a>.

<p>
For the official description of the EPS file format, please
refer to the Adobe documentation in their tech note #5002. It
is available from:
<a href="http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/ps/index_specs.html"
class="offsite">
http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/ps/index_specs.html</a>

<h2><a name="SPOT"></a>Using Ghostscript with overprinting and spot colors</h2>

<p>
In general with PostScript and PDF interpreters, the handling of
<b>overprinting</b> and <b>spot colors</b> depends upon the
process color model of the <a href="#Output_device">output device</a>. Devices
that produce gray or RGB output have an <b>additive</b> process color model.
Devices which produce CMYK output have a <b>subtractive</b> process color model.
Devices may, or may not, have support for spot colors.

<blockquote><i>
Note: The differences in appearance of files with overprinting and spot colors
caused by the differences in the color model of the output device are part of the
PostScript and PDF specifications. They are not due to a limitation in the
implementation of Ghostscript or its output devices.
</i></blockquote>

<p>
With devices which use a subtractive process color model, both PostScript
and PDF allow the drawing of objects using colorants (inks) for one or more planes
without affecting the data for the remaining colorants. Thus the inks for one
object may <code>overprint</code> the inks for another object. In some cases
this produces a transparency like effect. (The effects of overprinting should
not be confused with the PDF 1.4 blending operations which are supported for
all output devices.) Overprinting is not allowed for devices with an additive
process color model. With files that use overprinting, the appearance of the
resulting image can differ between devices which produce RGB output versus devices
which produce CMYK output. Ghostscript automatically overprints (if needed)
when the output device uses a subtractive process color model. For example,
if the file is using overprinting, differences can be seen in the appearance
of the output from the <a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff24nc and tiff32nc devices</a>
which use an RGB and a CMYK process color models.

<p>
Most of the Ghostscript <a href="Devices.htm">output devices</a> do not have
file formats which support spot colors. Instead spot colors are converted using
the tint transform function contained within the color space definition.. However
there are several devices which have support for spot colors. The PSD format
(Adobe Photoshop) produced by the <a href="Devices.htm#PSD">psdcmyk device</a>
contains both the raster data plus an equivalent CMYK color for each spot color.
This allows Photoshop to simulate the appearance of the spot colors. The <a href="Devices.htm#display_device">display
device (MS Windows, OS/2, gtk+)</a> can be used with different color models:
Gray, RGB, CMYK only, or CMYK plus spot colors (separation). The display device,
when using its CMYK plus spot color (separation) mode, also uses an equivalent
CMYK color to simulate the appearance of the spot color. The
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiffsep
device</a> creates output files for each separation (CMYK and any spot colors
present). It also creates a composite CMYK file using an equivalent CMYK color
to simulate the appearance of spot colors. The
<a href="Devices.htm#XCF">xcfcmyk device</a>
creates output files with spot colors placed in separate alpha channels. (The
XCF file format does not currently directly support spot colors.)

<p>
Overprinting with spot colors is not allowed if the tint transform function
is being used to convert spot colors. Thus if spot colors are used with overprinting,
then the appearance of the result can differ between output devices. One result
would be obtained with a CMYK only device and another would be obtained with
a CMYK plus spot color device. In a worst case situation where a file has overprinting
with both process (CMYK) and spot colors, it is possible to get three different
appearances for the same input file using the
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff24nc</a> (RGB),
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff32nc</a> (CMYK), and
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiffsep</a> (CMYK plus spot colors) devices.

<blockquote><i>
In Adobe Acrobat, viewing of the effects of overprinting is enabled by the
'Overprint Preview' item in the 'Advanced' menu. This feature is not available
in the free Acrobat Reader. The free Acrobat Reader also uses the tint transform
functions to convert spot colors to the appropriate alternate color space.
</i></blockquote>


<hr>

<h2><a name="Finding_files"></a>How Ghostscript finds files</h2>

<p>
When looking for initialization files (<code>gs_*.ps</code>,
<code>pdf_*.ps</code>), font files, the <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> file,
files named on the command line, and resource files, Ghostscript first tests whether the
file name specifies an absolute path.

<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Testing a file name for an absolute path</font><hr>
<tr>    <th align=left>System
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th align=left>Does the name ...
<tr>    <td colspan=3><hr>
<tr>    <td valign=top>Unix
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Begin with <code><u>/</u></code> ?
<tr>    <td valign=top>MS Windows
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Have <code><u>:</u></code> as its second character, or
                begin with <code><u>/</u></code>, <b><tt><u>\</u></tt></b>,
                or <code><u>//servername/share/</u></code> ?
<tr>    <td valign=top>VMS
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Contain a node, device, or root specification?
</table></blockquote>

<p>If the test succeeds, Ghostscript tries to open the file
using the name given.  Otherwise it tries directories in this order:

<ol>
<li>The current directory if enabled by the
<a href="#P-_switch"><code>-P</code> switch</a>;

<li>The directories specified by <a href="#I_switch"><code>-I</code>
switches</a> in the command line, if any;

<li>The directories specified by the <code>GS_LIB</code>
environment variable, if any;

<li>If built with COMPILE_INITS=1 (currently the default build) the files in the
<code>%rom%Resource/Init/</code> and <code>%rom%lib/</code> file system built
into the executable ;

<li>The directories specified by the <code>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</code> macro
(if any) in the makefile when this executable was built.
</ol>

<p>
<code>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</code>,
<code>GS_LIB</code>, and the
<code>-I</code> parameter may specify either a single
directory or a list of directories separated by a character appropriate for
the operating system ("<code>:</code>" on Unix systems,
"<code>,</code>" on VMS systems, and
"<code>;</code>" on MS Windows systems).
By default, Ghostscript no longer searches the current directory first
but provides <a href="#P_switch"><code>-P</code> switch</a> for a degree
of backward compatibility.

<p>
Note that Ghostscript does not use this file searching algorithm for the
<b><tt>run</tt></b> or <b><tt>file</tt></b> operators: for these operators, it
simply opens the file with the name given.  To run a file using the searching
algorithm, use <code>runlibfile</code> instead of <code>run</code>.

<h3><a name="PS_resources"></a>Finding PostScript Level 2 resources</h3>

<p>
Adobe specifies that resources are installed in a single directory.
Ghostscript instead maintains a list of resource directories,
and uses an extended method for finding resource files.

<p>
The search for a resource file depends on whether
the value of the system parameter <code>GenericResourceDir</code>
specifies an absolute path. The user may set it as explained in
<a href="#Resource_related_parameters">Resource-related parameters</a>.

<p>
If the user doesn't set the system parameter <code>GenericResourceDir</code>,
or use the <code>-sGenericResourceDir=</code> command line option, Ghostscript
creates a default value for it by looking on the directory paths explained in
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>, excluding the current directory.
The first path with <code>Resource</code> in it is used, including any prefix
up to the path separator character following the string <code>Resource</code>.
For example, when COMPILE_INITS=1 (the current default build), if the first path
is <code>%rom%Resource/Init/</code>, then the <code>GenericResourceDir</code>
systemparam will be set to <code>%rom%Resource/</code> by default.

<p>
If the value of the system parameter <code>GenericResourceDir</code>
is an absolute path (the default),
Ghostscript assumes a single resource directory.
It concatenates :

<ol>
<li>The value of the system parameter <code>GenericResourceDir</code>;
<li>The name of the resource category (for instance, <code>CMap</code>);
<li>The name of the resource instance (for instance, <code>Identity-H</code>).
</ol>

<p>If the value of the system parameter <code>GenericResourceDir</code>
is not an absolute path,
Ghostscript assumes multiple resource directories.
In this case it concatenates :

<ol>
<li>A directory listed in the section
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>,
except the current directory;

<li>The value of the system parameter <code>GenericResourceDir</code>;

<li>The name of the resource category (for instance, <code>CMap</code>);

<li>The name of the resource instance (for instance, <code>Identity-H</code>)
</ol>

Due to possible variety of the part 1, the first successful combination is used.
For example, if the value of the system parameter <code>GenericResourceDir</code>
is the string  <code>../Resource/</code>
(or its equivalent in the file path syntax of the underlying platform),
Ghostscript searches for <code>../Resource/CMap/Identity-H</code>
from all directories listed in
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>.
So in this example, if the user on a Windows platform specifies
the command line option <code>-I.;../gs/lib;c:/gs8.50/lib</code>,
Ghostscript searches for <code>../gs/Resource/CMap/Identity-H</code> and
then for <code>c:/gs8.50/Resource/CMap/Identity-H</code>.

<p>
To get a proper platform dependent syntax Ghostscript inserts
the value of the system parameter
<code>GenericResourcePathSep</code> (initially
"<code>/</code>" on Unix and Windows, "<b><tt>:</tt></b>" on MacOS,
"<code>.</code>" or "<b><tt>]</tt></b>" on OpenVMS).
The string <code>../Resource</code> is replaced with a
platform dependent equivalent.

<p>
In the case of multiple resource directories,
the default <code>ResourceFileName</code> procedure retrieves either a path
to the first avaliable resource, or if the resource is not available it
returns a path starting with <code>GenericResourceDir</code>.
Consequently Postscript installers of Postscript resources
will overwrite an existing resource or add a new one to the first resource directory.

<p>
To look up fonts, after exhausting the search method described in <a href="#Font_lookup">the
next section</a>, it concatenates together

<ol>
<li>the value of the system parameter
<code>FontResourceDir</code> (initially
<code>/Resource/Font/</code>)

<li>the name of the resource font (for instance, <code>Times-Roman</code>)
</ol>

<p>
Note that even although the system parameters are named "somethingDir", they
are not just plain directory names: they have "<code>/</code>" on the
end, so that they can be concatenated with the category name or font name.

<h3><a name="Font_lookup"></a>Font lookup</h3>

<p>
Ghostscript has a slightly different way to find the file containing a font
with a given name.  This rule uses not only the search path defined by
<code>-I</code>, <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>, and
<code>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</code> <a href="#Finding_files">as described
above</a>, but also the directory that is the value of the
<code>FontResourceDir</code> system parameter, and an additional list of
directories that is the value of the <code>GS_FONTPATH</code> environment
variable (or the value provided with the <code>-sFONTPATH=</code> switch,
if present).

<p>
At startup time, Ghostscript reads in the <code>Fontmap</code> files in
every directory on the search path (or in the list provided with the
<code>-sFONTMAP=</code> switch, if present): these files are catalogs of
fonts and the files that contain them.  (See <a href="Fonts.htm#Fontmap">the
documentation of fonts</a> for details.)  Then, when Ghostscript needs to
find a font that isn't already loaded into memory, it goes through a series
of steps.

<ul>

<li>
First, it looks up the font name in the combined Fontmaps.  If there is an
entry for the desired font name, and the file named in the entry can be
found in some directory on the general search path (defined by
<code>-I</code>, <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>, and
<code>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</code>), and the file is loaded successfully, and
loading it defines a font of the desired name, that is the end of the
process.

<li>
If this process fails at any step, Ghostscript looks for a file whose name
is the concatenation of the value of the <code>FontResourceDir</code>
system parameter and the font name, with no extension.  If such a file
exists, can be loaded, and defines a font of the desired name, that again is
the end.  The value of <code>FontResourceDir</code> is normally the
string <code>/Resource/Font/</code>, but it can be changed with the
<code>setsystemparams</code> operator: see the PostScript Language
Reference Manual for details.

<li>
If that fails, Ghostscript then looks for a file on the general search path
whose name is the desired font name, with no extension.  If such a file
exists, can be loaded, and defines a font of the desired name, that again is
the end.

<li>
If that too fails, Ghostscript looks at the <code>GS_FONTPATH</code>
environment variable (or the value provided with the
<code>-sFONTPATH=</code> switch, if present), which is also a list of
directories.  It goes to the first directory on the list, looking for all
files that appear to contain PostScript fonts; it then adds all those files
and fonts to the combined Fontmaps, and starts over.

<li>
If scanning the first FONTPATH directory doesn't produce a file that
provides the desired font, it adds the next directory on the FONTPATH list,
and so on until either the font is defined successfully or the list is
exhausted.

<li>
Finally, if all else fails, it will try to find a substitute for the font
from among the standard 35 fonts.

</ul>

<p>
<a href="#CIDFonts">CID fonts</a> (e.g. Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
are found using a different method.

<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Differences between search path and font path</font><hr>
<tr>    <th>Search path
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th>Font path
<tr>    <td colspan=3><hr>
<tr>    <td><code>-I</code> switch
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>-sFONTPATH=</code> switch
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td><code>GS_LIB</code> and <b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b>
            environment variables
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>GS_FONTPATH</code> environment variable
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td valign=top>Consulted first
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>Consulted only if search path and
        <code>FontResourceDir</code> don't provide the file.
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td valign=top>Font-name-to-file-name mapping given in Fontmap
            files; aliases are possible, and there need not be any relation
            between the font name in the Fontmap and the
            <code>FontName</code> in the file.
        <td>&nbsp; <td valign=top>Font-name-to-file-name mapping is
            implicit -- the <code>FontName</code> in the file is
            used. Aliases are not possible.
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td valign=top>Only fonts and files named in Fontmap are used.
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>Every Type 1 font file in each directory is
            available; if TrueType fonts are supported (the
            <code>ttfont.dev</code> feature was included when the
            executable was built), they are also available.
</table></blockquote>

<p>
If you are using one of the following types of computer, you may wish to
set the environment variable <code>GS_FONTPATH</code> to
the value indicated so that Ghostscript will automatically acquire all the
installed Type 1 (and, if supported, TrueType) fonts (but see below for
notes on systems marked with "*"):

<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Suggested <code>GS_FONTPATH</code> for different systems</font><hr>
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th align=left>System type
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th valign=bottom align=left><code>GS_FONTPATH</code>
<tr>    <td colspan=5><hr>
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>Digital Unix
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1Adobe</code>
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>Ultrix
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/usr/lib/DPS/outline/decwin</code>
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>HP-UX 9
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/type1.st/typefaces</code>
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>IBM AIX
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/usr/lpp/DPS/fonts/outlines
                <br>/usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1
                <br>/usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/DPS</code>
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>NeXT
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/NextLibrary/Fonts/outline</code>
<tr>    <td>*
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>SGI IRIX
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/usr/lib/DPS/outline/base
                <br>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</code>
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>SunOS 4.x<br>(NeWSprint only)
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top><code>newsprint_2.5/SUNWsteNP/reloc/$BASEDIR/NeWSprint/<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;small_openwin/lib/fonts</code>
<tr>    <td>**
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>SunOS 4.x
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</code>
<tr>    <td>**
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>Solaris 2.x
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</code>
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top>VMS
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>SYS$COMMON:[SYSFONT.XDPS.OUTLINE]</code>
</table>

<hr align=left width="25%">

<p>
<b>*</b> On SGI IRIX systems, you must use <code>Fontmap.SGI</code> in
place of <code>Fontmap</code> or <b><tt>Fontmap.GS</tt></b>, because
otherwise the entries in <code>Fontmap</code> will take precedence over
the fonts in the FONTPATH directories.

<p>
<b>**</b> On Solaris systems simply setting <code>GS_FONTPATH</code> or
using <code>-sFONTPATH=</code> may not work, because for some reason some
versions of Ghostscript can't seem to find any of the Type1 fonts in
<code>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</code>. (It says: "15
files, 15 scanned, 0 new fonts". We think this problem has been fixed in
Ghostscript version 6.0, but we aren't sure because we've never been able to
reproduce it.)  See <code>Fontmap.Sol</code> instead.  Also, on Solaris
2.x it's probably not worth your while to add Sun's fonts to your font path
and Fontmap.  The fonts Sun distributes on Solaris 2.x in the directories

<blockquote><code>
        /usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1<br>
        /usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline
</code></blockquote>

<p>
are already represented among the ones distributed as part of Ghostscript;
and on some test files, Sun's fonts have been shown to cause incorrect
displays with Ghostscript.

</blockquote>

<p>
These paths may not be exactly right for your installation; if the indicated
directory doesn't contain files whose names are familiar font names like
Courier and Helvetica, you may wish to ask your system administrator where
to find these fonts.

<p>
Adobe Acrobat comes with a set of fourteen Type 1 fonts, on Unix typically
in a directory called ...<code>/Acrobat3/Fonts</code>.  There is no
particular reason to use these instead of the corresponding fonts in the
Ghostscript distribution (which are of just as good quality), except to save
about a megabyte of disk space, but the installation documentation explains
how to do it <a href="Install.htm#Use_Acrobat_fonts_Unix">on Unix</a>.

<h3><a name="CIDFonts"></a>CID fonts</h3>

<p>
CID fonts are PostScript resources containing a
large number of glyphs (e.g. glyphs for Far East languages,
Chinese, Japanese and Korean).
Please refer to the PostScript Language Reference,
third edition, for details.

<p>
CID font resources are a different kind of PostScript resource from fonts.
In particular, they cannot be used as regular fonts.
CID font resources must first be combined with a CMap resource, which
defines specific codes for glyphs, before it can be used as a font. This
allows the reuse of a collection of glyphs with different encodings.

<p>
The simplest method to request a font composed of a CID font resource
and a CMap resource in a PostScript document is
<blockquote><code>
/CIDFont-CMap findfont
</code></blockquote>
where <code>CIDFont</code> is a name of any
CID font resource, and <code>CMap</code> is a name of a CMap resource
designed for the same character collection. The interpreter will compose
the font automatically from the specified CID font and CMap resources.
Another method is possible using the <code>composefont</code> operator.

<p>
CID fonts must be placed in the <code>/Resource/CIDFont/</code> directory.
They are not found using <a href="#Font_lookup">Font lookup</a>
on the search path or font path.

<h3><a name="CIDFontSubstitution"></a>CID font substitution</h3>

<p>

<p>
Substitution of CID font resources is controlled by the Ghostscript
configuration file <code>lib/cidfmap</code>,
which defines a CID font resource map.
The file forms a table of records, each of which should use one of two formats,
explained below. Users may modify <code>lib/cidfmap</code> to configure
Ghostscript for a specific need.

<p> To substitute a CID font resource with another CID font resource, add a record like this :

<blockquote><code>
/Substituted /Original ;
</code></blockquote>
where <code>Substituted</code> is a name of CID font resource being used
by a document, and <code>Original</code> is a name of an available
CID font resource. Please pay attention that both them must be
designed for same character collection. In other words, you
cannot substitute a Japanese CID font resource with a Korean CID font resource,
etc. CMap resource names must not appear in
<code>lib/cidfmap</code>. The trailing semicolon and the space before it
are both required.

<p>

To substitute (emulate) a CID font resource with a TrueType font file, add a record like this :

<blockquote><code>
/Substituted &lt;&lt; keys&amp;values &gt;&gt; ;
</code></blockquote>

Where <code>keys&amp;values</code> are explained in the table below.

<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>

<tr valign="top">       <th>Key
        <th>Type
        <th>Description
<tr valign="top">       <td><code>/Path</code>
        <td>string
        <td>A path to a TrueType font file.  This must be an absolute path.
        If using <code><a href="#Safer">-dSAFER</a></code>, the directory
        containing the font file must be on one of the permitted paths.
<tr valign="top">       <td><code>/FileType</code>
        <td>name
        <td>Must be <code>/TrueType</code>.
<tr valign="top">       <td><code>/SubfontID</code>
        <td>integer
        <td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as TTC.
            This is ignored if <code>Path</code> doesn't specify a collection.
            The first font in a collection is 0.
            Default value is 0.
<tr valign="top">       <td><code>/CSI</code>
        <td>array of 2 or 3 elements
        <td>(required) Information for building <code>CIDSystemInfo</code>.
            <p>
            If the array consists of 2 elements,
            the first element is a string, which specifies <code>Ordering</code>;
            the second element is a number, which specifies <code>Supplement</code>.
            <p>
            If the array consists of 3 elements,
            the first element is a string, which specifies <code>Registry</code>;
            the second element is a string, which specifies <code>Ordering</code>;
            the third element is a number, which specifies <code>Supplement</code>.
</table>

<p>
Currently only CIDFontType 2 can be emulated with a TrueType font.
The TrueType font must contain enough characters to cover an
Adobe character collection, which is specified in <code>Ordering</code> and used in documents.

<p>
Examples :


<blockquote><code>
/Ryumin-Medium  /ShinGo-Bold ;<br>
/MS-Mincho &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/msmincho.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Japan1) 3] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
/Ryumin-Light /MS-Mincho ;<br>
<br>
/Batang &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/batang.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
/Gulim &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/gulim.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
/Dotum &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/gulim.ttc) /SubfontID 2 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
/HYSMyeongJo-Medium /Batang ;<br>
/HYRGoThic-Medium /Gulim ;<br>
/HYGoThic-Medium /Dotum ;<br>
<br>
/SimSun &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/simsun.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(GB1) 2] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
/SimHei &lt;&lt; /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/simhei.ttf) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(GB1) 2] &gt;&gt; ;<br>
/STSong-Light /SimSun ;<br>
/STHeiti-Regular /SimHei ;<br>
</code></blockquote>

<p>The win32 installer of recent version of ghostscript has a checkbox for
"Use Windows TrueType fonts for Chinese, Japanese and Korean" to optionally update
lib/cidfmap with the common CJK fonts provided by Microsoft products. The script
can also be run separately (e.g. against a network drive with windows CJK fonts):

<blockquote><code>
gswin32c -q -dBATCH -sFONTDIR=c:/windows/fonts -sCIDFMAP=lib/cidfmap lib/mkcidfm.ps
</code></blockquote>

<p>
Note that the font file path uses Postscript syntax.
Because of this, backslashes in the paths must be
represented as a double backslash.

<p>
This can complicate substitutions for fonts with non-Roman names.
For example, if a PDF file asks for a font with the name
<tt>/#82l#82r#83S#83V#83b#83N</tt>. This cannot be used directly
in a cidfmap file because the #xx notation in names is a PDF-only
encoding. Instead, try something like:
<blockquote>
<tt>&lt;82C68272835383568362834E&gt;cvn << /Path
(C:/WINDOWS/Fonts/msmincho.ttc) /FileType /TrueType /SubfontID 0 /CSI
[(Japan1) 3] >> ;</tt>
</blockquote>
Where <tt>&lt;82C68272835383568362834E&gt;</tt> is the same byte
sequence converted to a hex string. This lets you specify a name
using any sequence of bytes through the encodings available for
Postscript strings.

<p>
Note that loading truetype fonts directly from
<code>/Resources/CIDFont</code> is no longer supported.
There is no reliable way to generate a character ordering for truetype
fonts. The 7.0x versions of Ghostscript supported this by assuming a Japanese
character ordering. This is replaced in the 8.0x and later releases with
the more general <code>cidfmap</code> mechanism.

<p>
The PDF specification requires CID font files to be embedded,
however some documents omit them. As a workaround
the PDF interpreter applies an additional substitution method when
a requested CID font resource is not embedded and it is not available.
It takes values of the keys <code>Registry</code> and <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b>
from the <code>CIDFontSystem</code> dictionary,
and concatenates them with a dash inserted.
For example, if a PDF CID font resource specifies
<blockquote><code>
/CIDSystemInfo &lt;&lt; /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (CNS1) /Supplement 1 &gt;&gt;
</code></blockquote>
the generated subsitituite name is <code>Adobe-CNS1</code>.
The latter may look some confusing for a font name,
but we keep it for compatibility with older Ghostscript versions,
which do so due to a historical reason.
Add a proper record to <code>lib/cidfmap</code> to provide it.

<p>
Please note that when a PDF font resource specifies
<blockquote><code>
/Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity)
</code></blockquote>
there is no way to determine the language properly.
If the CID font file is not embedded, the <code>Adobe-Identity</code>
record depends on the document and a correct record isn't possible when
a document refers to multiple Far East languages.
In the latter case add individual records for specific CID font names used in the document.

<p>
Consequently, if you want to handle any PDF document with
non-embedded CID fonts (which isn't a correct PDF),
you need to create a suitable <code>lib/cidfmap</code> by hand,
possibly a specific one for each document.

<h3><a name="UnicodeTT"></a>Using Unicode True Type fonts</h3>

Ghostscript can handle True Type fonts with the full Unicode character set.
For doing that, a third-party software should generate a Postscript
or PDF document with a text, which is encoded with the
UTF-16 encoding. Ghostscript may be used for converting
such Postscript documents to PDF and for
re-distilling such PDF documents to PDF subsets.

<p>
To render an UTF-16 encoded text, one must do the following :

<ul>

<li>
Provide a True Type font with Unicode Encoding.
It must have a <code>cmap</code> table with
<code>platformID</code> equals to 3 (Windows),
and <code>SpecificID</code> eqials to 1 (Unicode).

<li>
Describe the font in <code>lib/cidfmap</code>
with special values for the <code>CSI</code> key :
<code>[(Artifex) (Unicode) 0]</code>.

<li>
In the PS or PDF document combine the font
with one of CMap <code>Identity-UTF16-H</code>
(for the horizontal writing mode)
or <code>Identity-UTF16-V</code>
(for the vertical writing mode).
Those CMaps are distributed with Ghostscript
in <code>Resource/CMap</code>.

</ul>

Please note that <code>/Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity)</code>
won't properly work for Unicode documents,
especially for the searchability feature
(see <a href="#CIDFontSubstitution">CID font substitution</a>).

<h3><a name="Temp_files"></a>Temporary files</h3>

<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Where Ghostscript puts temporary files</font><hr>
<tr valign=bottom>
        <th align=left>Platform
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th align=left>Filename
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th align=left>Location
<tr>    <td colspan=5><hr>
<tr valign=top> <td>MS Windows and OpenVMS
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>_temp_</code>XX.XXX
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Current directory
<tr valign=top> <td>OS/2
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>gs</code>XXXXXX
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Current directory
<tr valign=top> <td>Unix
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>gs_</code>XXXXX
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>/tmp</code>
</table></blockquote>

<p>
You can change in which directory Ghostscript creates temporary files by
setting the <code>TMPDIR</code> or <b><tt>TEMP</tt></b> environment
variable to the name of the directory you want used.  Ghostscript currently
doesn't do a very good job of deleting temporary files if it exits because
of an error; you may have to delete them manually from time to time.


<hr>

<h2><a name="Platforms"></a>Notes on specific platforms</h2>

<h3><a name="Unix"></a>Unix</h3>

<p>
The Ghostscript distribution includes some Unix shell scripts to use with
Ghostscript in different environments.  These are all user-contributed
code, so if you have questions, please contact the user identified in the
file, not Artifex Software.

<dl>
<dt><code>pv.sh</code>
<dd>Preview a specified page of a <code>dvi</code> file in an X window
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>sysvlp.sh</code>
<dd>System V 3.2 lp interface for parallel printer
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>pj-gs.sh</code>
<dd>Printing on an H-P PaintJet under HP-UX
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>unix-lpr.sh</code>
<dd>Queue filter for <code>lpr</code> under Unix;
<a href="Unix-lpr.htm">its documentation</a> is intended for system
administrators
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>lprsetup.sh</code>
<dd>Setup for <code>unix-lpr.sh</code>
</dl>

<hr>

<h3><a name="VMS"></a>VMS</h3>

<ul>
<li>To be able to specify switches and file names when invoking the
interpreter, define <code>gs</code> as a foreign command:

<blockquote>
<code>$ gs == "$</code><em>disk</em><b><tt>:[</tt></b><em>directory</em><b><tt>]gs.exe</tt></b>"
</blockquote>

<p>
where the "<em>disk</em>" and "<em>directory</em>" specify where
the Ghostscript executable is located.  For instance,

<blockquote><code>
$ gs == "$dua1:[ghostscript]gs.exe"
</code></blockquote>

<li>On VMS systems, the last character of each "directory" name indicates
what sort of entity the "directory" refers to.  If the "directory" name
ends with a colon "<code>:</code>", it is taken to refer to a logical
device, for instance

<blockquote><code>
$ define ghostscript_device dua1:[ghostscript_510]<br>
$ define gs_lib ghostscript_device:
</code></blockquote>

<p>
If the "directory" name ends with a closing square bracket
"<code>]</code>", it is taken to refer to a real directory, for instance

<blockquote><code>
$ define gs_lib dua1:[ghostscript]
</code></blockquote>

<li>Defining the logical <code>GS_LIB</code>

<blockquote>
<code>$ define gs_lib</code> <em>disk</em><b><tt>:[</tt></b><em>directory</em><b><tt>]</tt></b>
</blockquote>

<p>
allows Ghostscript to find its initialization files in the Ghostscript
directory even if that's not where the executable resides.<br>&nbsp;

<li>Although VMS DCL itself converts unquoted parameters to upper case, C
programs such as Ghostscript receive their parameters through the C runtime
library, which forces all unquoted command-line parameters to lower case.
That is, with the command

<blockquote><code>
$ gs -Isys$login:
</code></blockquote>

<p>
Ghostscript sees the switch as <code>-isys$login</code>,
which doesn't work.  To preserve the case of switches, quote them like
this:

<blockquote><code>
$ gs "-Isys$login:"
</code></blockquote>

<li>If you write printer output to a file with
<code>-sOutputFile=</code> and then want to print the file later, use
"<code>PRINT/PASSALL</code>".
</ul>

<ul>
<li>PDF files (or PostScript files that use the
<code>setfileposition</code> operator) must be "stream LF" type files to
work properly on VMS systems. (<b><em>Note:</em></b> This definitely matters
if Ghostscript was compiled with DEC C; we are not sure of the situation if
you use <code>gcc</code>.)  Because of this, if you transfer files by
FTP, you probably need to do one of these two things after the transfer:

<ol>
<li>If the FTP transfer was in text (ASCII) mode:

<blockquote>
<code>$ convert/fdl=streamlf.fdl</code> input-file output-file
</blockquote>

<p>
where the contents of the file <code>STREAMLF.FDL</code> are

<blockquote>
<pre>FILE
        ORGANIZATION            sequential

RECORD
        BLOCK_SPAN              yes
        CARRIAGE_CONTROL        carriage_return
        FORMAT                  stream_lf
</pre></blockquote>

<li>If the FTP transfer was in binary mode:

<blockquote><code>
     $ set file/attribute=(rfm:stmlf)
</code></blockquote>
</ol>
</ul>

<h4><a name="VMS_X_Windows"></a>Using X Windows on VMS</h4>

<p>
If you are using on an X Windows display, you can set it up with the node
name and network transport, for instance

<blockquote><code>
        $ set display/create/node="doof.city.com"/transport=tcpip
</code></blockquote>

<p>
and then run Ghostscript by typing <code>gs</code> at the command line.

<hr>

<h3><a name="MS_Windows"></a>MS Windows</h3>

<p>
The name of the Ghostscript command line executable on MS Windows is
<tt>gswin32c</tt> so use this instead of the plain '<tt>gs</tt>' in
the quickstart examples.

<p>
To run the batch files in the ghostscript <tt>lib</tt> directory,
you must add <em>gs\</em><tt>bin</tt> and
<em>gs\</em><tt>lib</tt> to the <code>PATH</code>, where
<em>gs</em> is the top-level Ghostscript directory.

<p>
When passing options to ghostcript through a batch file wrapper such as
<tt>ps2pdf.bat</tt> you need to substitute '#' for '=' as the separator
between options and their arguments. For example:
<blockquote><pre>
ps2pdf -sPAPERSIZE#a4 file.ps file.pdf
</pre></blockquote>

Ghostscript treats '#' the same internally, and the '=' is mangled by
the command shell.

<p>
There is also an older version for MS Windows called just <tt>gswin32</tt>
that provides its own window for the interactive postscript prompt.
The executable <tt>gswin32c</tt> is usually the better option since
it uses the native command prompt window.

<p>
For printer devices, the default output is the default printer.
This can be modified as follows.

<blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><code>-sOutputFile="%printer%printer name"</code>
<dd>Output to the named printer.  If your printer is named "HP DeskJet 500"
then you would use <tt>-sOutputFile="%printer%HP DeskJet 500"</tt>.

</dl>
</blockquote>

<hr>

<h3><a name="MS-DOS"></a>MS-DOS</h3>

<p>
<strong>Note:</strong> Ghostscript is no longer supported on MS-DOS.

<p>
Invoking Ghostscript from the command prompt in Windows is supported by
the Windows executable described above.

<hr>

<h3><a name="X_Windows"></a>X Windows</h3>

<p>
Ghostscript looks for the following resources under the program name
<code>ghostscript</code> and class name
<code>Ghostscript</code>; the ones marked "**" are
calculated from display metrics:

<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">X Windows resources</font><hr>
<tr>    <th align=left>Name
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th align=left>Class
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th align=left>Default
<tr>    <td colspan=5><hr>
<tr>    <td><code>background</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>Background</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>white</code>
<tr>    <td><code>foreground</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>Foreground</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>black</code>
<tr>    <td><code>borderColor</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>BorderColor</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>black</code>
<tr>    <td><code>borderWidth</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>BorderWidth</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>1</code>
<tr>    <td><code>geometry</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>Geometry</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>NULL</code>
<tr>    <td><code>xResolution</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>Resolution</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>**
<tr>    <td><code>yResolution</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>Resolution</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>**
<tr>    <td><code>useExternalFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>UseExternalFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>true</code>
<tr>    <td><code>useScalableFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>UseScalableFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>true</code>
<tr>    <td><code>logExternalFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>LogExternalFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>false</code>
<tr>    <td><code>externalFontTolerance</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>ExternalFontTolerance</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>10.0</code>
<tr>    <td><code>palette</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>Palette</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>Color</code>
<tr>    <td><code>maxGrayRamp</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>MaxGrayRamp</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>128</code>
<tr>    <td><code>maxRGBRamp</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>MaxRGBRamp</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>5</code>
<tr>    <td><code>maxDynamicColors</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>MaxDynamicColors</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>256</code>
<tr>    <td><code>useBackingPixmap</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>UseBackingPixmap</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>true</code>
<tr>    <td><code>useXPutImage</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>UseXPutImage</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>true</code>
<tr>    <td><code>useXSetTile</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>UseXSetTile</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>true</code>
<tr>    <td><code>regularFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>RegularFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
<tr>    <td><code>symbolFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>SymbolFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
<tr>    <td><code>dingbatFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td><code>DingbatFonts</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
</table></blockquote>

<h4><a name="X_resources"></a>X resources</h4>

<ul>
<li>
To set X resources, put them in a file (such as
<code>~/.Xdefaults</code> on Unix) in a form like this:

<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><td><code>Ghostscript*geometry:</code><td><b><tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;</tt></b><td><b><tt>595x842-0+0</tt></b>
<tr><td><code>Ghostscript*xResolution:</code><td><b><tt>&nbsp;</tt></b><td><b><tt>72</tt></b>
<tr><td><code>Ghostscript*yResolution:</code><td><b><tt>&nbsp;</tt></b><td><b><tt>72</tt></b>
</table></blockquote>

<p>
Then merge these resources into the X server's resource database:

<blockquote><code>
        xrdb -merge ~/.Xdefaults
</code></blockquote>

<li>
Ghostscript doesn't look at the default system background and foreground
colors; if you want to change the background or foreground color, you must
set them explicitly for Ghostscript.  This is a deliberate choice, so that
PostScript documents will display correctly by default -- with white as
white and black as black -- even if text windows use other colors.

<li>
The <code>geometry</code> resource affects only window placement.

<li>
Resolution is expressed in pixels per inch (1 inch = 25.4mm).

<li>
The font tolerance gives the largest acceptable difference in height of the
screen font, expressed as a percentage of the height of the desired font.

<li>
The <code>palette</code> resource can be used to restrict Ghostscript to
using a grayscale or monochrome palette.

<li>
<code>maxRGBRamp</code> and
<code>maxGrayRamp</code> control the maximum number of
colors that ghostscript allocates ahead of time for the dither cube (ramp).
Ghostscript never preallocates more than half the cells in a colormap.
<code>maxDynamicColors</code> controls the maximum
number of colors that Ghostscript will allocate dynamically in the
colormap.
</ul>

<h4><a name="X_server_bugs"></a>Working around bugs in X servers</h4>

<p>
The "<code>use</code>..." resources exist primarily to work around bugs
in X servers.

<ul>
<li>    Old versions of DEC's X server (DECwindows) have bugs that
        require setting <code>useXPutImage</code> or
        <code>useXSetTile</code> to
        <code>false</code>.

<li>    Some servers do not implement backing pixmaps properly, or do not
        have enough memory for them.  If you get strange behavior or "out
        of memory" messages, try setting
        <code>useBackingPixmap</code> to
        <code>false</code>.

<li>    Some servers do not implement tiling properly.  This appears
        as broad bands of color where dither patterns should appear.  If
        this happens, try setting
        <code>useXSetTile</code> to
        <code>false</code>.

<li>    Some servers do not implement bitmap or pixmap displaying properly.
        This may appear as white or black rectangles where characters
        should appear; or characters may appear in "inverse video" (for
        instance, white on a black rectangle rather than black on white).
        If this happens, try setting
        <code>useXPutImage</code> to
        <code>false</code>.
</ul>

<h4><a name="X_fonts"></a>X fonts</h4>

<p>
To use native X11 fonts, Ghostscript must map PostScript font names to the
XLFD font names.  The resources <code>regularFonts</code>
(fonts available in standard or ISO-Latin-1 encoding),
<code>symbolFonts</code> (using Symbol encoding), and
<code>dingbatFonts</code> (using Dingbat encoding) give
the name mapping for different encodings.  The XLFD font name in the
mapping must contain 7 dashes; the X driver adds the additional size and
encoding fields to bring the total number of dashes in the font name to 14.
See the appendix "<a href="#X_font_mappings">X default font mappings</a>"
for the full list of default mappings.

<p>
Users who switch regularly between different X servers may wish to use the
"*" wild card in place of the foundry name
(<code>itc</code>,
<code>monotype</code>,
<code>linotype</code>,
<code>b&amp;h</code>, or
<code>adobe</code>); users who do not switch X servers
should leave the explicit foundry in the name, since it speeds up access to
fonts.

<p>
Ghostscript takes advantage of the "HP XLFD Enhancements," if available, to
use native X11 fonts for fonts that are anamorphically scaled, rotated, or
mirrored.  If the changes have been installed to the X or font server, they
are automatically used when appropriate.

<h4><a name="GS_fonts_as_X_fonts"></a>Using Ghostscript fonts on X displays</h4>

<p>
Font files distributed with Ghostscript can be used on X Windows displays.
You can find full instructions in the
<a href="Fonts.htm#Use_gs_fonts_with_X">documentation on fonts</a>.

<h4><a name="X_device_parameters"></a>X device parameters</h4>

<p>
In addition to the device parameters recognized by <a
href="Language.htm#Device_parameters">all devices</a>, Ghostscript's X
driver provides parameters to adjust its performance.  Users will rarely
need to modify these.  Note that these are parameters to be set with the
<code>-d</code> switch in the command line (e.g.,
<code>-dMaxBitmap=10000000</code>), not resources to be defined in the
<code>~/.Xdefaults</code> file.

<dl>
<dt><code>AlwaysUpdate &lt;boolean&gt;</code>
<dd>If <code>true</code>, the driver updates the screen after each
primitive drawing operation; if <code>false</code> (the default), the
driver uses an intelligent buffered updating algorithm.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>MaxBitmap &lt;integer&gt;</code>
<dd>If the amount of memory required to hold the pixmap for the window is no
more than the value of <code>MaxBitmap</code>, the driver will draw to a
pixmap in Ghostscript's address space (called a "client-side pixmap") and
will copy it to the screen from time to time; if the amount of memory
required for the pixmap exceeds the value of <code>MaxBitmap</code>, the
driver will draw to a server pixmap.  Using a client-side pixmap usually
provides better performance -- for bitmap images, possibly much better
performance -- but since it may require quite a lot of RAM (e.g., about 2.2
Mb for a 24-bit 1024x768 window), the default value of
<code>MaxBitmap</code> is 0.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>MaxTempPixmap, MaxTempImage, MaxBufferedTotal, MaxBufferedArea,
MaxBufferedCount &lt;integer&gt;</code>
<dd>These control various aspects of the driver's buffering behavior.  For
details, please consult the source file <code>gdevx.h</code>.
</dl>

<hr>

<h3><a name="SCO_Unix"></a>SCO Unix</h3>

<p>
Because of bugs in the SCO Unix kernel, Ghostscript will not work if you
select direct screen output and also allow it to write messages on the
console.  If you are using direct screen output, redirect Ghostscript's
terminal output to a file.

<hr>

<h2><a name="Options"></a>Command line options</h2>

<p>
Unless otherwise noted, these switches can be used on all platforms.

<h3><a name="General_switches"></a>General switches</h3>

<h4><a name="Input_control"></a>Input control</h4>

<dl>
<dt><code>@</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Causes Ghostscript to read <em>filename</em> and treat its contents the
same as the command line.  (This was intended primarily for getting around
DOS's 128-character limit on the length of a command line.)  Switches or
file names in the file may be separated by any amount of white space
(space, tab, line break); there is no limit on the size of the file.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>--</code> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
<br><code>-+</code> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
<dd>Takes the next argument as a file name as usual, but takes all
remaining arguments (even if they have the syntactic form of switches) and
defines the name <code>ARGUMENTS</code> in userdict (not systemdict) as
an array of those strings, <em>before</em> running the file.  When
Ghostscript finishes executing the file, it exits back to the shell.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-@</code> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
<dd>Does the same thing as <code>--</code> and <b><tt>-+</tt></b>, but
expands <code>@</code><em>filename</em> arguments.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-</code>
<br><code>-_</code>
<dd>These are not really switches: they tell Ghostscript to read from
standard input, which is coming from a file or a pipe,
with or without buffering.
On some systems, Ghostscript may read the input one character at a time,
which is useful for programs such as ghostview that generate input for
Ghostscript dynamically and watch for some response, but can slow processing.
If performance is significantly slower than with a named file,
try '<tt>-_</tt>' which always reads the input in blocks.
However, '<tt>-</tt>' is equivalent on most systems.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-c</code> <em>token ...</em>
<br><code>-c</code> <em>string ...</em>
<dd>Interprets arguments as PostScript code up to the next argument that
begins with "<code>-</code>" followed by a non-digit, or with
"<code>@</code>".  For example, if the file <b><tt>quit.ps</tt></b>
contains just the word "<code>quit</code>", then
<code>-c&nbsp;quit</code> on the command line is equivalent to
<code>quit.ps</code> there.  Each argument must be valid PostScript,
either individual tokens as defined by the <code>token</code> operator,
or a string containing valid PostScript.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-f</code>
<dd>Interprets following non-switch arguments as file names to be executed
using the normal <code>run</code> command.  Since this is the default
behavior, <code>-f</code> is useful only for terminating the list of
tokens for the <code>-c</code> switch.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-f</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Execute the given file, even if its name begins with a
"<code>-</code>" or "<b><tt>@</tt></b>".
</dl>

<h4><a name="File_searching"></a>File searching</h4>

<p>
Note that by "library files" here we mean all the files identified using
the search rule under "<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds
files</a>" above: Ghostscript's own initialization files, fonts, and files
named on the command line.

<dl>
<dt><a name="I_switch"></a><code>-I</code><em>directories</em>
<dd>Adds the designated list of directories at the head of the search path
for library files.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a name="P_switch"></a><code>-P</code>
<dd>Makes Ghostscript look first in the current directory for library
files.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a name="P-_switch"></a><code>-P-</code>
<dd>Makes Ghostscript <b><em>not</em></b> look first in the current
directory for library files (unless, of course, the first explicitly
supplied directory is "<code>.</code>"). This is now the default.
</dl>

<h4><a name="Parameters"></a>Setting parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><code>-D</code><em>name</em>
<br><code>-d</code><em>name</em>
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with value=true.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-D</code><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>token</em>
<br><code>-d</code><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>token</em>
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with the given value.  The value must be
a valid PostScript token (as defined by the <code>token</code> operator).
If the token is a non-literal name, it must be true, false, or null.
It is recommeded that this is used only for simple values -- use
<code>-c</code> (above) for complex values such as procedures,
arrays or dictionaries.
<br>Note that these values are defined <b>before</b> other names in
systemdict, so any name that that conflicts with one usually in
systemdict will be replaced by the normal definition during the
interpreter initialization.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-S</code><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>string</em>
<br><code>-s</code><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>string</em>
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with a given string as value.  This is
different from <code>-d</code>.  For example, <b><tt>-dXYZ=35</tt></b>
on the command line is equivalent to the program fragment

<blockquote><code>
/XYZ 35 def
</code></blockquote>

<p>
whereas <code>-sXYZ=35</code> is equivalent to

<blockquote><code>
/XYZ (35) def
</code></blockquote>
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-u</code><em>name</em>
<dd>Un-define a name, cancelling <code>-d</code> or <b><tt>-s</tt></b>.
</dl>

<p>
Note that the initialization file <code>gs_init.ps</code> makes
<code>systemdict</code> read-only, so the values of names defined with
<code>-D</code>, <b><tt>-d</tt></b>, <b><tt>-S</tt></b>, and
<code>-s</code> cannot be changed -- although, of course, they can be
superseded by definitions in <code>userdict</code> or other dictionaries.
However, device parameters set this way (<code>PageSize</code>,
<code>Margins</code>, etc.) are <em>not</em> read-only, and <em>can</em>
be changed by code in PostScript files.

<dl>
<dt><code>-g</code><em>number1</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number2</em>
<dd>Equivalent to <code>-dDEVICEWIDTH=</code><em>number1</em> and
<code>-dDEVICEHEIGHT=</code><em>number2</em>, specifying the device
width and height in pixels for the benefit of devices such as X11 windows
and VESA displays that require (or allow) you to specify width and height.
Note that this causes documents of other sizes to be clipped, not scaled:
see <code>-dFIXEDMEDIA</code> below.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a name="Resolution_switch"></a><code>-r</code><em>number</em> (same
as <code>-r</code><em>number</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number</em>)
<br><code>-r</code><em>number1</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number2</em>
<dd>Equivalent to <code>-dDEVICEXRESOLUTION=</code><em>number1</em> and
<code>-dDEVICEYRESOLUTION=</code><em>number2</em>, specifying the device
horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels per inch for the benefit of
devices such as printers that support multiple X and Y resolutions.
</dl>

<h4><a name="Quiet"></a>Suppress messages</h4>

<dl>
<dt><a name="Quiet"></a><code>-q</code>
<dd>Quiet startup: suppress normal startup messages, and also do the
equivalent of <a href="#dQUIET"><code>-dQUIET</code></a>.
</dl>

<h3><a name="Parameter_switches"></a>Parameter switches (<code>-d</code> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b>)</h3>

<p>
As noted above, <code>-d</code> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b> define initial
values for PostScript names.  Some of these names are parameters that
control the interpreter or the graphics engine.  You can also use
<code>-d</code> or <b><tt>-s</tt></b> to define a value for any device
parameter of the initial device (the one defined with
<code>-sDEVICE=</code>, or the default device if this switch is not
used).  For example, since the <code>ppmraw</code> device has a numeric
<code>GrayValues</code> parameter that controls the number of bits per
component, <code>-sDEVICE=ppmraw -dGrayValues=16</code> will make this
the default device and set the number of bits per component to 4 (log2(16)).

<h4><a name="Rendering_parameters"></a>Rendering parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dCOLORSCREEN
<br>-dCOLORSCREEN=0
<br>-dCOLORSCREEN=false</code>
<dd>On high-resolution devices (at least 150 dpi resolution, or
<code>-dDITHERPPI</code> specified), <b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN</tt></b>
forces the use of separate halftone screens with different angles for CMYK
or RGB if halftones are needed (this produces the best-quality output);
<code>-dCOLORSCREEN=0</code> uses separate screens with the same
frequency and angle; <code>-dCOLORSCREEN=false</code> forces the use of
a single binary screen.  The default if <code>COLORSCREEN</code> is not
specified is to use separate screens with different angles if the device
has fewer than 5 bits per color, and a single binary screen (which is never
actually used under normal circumstances) on all other devices.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dDITHERPPI=</code><em>lpi</em>
<dd>Forces all devices to be considered high-resolution, and forces use of
a halftone screen or screens with <em>lpi</em> lines per inch, disregarding
the actual device resolution.  Reasonable values for <em>lpi</em> are
<b><em>N</em></b>/5 to <b><em>N</em></b>/20, where <b><em>N</em></b> is the
resolution in dots per inch.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dDOINTERPOLATE</code>
<dd>Turns on image interpolation for all images, improving image quality for
scaled images at the expense of speed.  Note that
<code>-dNOINTERPOLATE</code> overrides <b><tt>-dDOINTERPOLATE</tt></b> if
both are specified.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dTextAlphaBits=</code><em>n</em>
<dt><code>-dGraphicsAlphaBits=</code><em>n</em>
<dd>These options control the use of subsample antialiasing. Their use is highly recommended for producing high quality rasterizations. The subsampling box size <em>n</em> should be 4 for optimum output, but smaller values can be used for faster rendering. Antialiasing is enabled separately for text and graphics content.
Allowed values are 1, 2 or 4.
<p>
Note that because of the way antialiasing blends the edges of shapes into the background when
they are drawn some files that rely on joining separate filled polygons together to cover
an area may not render as expected with <tt>GraphicsAlphaBits</tt> at 2 or 4. If you encounter
strange lines within solid areas, try rendering that file again with
<tt>-dGraphicsAlphaBits=1</tt>.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dAlignToPixels=</code><em>n</em>
<dd>Chooses glyph alignent to integral pixel boundaries (if set to the value 1)
or to subpixels (value 0). Subpixels are a smaller raster grid
which is used internally for text antialiasing.
The number of subpixels in a pixel usually is <tt>2^TextAlphaBits</tt>,
but this may be automatically reduced for big characters to save space
in character cache.

<p>
The parameter has no effect if <code>-dTextAlphaBits=1</code>.
Default value is 0.

<p>
Setting <code>-dAlignToPixels=0</code> can improve rendering
of poorly hinted fonts, but may impair the appearance of well-hinted fonts.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dGridFitTT=</code><em>n</em>
<dd> This specifies the initial value for the implementation specific
user parameter <a href="Language.htm#GridFitTT">GridFitTT</a>.
It controls grid fitting of True Type fonts
(Sometimes referred to as "hinting", but strictly speaking
the latter is a feature of Type 1 fonts).
Setting this to 2 enables automatic grid fitting for True Type glyphs.
The value 0 disables grid fitting. The default value is 2.
For more information see the description of the user parameter
<a href="Language.htm#GridFitTT">GridFitTT</a>.

</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dUseCIEColor</code>
<dd>Set UseCIEColor in the page device dictionary, remapping device-dependent
color values through a CIE color space. This can can improve conversion
of CMYK documents to RGB.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOCIE</code>
<dd>Substitutes <code>DeviceGray</code> for CIEBasedA, <b><tt>DeviceRGB</tt></b> for CIEBasedABC and CIEBasedDEF spaces and <b><tt>DeviceCMYK</tt></b>
fpr CIEBasedDEFG color spaces.  Useful only on
very slow systems where color accuracy is less important.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOSUBSTDEVICECOLORS</code>
<dd>This switch prevents the substitution of the <code>ColorSpace</code>
resources (<code>DefaultGray</code>, <b><tt>DefaultRGB</tt></b>, and
<code>DefaultCMYK</code>) for the <b><tt>DeviceGray</tt></b>,
<code>DeviceRGB</code>, and <b><tt>DeviceCMYK</tt></b> color spaces.
This switch is primarily useful for PDF creation using the <code>pdfwrite</code>
device when retaining the color spaces from the original document is
important.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOPSICC</code>
<dd>Disables the automatic loading and use of an input color space that is
contained in a PostScript file as DSC comments starting with the %%BeginICCProfile:
comment. ICC profiles are sometimes embedded by applications to convey the exact
input color space allowing better color fidelity. Since the embedded ICC profiles
often use multidimensional RenderTables, color conversion may be slower than using
the Default color conversion invoked when the <code>-dUseCIEColor</code>
option is specified, therefore the <code>-dNOPSICC</code> option may result
in improved performance at slightly reduced color fidelity.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOINTERPOLATE</code>
<dd>Turns off image interpolation, improving performance on interpolated
images at the expense of image quality.  <code>-dNOINTERPOLATE</code>
overrides <code>-dDOINTERPOLATE</code>.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOTRANSPARENCY</code>
<dd>Turns off PDF 1.4 transparency, resulting in faster (but possibly
incorrect) rendering of pages containing PDF 1.4 transparency and
blending.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNO_TN5044</code>
<dd>Turns off the TN 5044 psuedo operators. These psuedo operators are not a part
of the official Postscript specification. However they are defined in <i>Technical
Note #5044 Color Separation Conventions for PostScript Language Programs</i>.
These psuedo operators are required for some files from QuarkXPress. However some
files from Corel 9 and Illustrator 88 do not operate properly if these operators
are present.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dDOPS</code>
<dd>Enables processing of DoPS directives in PDF files. DoPS has in
fact been deprecated for some time. Use of this option is not
recommended in security-conscious applications, as it increases the
scope for malicious code. <code>-dDOPS</code> has no effect on
processing of PostScript source files. Note: in releases 7.30 and
earlier, processing of DoPS was always enabled.
</dl>

<h4><a name="Page_parameters"></a>Page parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><a name="FIXEDMEDIA"></a><code>-dFIXEDMEDIA</code>
<dd>Causes the media size to be fixed after initialization, forcing pages
of other sizes or orientations to be clipped.  This may be useful when
printing documents on a printer that can handle their requested paper size
but whose default is some other size.  Note that <code>-g</code>
automatically sets <code>-dFIXEDMEDIA</code>, but
<code>-sPAPERSIZE=</code> does not.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dFIXEDRESOLUTION</code>
<dd>Causes the media resolution to be fixed similarly.  <code>-r</code>
automatically sets <code>-dFIXEDRESOLUTION</code>.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dORIENT1=true
<br>-dORIENT1=false</code>
<dd>Defines the meaning of the 0 and 1 orientation values for the
setpage[params] compatibility operators.  The default value of
<code>ORIENT1</code> is true (set in <b><tt>gs_init.ps</tt></b>), which
is the correct value for most files that use setpage[params] at all,
namely, files produced by badly designed applications that "know" that the
output will be printed on certain roll-media printers: these applications
use 0 to mean landscape and 1 to mean portrait.
<code>-dORIENT1=false</code> declares that 0 means portrait and 1 means
landscape, which is the convention used by a smaller number of files
produced by properly written applications.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dDEVICEWIDTHPOINTS=</code><em>w</em>
<br><code>-dDEVICEHEIGHTPOINTS=</code><em>h</em>
<dd>Sets the initial page width to <em>w</em> or initial page height to
<em>h</em> respectively, specified in 1/72" units.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sDEFAULTPAPERSIZE=</code><em>a4</em>
<dd>
This value will be used to replace the device default papersize ONLY
if the default papersize for the device is 'letter' or 'a4' serving
to insulate users of A4 or 8.5x11 from particular device defaults
(the collection of contributed drivers in Ghostscript vary as to
the default size).
</dd>
</dl>

<h4><a name="Font_related_parameters"></a>Font-related parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><a name="DISKFONTS"></a><code>-dDISKFONTS</code>
<dd>Causes individual character outlines to be loaded from the disk the
first time they are encountered.  (Normally Ghostscript loads all the
character outlines when it loads a font.)  This may allow loading more
fonts into memory at the expense of slower rendering.
<code>DISKFONTS</code> is effective only if the diskfont feature was
built into the executable; otherwise it is ignored.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dLOCALFONTS</code>
<dd>Causes Type 1 fonts to be loaded into the current VM -- normally local
VM -- instead of always being loaded into global VM.  Useful only for
compatibility with Adobe printers for loading some obsolete fonts.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOCCFONTS</code>
<dd>Suppresses the use of fonts precompiled into the Ghostscript executable.
See <a href="Fonts.htm#Precompiling">"Precompiling fonts"</a> in the
documentation on fonts for details.  This is probably useful only for
debugging.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a name="FONTMAP_switch"></a><code>-dNOFONTMAP</code>
<dd>Suppresses the normal loading of the Fontmap file.  This may be useful
in environments without a file system.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOFONTPATH</code>
<dd>Suppresses consultation of <code>GS_FONTPATH</code>.  This may be
useful for debugging.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOPLATFONTS</code>
<dd>Disables the use of fonts supplied by the underlying platform (X
Windows or Microsoft Windows).  This may be needed if the platform fonts
look undesirably different from the scalable fonts.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNONATIVEFONTMAP</code>
<dd>Disables the use of font map and corresponding fonts supplied by the
underlying platform. This may be needed to ensure consistent rendering on
the platforms with different fonts, for instance, during regression testing.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sFONTMAP=</code><em>filename1</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>filename2</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>...</em>
<dd>Specifies alternate name or names for the Fontmap file.  Note that the
names are separated by "<code>:</code>" on Unix systems, by
"<code>;</code>" on MS Windows systems, and by
"<code>,</code>" on VMS systems, just as for search paths.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sFONTPATH=</code><em>dir1</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>dir2</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>...</em>
<dd>Specifies a list of directories that will be scanned when looking for
fonts not found on the search path, overriding the environment variable
<code>GS_FONTPATH</code>.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sSUBSTFONT=</code><em>fontname</em>
<dd>Causes the given font to be substituted for all unknown fonts, instead
of using the normal intelligent substitution algorithm.  Also, in this
case, the font returned by <code>findfont</code> is the actual font
named <em>fontname</em>, not a copy of the font with its
<code>FontName</code> changed to the requested one.
THIS OPTION SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH HIGH LEVEL DEVICES, such as
<code>pdfwrite</code>, because it prevents such devices from
providing the original font names in the output document. The
font specified (<em>fontname</em>) will be embedded instead,
limiting all future users of the document to the same approximate
rendering.
</dl>

<h4><a name="Resource_related_parameters"></a>Resource-related parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><a name="GenericResourceDir"></a><code>-sGenericResourceDir=path</code>
<dd>Specifies a path to resource files.
The value is platform dependent. It must end with a directory separator.
<p>
<b><font size="+1">
A note for Windows users, Artifex recommends the use of the 
forward slash delimiter due to the special interpretation of \" by
the Microsoft C startup code.  See 
<a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a1y7w461.aspx">Parsing C Command-Line Arguments</a>
for more information.
</font></b>
<p>
Adobe specifies <code>GenericResourceDir</code> to be an absolute path
to a single resource directory. Ghostscript instead maintains
multiple resource directories and uses an extended method for finding
resources, which is explained in
<a href="#PS_resources">"Finding PostScript Level 2 resources"</a>.
<p>
Due to the extended search method, Ghostscript uses <code>GenericResourceDir</code>
only as a default directory for resources being not installed.
Therefore <code>GenericResourceDir</code> may be considered as a place
where new resources to be installed. The default implementation of the function
<code>ResourceFileName</code> uses <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b> when
(1) it is an absolute path, or (2) the resource file is absent.
The extended search method does not call <code>ResourceFileName</code> .
<p>
Default value is <code>(./Resource/)</code> for Unix, and an equivalent one on other
platforms.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a name="FontResourceDir"></a><code>-sFontResourceDir=path</code>
<dd>Specifies a path where font files are installed.
It's meaning is similar to <code>GenericResourceDir</code>.

<p>
Default value is <code>(./Font/)</code> for Unix, and an equivalent one on other
platforms.
</dl>



<h4><a name="Interaction_related_parameters"></a>Interaction-related parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dBATCH</code>
<dd>Causes Ghostscript to exit after processing all files named on the
command line, rather than going into an interactive loop reading PostScript
commands.  Equivalent to putting -c quit at the end of the command line.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOPAGEPROMPT</code>
<dd>Disables only the prompt, but not the pause, at the end of each page.
This may be useful on PC displays that get confused if a program attempts
to write text to the console while the display is in a graphics mode.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a name="NoPause"></a><code>-dNOPAUSE</code>
<dd>Disables the prompt and pause at the end of each page.  Normally one
should use this (along with <code>-dBATCH</code>) when producing output
on a printer or to a file; it also may be desirable for applications where
another program is "driving" Ghostscript.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOPROMPT</code>
<dd>Disables the prompt printed by Ghostscript when it expects interactive
input, as well as the end-of-page prompt (<code>-dNOPAGEPROMPT</code>).
This allows piping input
directly into Ghostscript, as long as the data doesn't refer to
<code>currentfile</code>.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a name="dQUIET"></a><code>-dQUIET</code>
<dd>Suppresses routine information comments on standard output.  This is
currently necessary when redirecting device output to standard output.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dSHORTERRORS</code>
<dd>Makes certain error and information messages more Adobe-compatible.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sstdout=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Redirect PostScript <code>%stdout</code> to a file or
<code>stderr</code>, to avoid it being mixed with device stdout.
To redirect stdout to stderr use <code>-sstdout=%stderr</code>.
To cancel redirection of stdout use <code>-sstdout=%stdout</code>
or <code>-sstdout=-</code>.
<p>
Note that this redirects PostScript output to %stdout but <b>does not</b>
change the destination FILE of device output as with <tt>-sOutputFile=-</tt>
or even <tt>-sOutputFile=%stdout</tt> since devices write directly using
the stdout FILE * pointer with C function calls such as fwrite or fputs.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dTTYPAUSE</code>
<dd>
Causes Ghostscript to read a character from <code>/dev/tty</code>,
rather than standard input, at the end of each page.  This may be useful if
input is coming from a pipe.  Note that <code>-dTTYPAUSE</code>
overrides <code>-dNOPAUSE</code>.

Also note that <tt>-dTTYPAUSE</tt> requires opening the terminal
device directly, and may cause problems in combination with -dSAFER.
Permission errors  can be avoided by adding the device to the permitted
reading list before invoking safer mode. For example:
<tt>gs -dTTYPAUSE -dDELAYSAFER
-c '<< /PermitFileReading [ (/dev/tty)] >>
setuserparams .locksafe' -dSAFER</tt>
</dl>

<h4><a name="Output_selection_parameters"></a>Device and output selection parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNODISPLAY</code>
<dd>Initializes Ghostscript with a null device (a device that discards the
output image) rather than the default device or the device selected with
<code>-sDEVICE=</code>.  This is usually useful only when running
PostScript code whose purpose is to compute something rather than to
produce an output image.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a name="DEVICE_switch"></a><code>-sDEVICE=</code><em>device</em>
<dd>Selects an alternate <a href="#Output_device">initial output
device</a>.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sOutputFile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Selects an alternate output file (or pipe) for the initial output
device, as described above.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-d.IgnoreNumCopies=true</code>
<dd>Some devices implement support for "printing" multiple copies of the
input document and some do not, usually based on whether it makes sense
for a particular output format. This switch instructs all devices to
ignore a request to print multiple copies, giving more consistent
behaviour.
</dl>

<h4><a name="EPS_parameters"></a>EPS parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dEPSCrop</code>
<dd>Crop an EPS file to the bounding box.
This is useful when converting an EPS file to a bitmap.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dEPSFitPage</code>
<dd>Resize an EPS file to fit the page.
This is useful for enlarging an EPS file to fit the paper size when printing.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOEPS</code>
<dd>Prevent special processing of EPS files.
This is useful when EPS files have incorrect Document
Structuring Convention comments.
</dl>

<h4><a name="ICC_color_parameters"></a>ICC color parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sDefaultGrayProfile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Set the ICC profile that will be associated with
undefined device gray color spaces.  If this is not set,
the profile file name "default_gray.icc" will be used as
the default.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sDefaultRGBProfile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Set the ICC profile that will be associated with
undefined device RGB color spaces.  If this is not set,
the profile file name "default_rgb.icc" will be used as
the default.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sDefaultCMYKProfile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Set the ICC profile that will be associated with
undefined device CMYK color spaces.  If this is not set,
the profile file name "default_cmyk.icc" will be used as
the default.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sDeviceNProfile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Associate a DeviceN color space contained in a PS or PDF
document with an ICC profile.  Note that neither PS nor PDF provide
in-document ICC profile definitions for DeviceN color spaces.
With this interface it is possible to provide this definition.
The colorants tag order in the ICC profile defines the lay-down
order of the inks associated with the profile.  A windows-based
tool for creating these source profiles is contained in
./toolbin/color/icc_creator.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sProofProfile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Define the proofing ICC profile.  This is the profile for the
device to which we would like the output to appear to be rendered.
This is not fully implemented at this time.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sDeviceLinkProfile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Define a device link profile through which the the rendered
buffers should be remapped.  This is not fully
implemented at this time and will be only available for a select
few devices.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sNamedProfile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Define a structure that is to be used by the color management
module (CMM) to provide color management of named colors.  While
the ICC does define a named color format, this structure can in
practice be much more general.  Many developers wish to use
their own proprietary-based format for spot color management.
This command option is for developer use when an implementation
for named color management is designed for the function
gsicc_transform_named_color located in gsicccache.c .  An example
implementation is currently contained in the code.  For the general
user this command option should really not be used.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sOutputICCProfile=</code><em>filename</em>
<dd>Set the ICC profile that will be associated with
the output device.  Care should be taken to ensure that the
number of colorants associated with the device is the same
as the profile.  If this is not set, an appropriate profile
(i.e. one with the proper number of colorants) will be
selected from those in the directory specified by ICCProfilesDir (see below).
 Note that if the output device is CMYK + spot colorants, a CMYK
profile can be used to provide color management for the CMYK colorants only.
In this case, spot colors will pass through unprocessed assuming the
device supports those colorants.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-sICCProfilesDir=</code><em>path</em>
<dd>Set a directory in which to search for the above profiles.  
The directory path must end with a file system delimiter.  
<p>
If the user doesn't use the -sICCProfilesDir= command line option, 
Ghostscript creates a default value for it by looking on the 
directory paths explained in <a href="#Finding_files">How 
Ghostscript finds files</a>.  If the current directory is the first
path a test is made for the iccprofiles directory. Next, the remaining
paths with the string Resource in it are tested.  The prefix up to
the path separator character preceding the string Resource, concatenated
with the string iccprofiles is used and if this exists, then this
path will be used for ICCProfilesDir.
<p>
Note that if the build is performed with COMPILE_INITS=1, 
then the profiles contained in gs/iccprofiles will be placed in 
the ROM file system.  If a directory is specified on the command 
line using -sICCProfilesDir=, that directory is searched before 
the iccprofiles/ directory of the ROM file system is searched.
<p>
<b><font size="+1">
A note for Windows users, Artifex recommends the use of the 
forward slash delimiter due to the special interpretation of \" by
the Microsoft C startup code.  See 
<a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a1y7w461.aspx">Parsing C Command-Line Arguments</a>
for more information.
</font></b>
</dl>

<h4><a name="Other_parameters"></a>Other parameters</h4>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dDELAYBIND</code>
<dd>Causes <code>bind</code> to remember all its invocations, but not
actually execute them until the <code>.bindnow</code> procedure is
called.  Useful only for certain specialized packages like
<code>pstotext</code> that redefine operators. See the documentation
for <a href="Language.htm#bindnow"><tt>.bindnow</tt></a> for more information
on using this feature.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dDOPDFMARKS</code>
<dd>Causes <code>pdfmark</code> to be called for bookmarks,
annotations, links and cropbox when processing PDF files.
Normally, <code>pdfmark</code> is only called for these types
for PostScript files or when the output device requests it
(e.g. pdfwrite device).
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dJOBSERVER</code>
<dd>Define <tt>\004 (^D)</tt> to start a new encapsulated job used for
compatibility with Adobe PS Interpreters that ordinarily run under a job
server. The <code>-dNOOUTERSAVE</code> switch is ignored if <b><tt>-dJOBSERVER</tt></b>
is specified since job servers <b>always</b> execute the input PostScript
under a save level, although the <code>exitserver</code> operator can
be used to escape from the encapsulated job and execute as if the
<code>-dNOOUTERSAVE</code> was specified.
<p>
This also requires that the input be from stdin, otherwise an error will
result (<tt>Error: /invalidrestore in --restore--</tt>).
<p>Example usage is:
<pre>
    gs ... -dJOBSERVER - < inputfile.ps
                     -or-
    cat inputfile.ps | gs ... -dJOBSERVER -
</pre>
<b>Note: </b>The <tt>^D</tt> does not result in an end-of-file action
on stdin as it may on some PostScript printers that rely on TBCP (Tagged
Binary Communication Protocol) to cause an out-of-band <tt>^D</tt> to
signal EOF in a stream input data. This means that direct file actions
on stdin such as <code>flushfile</code> and <b><tt>closefile</tt></b>
will affect processing of data beyond the <tt>^D</tt> in the stream.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOBIND</code>
<dd>Disables the <code>bind</code> operator.  Useful only for debugging.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOCACHE</code>
<dd>Disables character caching.  Useful only for debugging.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOGC</code>
<dd>Suppresses the initial automatic enabling of the garbage collector in
Level 2 systems.  (The <code>vmreclaim</code> operator is not disabled.)
Useful only for debugging.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOOUTERSAVE</code>
<dd>Suppresses the initial save that is used for compatibility with Adobe
PS Interpreters that ordinarily run under a job server. If a job server is
going to be used to set up the outermost save level, then <code>-dNOOUTERSAVE</code>
should be used so that the restore between jobs will restore global VM as
expected.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dNOSAFER</code> (equivalent to <b><tt>-dDELAYSAFER</tt></b>).
<dd>This flag disables SAFER mode until the <code>.setsafe</code>
procedure is run. This is intended for clients or scripts that cannot
operate in SAFER mode. If Ghostscript is started with <code>-dNOSAFER</code>
or <code>-dDELAYSAFER</code>, PostScript programs are allowed to read, write,
rename or delete any files in the system that are not protected by operating
system permissions.
<p><b>This mode should be used with caution, and <tt>.setsafe</tt> should be
run prior to running any PostScript file with unknown contents.</b>
</dl>

<a name="Safer"></a>
<dl>
<dt><code>-dSAFER</code>
<dd>Disables the <code>deletefile</code> and <b><tt>renamefile</tt></b>
operators, and the ability to open piped commands (<code>%pipe%</code><em>cmd</em>)
at all. Only <code>%stdout</code> and <b><tt>%stderr</tt></b> can be opened
for writing.  Disables reading of files other than <code>%stdin</code>,
those given as a command line argument, or those contained on one of the paths
given by LIBPATH and FONTPATH and specified by the system params /FontResourceDir
and /GenericResourceDir.
<p>
This mode also sets the <a href="Language.htm#LockSafetyParams">.LockSafetyParams</a>
parameter of the default device, or the device specified with the <code>-sDEVICE= </code>
switch to protect against programs that attempt to write to files using the
OutputFile device parameter. Note that since the device parameters specified
on the command line (including OutputFile) are set prior to SAFER mode,
the <code>-sOutputFile=...</code> on the command line is unrestricted.
<p>
SAFER mode also prevents changing the /GenericResourceDir, /FontResourceDir
and either the /SystemParamsPassword or the /StartJobPassword.
<p>
<b>Note: </b>While SAFER mode is not the default, in a subsequent release of
Ghostscript, SAFER mode will be the default thus scripts or programs that need
to open files or set restricted parameters will require the <code>-dNOSAFER</code>
command line option.
<p>
When running -dNOSAFER it is possible to perform a <code>save</code>,
followed by <code>.setsafe</code>, execute a file or procedure in SAFER mode,
then use <code>restore</code> to return to NOSAFER mode. In order to prevent
the save object from being restored by the foreign file or procedure, the
<a href="Language.htm#Runandhide"><b>.runandhide</b></a> operator should
be used to hide the save object from the restricted procedure.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dSTRICT</code>
<dd>Disables as many Ghostscript extensions as feasible, to be more helpful
in debugging applications that produce output for Adobe and other RIPs.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>-dWRITESYSTEMDICT</code>
<dd>Leaves <code>systemdict</code> writable.  This is necessary when
running special utility programs such as <code>font2c</code> and
<code>pcharstr</code>, which must bypass normal PostScript access
protection.
</dl>

<hr>

<h2><a name="Improving_performance"></a>Improving performance</h2>

<p>
Ghostscript attempts to find an optimum balance between speed and memory
consumption, but there are some cases in which you may get a very large
speedup by telling Ghostscript to use more memory.

<ul>
<li>
For raster printers and image format (jpeg*, tiff*, png* ...) devices,
performance can be 'tuned' by adjusting some of the parameters related
to banding (clist) options (refer to: <a href="Language.htm#Banding_parameters">
Banding Parameters</a>).
<p>In general, page buffer mode is faster than banded/clist mode (a full page
buffer is used when <code>-dMaxBitmap=#</code> is large enough for the entire
raster image) since there is no need to write, then interpret the clist data.
<p>On a multi-core system where multiple threads can be dispatched to
individual processors/cores, banding mode may provide higher performance
since <code>-dNumRenderingThreads=#</code> can be used to take advantage of
more than one CPU core when rendering the clist. The number of threads should
generally be set to the number of available processor cores for best throughput.
<p>In general, larger <code>-dBufferSpace=#</code> values provide
slightly higher performance since the per-band overhead is reduced.

<li>
If you are using X Windows, setting the <code>-dMaxBitmap=</code>
parameter described <a href="#X_device_parameters">above</a> may
dramatically improve performance on files that have a lot of bitmap images.

<li>
<p>
With some PDF files, or if you are using Chinese, Japanese, or other fonts with
very large character sets, adding the following sequence of switches before the
first file name may dramatically improve performance at the cost of an additional
memory. For example, to allow use of 30Mb of extra RAM use:
<p>
    <code>-c&nbsp;30000000&nbsp;setvmthreshold&nbsp;-f</code>.
<p>This can also be useful in processing large documents when using a
high-level output device (like pdfwrite) that maintains significant internal
state.  In fact, the <a href="Language.htm#.setpdfwrite"><tt>.setpdfwrite</tt></a>
operator used by the ps2pdf script and others sets a vmthreshold value of
3&nbsp;MB to account for this.

<li>
<p>
For pattern tiles that are very large, Ghostscript uses an internal display
list (memory based clist), but this can slow things down. The current default
threshold is 8Mb -- pattern tiles larger than this will be cached as clist
rather than bitmap tiles. The parameter <code>-dMaxPatternBitmap=#</code> can
be used to adjust this threshold, smaller to reduce memory requirements and
larger to avoid performance impacts due to clist based pattern handling.
<p>
For example, <code>-dMaxPatternBitmap=200000</code> will use clist based
patterns for pattern tiles larger than 200,000 bytes. 
</ul>

<h2><a name="Environment_variables"></a>Summary of environment variables</h2>

<dl>
<dt><code>GS</code>, <b><tt>GSC</tt></b> (MS Windows only)
<dd>Specify the names of the Ghostscript executables.  <code>GS</code>
brings up a new typein window and possibly a graphics window;
<code>GSC</code> uses the DOS console.  If these are not set,
<code>GS</code> defaults to <b><tt>gswin32</tt></b>, and
<code>GSC</code> defaults to <b><tt>gswin32c</tt></b>.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a href="#GS_DEVICE"><code>GS_DEVICE</code></a>
<dd>Defines the default output device. This overrides the compiled-in default, but is overridden by any commandline setting.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a href="#Font_lookup"><code>GS_FONTPATH</code></a>
<dd>Specifies a list of directories to scan for fonts if a font requested
can't be found anywhere on the search path.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a href="#Finding_files"><code>GS_LIB</code></a>
<dd>Provides a search path for initialization files and fonts.
</dl>

<dl>
<dt><code>GS_OPTIONS</code>
<dd>Defines a list of command-line arguments to be processed before the
ones actually specified on the command line.  For example, setting
<code>GS_DEVICE</code> to XYZ is equivalent to setting
<code>GS_OPTIONS</code> to <b><tt>-sDEVICE=XYZ</tt></b>.  The contents
of <code>GS_OPTIONS</code> are not limited to switches; they may include
actual file names or even <a href="#Input_control">"@file" arguments</a>.

</dl>

<dl>
<dt><a href="#Temp_files"><code>TEMP</code>, <b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b></a>
<dd>Defines a directory name for temporary files.  If both
<code>TEMP</code> and <b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b> are defined,
<code>TMPDIR</code> takes precedence.
</dl>

<hr>

<h2><a name="Debugging"></a>Debugging</h2>

<p>
The information here describing is probably interesting only to developers.

<h4><a name="Debug_switches"></a>Debug switches</h4>

There are several debugging switches that are detected by the interpreter.
These switches are available whether or not Ghostscript was built with the
DEBUG macro defined to the compiler (refer to <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">
building a debugging configuration</a>).

<p>Previous to 8.10, there was a single DEBUG flag, enabled with <code>-dDEBUG
</code> on the command line. Now there are several debugging flags to allow
more selective debugging information to be printed containing only what is
needed to investigate particular areas. For backward compatibilty, the
<code>-dDEBUG</code> option will set all of the subset switches.

<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
  <tr><td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
  <tr><td><code>-dCCFONTDEBUG</code><td><td>Compiled Fonts
  <tr><td><code>-dCFFDEBUG</code><td><td>CFF Fonts
  <tr><td><code>-dCMAPDEBUG</code><td><td>CMAP
  <tr><td><code>-dDOCIEDEBUG</code><td><td>CIE color
  <tr><td><code>-dEPSDEBUG</code><td><td>EPS handling
  <tr><td><code>-dFAPIDEBUG</code><td><td>Font API
  <tr><td><code>-dINITDEBUG</code><td><td>Initialization
  <tr><td><code>-dPDFDEBUG</code><td><td>PDF Interpreter
  <tr><td><code>-dPDFOPTDEBUG</code><td><td>PDF Optimizer (Linearizer)
  <tr><td><code>-dPDFWRDEBUG</code><td><td>PDF Writer
  <tr><td><code>-dSETPDDEBUG</code><td><td>setpagedevice
  <tr><td><code>-dSTRESDEBUG</code><td><td>Static Resources
  <tr><td><code>-dTTFDEBUG</code><td><td>TTF Fonts
  <tr><td><code>-dVGIFDEBUG</code><td><td>ViewGIF
  <tr><td><code>-dVJPGDEBUG</code><td><td>ViewJPEG
</table>

<p>With switching to freetype 2 as the default font renderer in April 2010, we
added a new switch:<code>-dDisableFAPI=true</code> to revert to the older
behavior, just in case serious regression happens that cannot be resolved in a timely manner.</p>

<p><p>
The <code>-Z</code> and <b><tt>-T</tt></b> switches apply only
if the interpreter was <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">built for a debugging
configuration</a>.  In the table below, the first column is a debugging
switch, the second is an equivalent switch (if any) and the third is its
usage.

<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Switches used in debugging</font><hr>
<tr>    <th align=left>Switch
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th align=left>Equivalent
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td colspan=5><hr>
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-A</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top><code>-Z@</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Fill empty storage with a distinctive bit pattern for debugging

<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-A-</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top><code>-Z-@</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Turn off <code>-A</code>
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-B</code><em>size</em>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Run all subsequent files named on the command line (except for
            <code>-F</code>) through the run_string interface, using a
            buffer of <em>size</em> bytes
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-B-</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Turn off <code>-B</code>: run subsequent files (except for
            <code>-F</code>) directly in the normal way
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-E</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top><code>-Z#</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Turn on tracing of error returns from operators
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-E-</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td valign=top><code>-Z-#</code>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Turn off <code>-E</code>
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-F</code><em>file</em>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Execute the file with <code>-B1</code> temporarily in effect
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-K</code><em>n</em>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Limit the total amount of memory that the interpreter can have
            allocated at any one time to <b><em>n</em></b>K bytes.
            <b><em>n</em></b> is a positive decimal integer.
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-M</code><em>n</em>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Force the interpreter's allocator to acquire additional memory
            in units of <b><em>n</em></b>K bytes, rather than the default
            20K. <b><em>n</em></b> is a positive decimal integer, on
            16-bit systems no greater than 63.
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-N</code><em>n</em>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Allocate space for <b><em>n</em></b>K names, rather than the
            default (normally 64K).  <b><em>n</em></b> may be greater than
            64 only if <code>EXTEND_NAMES</code> was defined (in
            inameidx.h) when the interpreter was compiled .
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-Z</code><em>xxx</em><br><b><tt>-Z-</tt></b><em>xxx</em>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Turn debugging printout on (off). Each of the <em>xxx</em>
            characters selects an option.  Case is significant: "a" and
            "A" have different meanings.

<dl compact>
<dt><code>0</code><dd>garbage collector, minimal detail
<dt><code>1</code><dd>type 1 and type 42 font interpreter
<dt><code>2</code><dd>curve subdivider/rasterizer
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>3</code><dd>curve subdivider/rasterizer, detail
<dt><code>4</code><dd>garbage collector (strings)
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>5</code><dd>garbage collector (strings, detail)
<dt><code>6</code><dd>garbage collector (chunks, roots)
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>7</code><dd>garbage collector (objects)
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>8</code><dd>garbage collector (refs)
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>9</code><dd>garbage collector (pointers)
<dt><code>a</code><dd>allocator (large blocks only)
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>A</code><dd>allocator (all calls)
<dt><code>b</code><dd>bitmap image processor
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>B</code><dd>bitmap images, detail
<dt><code>c</code><dd>color/halftone mapper
<dt><code>d</code><dd>dictionary put/undef
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>D</code><dd>dictionary lookups
<dt><code>e</code><dd>external (OS-related) calls
<dt><code>f</code><dd>fill algorithm (summary)
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>F</code><dd>fill algorithm (detail)
<dt><code>g</code><dd>gsave/grestore[all]
<dt><code>h</code><dd>halftone renderer
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>H</code><dd>halftones, every pixel
<dt><code>i</code><dd>interpreter, just names
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>I</code><dd>interpreter, everything
<dt><code>j</code><dd>(Japanese) composite fonts
<dt><code>k</code><dd>character cache and xfonts
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>K</code><dd>character cache, every access
<dt><code>l</code><dd>command lists, bands
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>L</code><dd>command lists, everything
<dt><code>m</code><dd>makefont and font cache
<dt><code>n</code><dd>name lookup (new names only)
<dt><code>o</code><dd>outliner (stroke)
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>O</code><dd>stroke detail
<dt><code>p</code><dd>band list paths
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>P</code><dd>all paths
<dt><code>q</code><dd>clipping
<dt><code>r</code><dd>arc renderer
<dt><code>s</code><dd>streams
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>S</code><dd>scanner
<dt><code>t</code><dd>tiling algorithm
<dt><code>u</code><dd>undo saver (for save/restore), finalization
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>U</code><dd>undo saver, more detail
<dt><code>v</code><dd>compositors: alpha/transparency/overprint/rop
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>V</code><dd>compositors: alpha/transparency/overprint/rop, more detail
<dt><code>w</code><dd>compression encoder/decoder
<dt><code>x</code><dd>transformations
<dt><code>y</code><dd>Type 1 hints
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>Y</code><dd>Type 1 hints, every access
<dt><code>z</code><dd>trapezoid fill
<dt><code>#</code><dd>operator error returns
<dt><code>%</code><dd>externally processed comments
<dt><code>*</code><dd>image and RasterOp parameters
<dt><code>:</code><dd>command list and allocator/time summary
<dt><code>~</code><dd>math functions and Functions
<dt><code>'</code><dd>contexts, create/destroy
<dt>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<code>"</code><dd>contexts, every operation
<dt><code>^</code><dd>reference counting
<dt><code>_</code><dd>high-level output
<dt><code>!</code><dd>Postscript operator names (this option is available only
when Ghostscript is compiled with a predefined macro DEBUG_TRACE_PS_OPERATORS)
<dt><code>|</code><dd>(reserved for experimental code)
</dl>

<p>
The following switch affects what is printed, but does not select specific
items for printing:

<dl compact>
<dt><code>/</code><dd>include file name and line number on all trace output
</dl>

<p>
These switches select debugging options other than what should be printed:

<dl compact>
<dt><code>$</code><dd>set unused parts of object references to
identifiable garbage values
<dt><code>+</code><dd>use minimum-size stack blocks
<dt><code>,</code><dd>don't use path-based banding
<dt><code>`</code><dd>don't use high-level banded images
<dt><code>.</code><dd>use small-memory table sizes even on large-memory
machines
<dt><code>?</code><dd>validate pointers before, during and after garbage
collection, also before and after save and restore; also make other
allocator validity checks
<dt><code>@</code><dd>fill newly allocated, garbage-collected, and freed
storage with a marker (a1, c1, and f1 respectively)
</dl>

<p>
<tr>    <td valign=top><code>-T</code><em>xxx</em><br><b><tt>-T-</tt></b><em>xxx</em>
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>Turn <a href="#Visual_trace">Visual Trace</a> on (off). Each of the <em>xxx</em>
            characters selects an option.  Case is significant: "f" and
            "F" have different meanings.

<dl compact>
<dt><code>f</code><dd>the filling algorithm with characters
<dt><code>F</code><dd>the filling algorithm with non-character paths
<dt><code>h</code><dd>the Type 1 hinter
<dt><code>s</code><dd>the shading algorithm
<dt><code>S</code><dd>the stroking algorithm
</dl>
</table>

<h4><a name="Visual_trace"></a>Visual Trace</h4>

<p>
Visual Trace allows to view internal Ghostscript data in a graphical form
while execution of C code.  Special
<a href="Lib.htm#Visual_trace">instructions</a> to be inserted into
C code for generating the output. Client application
rasterizes it into a window.

<p>
Currently the rasterization is implemented for Windows only, in clients
gswin32.exe and gswin32c.exe. They open Visual Trace window when graphical
debug output appears, <code>-T</code> <a href="#Debug_switches">switch</a> is set,
and Ghostscript was <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">built</a> with DEBUG option.
There are two important incompletenesses of the implementation :

<p>
1. The graphical output uses a hardcoded scale. An advanced client
would provide a scale option via user interface.

<p>
2. Breaks are not implemented in the client. If you need a step-by-step
view, you should use an interactive C debugger to delay execution at breakpoints.

<p>
<hr>

<h2><a name="Known_paper_sizes"></a>Appendix: Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</h2>

<p>
The paper sizes known to Ghostscript are defined at the beginning of the
initialization file <code>gs_statd.ps</code>; see the comments there for
more details about the definitions. The table here lists them by name and
size.  <code>gs_statd.ps</code> defines their sizes exactly in points,
and the dimensions in inches (at 72 points per inch) and centimeters shown
in the table are derived from those, rounded to the nearest 0.1 unit.  A
guide to international paper sizes can be found at

<blockquote>
<a href="http://www.twics.com/~eds/paper/index.html">http://www.twics.com/~eds/paper/</a>
</blockquote>

<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=13 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</font><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>U.S. standard
<tr>    <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th colspan=3>Inches
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th colspan=3>mm
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <th colspan=3>Points
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <th align=left>Name
        <td>&nbsp;
        <th>&nbsp;W&nbsp;
        <td>&times;
        <th>&nbsp;H&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <th>&nbsp;W&nbsp;
        <td>&times;
        <th>&nbsp;H&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <th>&nbsp;W&nbsp;
        <td>&times;
        <th>&nbsp;H&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
        <td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr>    <td>11x17
        <td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>11.0<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>17.0<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>279<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>432<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>792<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td align=right>1224<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<td>11&times;17in portrait
<tr>    <td>ledger
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>17.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>432<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>279<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1224<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>792<td>&nbsp;<td>11&times;17in landscape
<tr>    <td>legal
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>14.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>356<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1008<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>letter
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>279<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>792<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>lettersmall
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>279<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>792<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>archE
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>36.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>48.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>914<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1219<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2592<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>3456<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>archD
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>24.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>36.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>610<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>914<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1728<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2592<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>archC
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>18.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>24.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>457<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>610<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1296<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1728<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>archB
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>12.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>18.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>305<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>457<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>864<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1296<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>archA
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>12.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>229<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>305<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>648<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>864<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>ISO standard
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr>    <td>a0
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>33.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>46.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>841<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1189<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2384<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>3370<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a1
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>23.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>33.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>594<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>841<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1684<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2384<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a2
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>16.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>23.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>594<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1191<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1684<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a3
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>16.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>842<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1191<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a4
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.3<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>595<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>842<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a4small
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.3<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>11.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>595<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>842<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a5
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>5.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.3<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>595<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a6
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>5.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>105<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a7
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>74<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>105<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>297<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a8
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>52<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>74<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>210<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a9
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>37<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>52<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>105<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>a10
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>26<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>37<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>73<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>105<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>isob0
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>39.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>55.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1000<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1414<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2835<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4008<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>isob1
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>27.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>39.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>707<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1000<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2004<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2835<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>isob2
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>19.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>27.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>500<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>707<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1417<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2004<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>isob3
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>13.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>19.7<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>353<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>500<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1001<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1417<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>isob4
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>13.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>250<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>353<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>709<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1001<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>isob5
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>6.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>176<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>250<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>499<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>709<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>isob6
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>6.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>125<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>176<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>354<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>499<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>c0
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>36.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>51.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>917<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1297<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2599<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>3677<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>c1
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>25.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>36.1<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>648<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>917<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1837<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>2599<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>c2
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>18.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>25.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>458<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>648<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1298<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1837<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>c3
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>12.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>18.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>324<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>458<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>918<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1298<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>c4
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>12.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>229<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>324<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>649<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>918<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>c5
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>6.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>9.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>162<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>229<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>459<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>649<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>c6
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>4.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>6.4<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>114<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>162<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>323<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>459<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>JIS standard
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr>    <td>jisb0
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1030<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1456<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>jisb1
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>728<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>1030<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>jisb2
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>515<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>728<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>jisb3
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>364<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>515<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>jisb4
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>257<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>364<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>jisb5
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>182<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>257<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>jisb6
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right>128<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>182<td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td align=right><td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>ISO/JIS switchable
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr>    <td>b0 (see * below)
<tr>    <td>b1 (see * below)
<tr>    <td>b2 (see * below)
<tr>    <td>b3 (see * below)
<tr>    <td>b4 (see * below)
<tr>    <td>b5 (see * below)
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>Other
<tr>    <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr>    <td>flsa
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>13.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>330<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>936<td>&nbsp;<td>U.S. foolscap
<tr>    <td>flse
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>13.0<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>330<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>936<td>&nbsp;<td>European foolscap
<tr>    <td>halfletter
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>5.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>8.5<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>140<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>216<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>396<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>612<td>&nbsp;<td>&nbsp;
<tr>    <td>hagaki
        <td>&nbsp;<td align=right>3.9<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>5.8<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>100<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>148<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>283<td>&nbsp;<td align=right>420<td>&nbsp;<td>Japanese postcard
</table>

<p>
*<em>Note:</em> Initially the B paper sizes are the ISO sizes, e.g.,
<code>b0</code> is the same as <b><tt>isob0</tt></b>.  Running the file
<code>lib/jispaper.ps</code> makes the B paper sizes be the JIS sizes,
e.g., <code>b0</code> becomes the same as <b><tt>jisb0</tt></b>.

<hr>

<h2><a name="X_font_mappings"></a>Appendix: X default font mappings</h2>

<h3><a name="Standard_X_server_fonts"></a>Standard X servers</h3>

<h4><a name="X_regular_fonts"></a>Regular fonts</h4>

<pre>    AvantGarde-Book:              -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-R-Normal--\n\
    AvantGarde-BookOblique:       -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-O-Normal--\n\
    AvantGarde-Demi:              -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
    AvantGarde-DemiOblique:       -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-O-Normal--\n\
    Bookman-Demi:                 -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
    Bookman-DemiItalic:           -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-I-Normal--\n\
    Bookman-Light:                -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-R-Normal--\n\
    Bookman-LightItalic:          -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-I-Normal--\n\
    Courier:                      -Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    Courier-Bold:                 -Adobe-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    Courier-BoldOblique:          -Adobe-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
    Courier-Oblique:              -Adobe-Courier-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
    Helvetica:                    -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    Helvetica-Bold:               -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    Helvetica-BoldOblique:        -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
    Helvetica-Narrow:             -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Narrow--\n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-Bold:        -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Narrow--\n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Narrow--\n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique:     -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Narrow--\n\
    Helvetica-Oblique:            -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Bold:        -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic:  -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Italic:      -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Roman:       -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    Palatino-Bold:                -Adobe-Palatino-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    Palatino-BoldItalic:          -Adobe-Palatino-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
    Palatino-Italic:              -Adobe-Palatino-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
    Palatino-Roman:               -Adobe-Palatino-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    Times-Bold:                   -Adobe-Times-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
    Times-BoldItalic:             -Adobe-Times-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
    Times-Italic:                 -Adobe-Times-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
    Times-Roman:                  -Adobe-Times-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
    ZapfChancery-MediumItalic:    -Adobe-ITC Zapf Chancery-Medium-I-Normal--
</pre>

<h4><a name="X_symbol_fonts"></a>Symbol fonts</h4>

<pre>    Symbol:                       -Adobe-Symbol-Medium-R-Normal--
</pre>

<h4><a name="X_dingbat_fonts"></a>Dingbat fonts</h4>

<pre>    ZapfDingbats:                 -Adobe-ITC Zapf Dingbats-Medium-R-Normal--
</pre>

<h3><a name="OpenWindows_fonts"></a>Sun OpenWindows</h3>

<p>
For Sun's X11/NeWS one can use the OpenWindows scalable fonts instead,
which gives good output for any point size.  In this environment, the
relevant section of the resource file should look like this:

<pre>Ghostscript.regularFonts: \
    AvantGarde-Book:              -itc-avantgarde-book-r-normal-- \n\
    AvantGarde-BookOblique:       -itc-avantgarde-book-o-normal-- \n\
    AvantGarde-Demi:              -itc-avantgarde-demi-r-normal-- \n\
    AvantGarde-DemiOblique:       -itc-avantgarde-demi-o-normal-- \n\
    Bembo:                        -monotype-bembo-medium-r-normal-- \n\
    Bembo-Bold:                   -monotype-bembo-bold-r-normal-- \n\
    Bembo-BoldItalic:             -monotype-bembo-bold-i-normal-- \n\
    Bembo-Italic:                 -monotype-bembo-medium-i-normal-- \n\
    Bookman-Demi:                 -itc-bookman-demi-r-normal-- \n\
    Bookman-DemiItalic:           -itc-bookman-demi-i-normal-- \n\
    Bookman-Light:                -itc-bookman-light-r-normal-- \n\
    Bookman-LightItalic:          -itc-bookman-light-i-normal-- \n\
    Courier:                      -itc-courier-medium-r-normal-- \n\
    Courier-Bold:                 -itc-courier-bold-r-normal-- \n\
    Courier-BoldOblique:          -itc-courier-bold-o-normal-- \n\
    Courier-Oblique:              -itc-courier-medium-o-normal-- \n\
    GillSans:                     -monotype-gill-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
    GillSans-Bold:                -monotype-gill-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
    GillSans-BoldItalic:          -monotype-gill-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
    GillSans-Italic:              -monotype-gill-normal-i-normal-sans- \n\
    Helvetica:                    -linotype-helvetica-medium-r-normal-- \n\
    Helvetica-Bold:               -linotype-helvetica-bold-r-normal-- \n\
    Helvetica-BoldOblique:        -linotype-helvetica-bold-o-normal-- \n\
    Helvetica-Narrow:             -linotype-helvetica-medium-r-narrow-- \n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-Bold:        -linotype-helvetica-bold-r-narrow-- \n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique: -linotype-helvetica-bold-o-narrow-- \n\
    Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique:     -linotype-helvetica-medium-o-narrow-- \n\
    Helvetica-Oblique:            -linotype-helvetica-medium-o-normal-- \n\
    LucidaBright:                 -b&amp;h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal-- \n\
    LucidaBright-Demi:            -b&amp;h-lucidabright-demibold-r-normal-- \n\
    LucidaBright-DemiItalic:      -b&amp;h-lucidabright-demibold-i-normal-- \n\
    LucidaBright-Italic:          -b&amp;h-lucidabright-medium-i-normal-- \n\
    LucidaSans:                   -b&amp;h-lucida-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
    LucidaSans-Bold:              -b&amp;h-lucida-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
    LucidaSans-BoldItalic:        -b&amp;h-lucida-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
    LucidaSans-Italic:            -b&amp;h-lucida-medium-i-normal-sans- \n\
    LucidaSans-Typewriter:        -b&amp;h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
    LucidaSans-TypewriterBold:    -b&amp;h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic:  -linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-i-normal-- \n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Bold:        -linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-r-normal-- \n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Italic:      -linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-i-normal-- \n\
    NewCenturySchlbk-Roman:       -linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-r-normal-- \n\
    Palatino-Bold:                -linotype-palatino-bold-r-normal-- \n\
    Palatino-BoldItalic:          -linotype-palatino-bold-i-normal-- \n\
    Palatino-Italic:              -linotype-palatino-medium-i-normal-- \n\
    Palatino-Roman:               -linotype-palatino-medium-r-normal-- \n\
    Rockwell:                     -monotype-rockwell-medium-r-normal-- \n\
    Rockwell-Bold:                -monotype-rockwell-bold-r-normal-- \n\
    Rockwell-BoldItalic:          -monotype-rockwell-bold-i-normal-- \n\
    Rockwell-Italic:              -monotype-rockwell-medium-i-normal-- \n\
    Times-Bold:                   -linotype-times-bold-r-normal-- \n\
    Times-BoldItalic:             -linotype-times-bold-i-normal-- \n\
    Times-Italic:                 -linotype-times-medium-i-normal-- \n\
    Times-Roman:                  -linotype-times-medium-r-normal-- \n\
    Utopia-Bold:                  -adobe-utopia-bold-r-normal-- \n\
    Utopia-BoldItalic:            -adobe-utopia-bold-i-normal-- \n\
    Utopia-Italic:                -adobe-utopia-regular-i-normal-- \n\
    Utopia-Regular:               -adobe-utopia-regular-r-normal-- \n\
    ZapfChancery-MediumItalic:    -itc-zapfchancery-medium-i-normal-- \n
Ghostscript.dingbatFonts: \
    ZapfDingbats:                 -itc-zapfdingbats-medium-r-normal--
Ghostscript.symbolFonts: \
    Symbol:                       --symbol-medium-r-normal--
</pre>


<h2><a name="FAPI_run"></a>Running Ghostscript with third-party font renderers</h2>

<p>
Font API (FAPI) is a feature which allows to attach third-party font
renderers to Ghostscript.
This section explains how to run Ghostscript with third-party font
renderers, such as UFST. NOTE: FreeType is now the default font renderer
for Ghostscript.

<p>
<em>Note: To run Ghostscript with UFST you need a license from Monotype Imaging.
Please ignore issues about UFST if you haven't got it.
</em>

<p>
<em>
Important note: Third-party font renderers may be incompatible
with devices that can embed fonts in their output (such as pdfwrite),
because such renderers may store fonts in a form from which Ghostscript cannot
get the necessary information for embedding, for example, the Microtype fonts supplied
with the UFST.  Ghostscript can be configured to disable such renderers when such a
device is being used.
</em>

<p>
As of Ghostscript version 9.0, Ghostscript uses Freetype 2.4.x as the default font
scaler/renderer.

With this change, we added a new switch:<code>-dDisableFAPI=true</code> to revert to the older
behavior, just in case serious regression happens that cannot be resolved in a timely manner.
It is intended that this switch will be removed once the FAPI/Freetype implementation has
proven itself robust and reliable in the "real world".


</p>

<p>
To run Ghostscript with UFST, you first need to build Ghostscript
with the UFST bridge. Refer <a href="Make.htm#UFST_build">How to build Ghostscript with UFST</a>.
Both bridges may run together.

<p>
There are 2 ways to handle fonts with a third-party font renderer (FAPI).
First, you can substitute
any FAPI-handled font to a resident PostScript font, using special map files
<code>FAPIfontmap</code> and <b><tt>FAPIcidfmap</tt></b>.
Second, you can redirect PostScript fonts to FAPI, setting
entries in <code>FAPIconfig</code> file.

<p>
Names <code>FAPIfontmap</code>, <b><tt>FAPIcidfmap</tt></b>, <b><tt>FAPIconfig</tt></b>
in this text actually are placeholders, which may be substituted with command line arguments :
<code>-sFAPIfontmap=<em>name1</em></code> <b><tt>-sFAPIcidfmap=<em>name2</em></tt></b>
<code>-sFAPIconfig=<em>name3</em></code>.
Ghostscript searches the specified file names as explained in
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>.
Default values for these arguments are equal to argument names.
When building Ghostscript with <code>COMPILE_INITS=1</code>, only default values are used.

<p>
Font files, which are being handled with FAPI, may reside in any directory in your hard disk.
Paths to them to be specified in <code>FAPIfontmap</code> and
with special command line arguments, explained below.
The path may be either absolute or relative. Relative ones are being resolved from the path,
which is specified in <code>FAPIconfig</code> file.

<p>
The file <code>FAPIfontmap</code> is actually special PostScript code.
It may include records of 2 types : general records
and FCO records (see below).

<p>
A general record describes a font, which is being rendered with FAPI.
They must end with semicolon. Each general record is a pair.
The first element of the pair is the font name (the name that PostScript
documents use to access the font, which may differ
from real name of the font which the font file defines).
The second element is a dictionary with entries :

<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>

<tr>    <th>Key
        <th>Type
        <th>Description
<tr>    <td>Path
        <td>string
        <td>Absolute path to font file, or relative path to font file from the FontPath value,
            being specified in <code>FAPIconfig</code>.
<tr>    <td>FontType
        <td>interger
        <td>PostScript type for this font. Only 1 and 42 are currently allowed.
            Note that this is unrelated to the real type of the font file -
            the bridge will perform a format conversion.
<tr>    <td>FAPI
        <td>name
        <td>Name of the renderer to be used with the font.
            Only <code>/UFST</code> and <b><tt>/FreeType</tt></b> are now allowed.
<tr>    <td>SubfontId
        <td>integer
        <td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as FCO or TTC.
            It is being ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection.
            Note that Free Type can't handle FCO.
            Default value is 0.
<tr>    <td>Decoding
        <td>name
        <td>(optional) The name of a Decoding resource to be used with the font.
            If specified, <code>lib/xlatmap</code> (see below) doesn't work for this font.
</table>

<p>
Example of a general FAPI font map record :
<blockquote>
<code>
/FCO1        &lt&lt /Path (/AFPL/UFST/fontdata/MTFONTS/PCLPS3/MT1/PCLP3__F.fco) /FontType 1 /FAPI /UFST &gt&gt ;
</code>
</blockquote>

<p>
FCO records work for UFST only.
A group of FCO records start with a line <code><em>name</em> ReadFCOfontmap:</code>,
where <code><em>name</em></code> is a name of a command line argument,
which specify a path to an FCO file. The group of FCO records
must end with the line <code>EndFCOfontmap</code>.
Each record of a group occupy a single line,
and contains a number and 1, 2 or 3 names.
The number is the font index in the FCO file, the first name
is the Postscript font name, the secong is an Encoding resource name,
and the third is a decoding resource name.

<p>
Note that <code>FAPIfontmap</code> specifies only instances of
Font category. CID fonts to be listed in another map file.

<p>
Ghostscript distribution includes sample map files
<code>gs/lib/FAPIfontmap</code>,
<code>gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PCLPS2</code>,
<code>gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PCLPS3</code>,
<code>gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PS3</code>,
which may be customized by the user.
The last 3 ones include an information about UFST FCO files.

<p>
The file <code>FAPIcidfmap</code> defines a mapping table for
CIDFont resources. It contains records for each CID font being rendered with FAPI.
The format is similar to <code>FAPIfontmap</code>,
but dictionaries must contain few different entries :

<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>

<tr>    <th>Key
        <th>Type
        <th>Description
<tr>    <td>Path
        <td>string
        <td>Absolute path to font file, or relative path to font file from the CIDFontPath value,
            being specified in <code>FAPIconfig</code>.
<tr>    <td>CIDFontType
        <td>interger
        <td>PostScript type for this CID font. Only 0, 1 and 2 are currently allowed.
            Note that this is unrelated to the real type of the font file -
            the bridge will perform format conversion.
<tr>    <td>FAPI
        <td>name
        <td>Name of the renderer to be used with the font.
            Only <code>/UFST</code> and <b><tt>/FreeType</tt></b> are now allowed.
<tr>    <td>SubfontId
        <td>integer
        <td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as FCO or TTC.
            It is being ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection.
            Default value is 0.
<tr>    <td>CSI
        <td>array of 2 elements
        <td>(required) Information for building <code>CIDSystemInfo</code>.
            The first element is a string, which specifies <code>Ordering</code>.
            The second element is a number, which specifies <code>Supplement</code>.
</table>

<p>
Example of FAPI CID font map record :
<blockquote>
<code>
/HeiseiKakuGo-W5  &lt&lt /Path (/WIN2000/Fonts/PMINGLIU.TTF) /CIDFontType 0 /FAPI /UFST /CSI [(Japan1) 2] &gt&gt ;
</code>
</blockquote>


<p>
The control file <code>FAPIconfig</code> defines 4 entries :

<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
<tr>    <th>Key
        <th>Type
        <th>Description
<tr>    <td>FontPath
        <td>string
        <td>Absolute path to a directory, which contains fonts. Used to resolve
            relative paths in <code>FAPIfontmap</code>.
<tr>    <td>CIDFontPath
        <td>string
        <td>Absolute path to a directory, which contains fonts to substitute to CID fonts.
            Used to resolve relative paths in <code>FAPIcidfmap</code>.
            It may be same or different than FontPath.
<tr>    <td>HookDiskFonts
        <td>array of integers.
        <td>List of PS font types to be handled with FAPI.
            This controls other fonts that ones listed in <code>FAPIfontmap</code>
            and <code>FAPIcidfmap</code> - such ones are PS fonts installed to
            Ghostscript with <code>lib/fontmap</code> or with <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>,
            or regular CID font resources. Unlisted font types will be
            rendered with the native Ghostscript font renderer.
            Only allowed values now are 1,9,11,42. Note that 9 and 11
            correspond to CIDFontType 0 and 2.
<tr>    <td>HookEmbeddedFonts
        <td>array of integers.
        <td>List of PS font types to be handled with FAPI.
            This controls fonts being embedded into a document -
            either fonts or CID font resources. Unlisted font types will be
            rendered with the native Ghostscript font renderer.
            Only allowed values now are 1,9,11,42. Note that 9 and 11
            correspond to CIDFontType 0 and 2.

</table>

<p>
Ghostscript distribution includes sample config files
<code>gs/lib/FAPIconfig</code>,
<code>gs/lib/FAPIconfig-FCO</code>.
which may be customized by the user.
The last ones defines the configuration
for handling resident UFST fonts only.

<p>
In special cases you may need to customize the file <code>lib/xlatmap</code>. Follow instructions in it.

<p>
Some UFST font collections need a path for finding an UFST plugin.
If you run UFST with such font collection,
you should run Ghostscript with a special command line argument
<code>-sUFST_PlugIn=<em>path</em></code>, where <b><tt><em>path</em></tt></b> specifies
a disk path to the UFST plugin file, which Monotype Imaging distributes
in <em><code>ufst/fontdata/MTFONTS/PCL45/MT3/plug__xi.fco</code></em>.
If UFST needs it and the
command line argument is not specified, Ghostscript prints a warning and searches
plugin file in the current directory.

<p>
If you want to run UFST with resident UFST fonts only
(and allow Ghostscript font renderer to handle fons, which may be downloaded or embedded into documents),
you should run Ghostscript with these command line arguments :
<code>-sFCOfontfile=<em>path1</em></code> <b><tt>-sFCOfontfile2=<em>path2</em></tt></b>
<code>-sUFST_PlugIn=<em>path3</em></code>
<code>-sFAPIfontmap=<em>map-name</em></code> <b><tt>-sFAPIconfig=FAPIconfig-FCO</tt></b>
where <code><em>path1</em></code> specifies
a disk path to the main FCO file, <code><em>path2</em></code> specifies
a disk path to the Wingdings FCO file, <code><em>path3</em></code>
a disk path the FCO plugin file, <code><em>path1</em></code> is either
<code>gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PCLPS2</code>,
<code>gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PCLPS3</code>, or
<code>gs/lib/FCOfontmap-PS3</code>.
<code>FAPIcidfmap</code> works as usual, but probably you want to leave it empty
because FCO doesn't emulate CID fonts.

<p>
Some configurations of UFST need a path for finding symbol set files.
If you compiled UFST with such configuration,
you should run Ghostscript with a special command line argument
<code>-sUFST_SSdir=<em>path</em></code>, where <b><tt><em>path</em></tt></b> specifies
a disk path to the UFST support directory, which Monotype Imagong distributes
in <em><code>ufst/fontdata/SUPPORT</code></em>. If UFST needs it and the
command line argument is not specified, Ghostscript prints a warning and searches
symbol set files in the current directory.


<p>
Note that UFST and Free Type cannot handle some Ghostscript fonts because
they do not include a PostScript interpreter and therefore have stronger restrictions on
font formats than Ghostscript itself does - in particular, Type 3 fonts.
If their font types are listed in <code>HookDiskFonts</code> or in
<code>HookEmbeddedFonts</code>, Ghostscript interprets them as PS files,
then serializes font data into a RAM buffer and passes it to FAPI as
PCLEOs. (see the FAPI-related source code for details).

<p>



<!-- [2.0 end contents] ==================================================== -->

<!-- [3.0 begin visible trailer] =========================================== -->
<hr>

<p>
<small>Copyright &copy; 2000-2006 Artifex Software, Inc.  All rights reserved.</small>

<p>
This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or
implied.

This software is distributed under license and may not be copied, modified
or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms of that
license.  Refer to licensing information at http://www.artifex.com/
or contact Artifex Software, Inc.,  7 Mt. Lassen Drive - Suite A-134,
San Rafael, CA  94903, U.S.A., +1(415)492-9861, for further information.

<p>
<small>Ghostscript version 8.71, 10 February 2010

<!-- [3.0 end visible trailer] ============================================= -->

</small></body>
</html>
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-11-29 15:51:20 +0000