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path: root/drivers/md/dm-thin-metadata.c
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2018-01-17dm thin metadata: THIN_MAX_CONCURRENT_LOCKS should be 6Dennis Yang1-1/+5
For btree removal, there is a corner case that a single thread could takes 6 locks which is more than THIN_MAX_CONCURRENT_LOCKS(5) and leads to deadlock. A btree removal might eventually call rebalance_children()->rebalance3() to rebalance entries of three neighbor child nodes when shadow_spine has already acquired two write locks. In rebalance3(), it tries to shadow and acquire the write locks of all three child nodes. However, shadowing a child node requires acquiring a read lock of the original child node and a write lock of the new block. Although the read lock will be released after block shadowing, shadowing the third child node in rebalance3() could still take the sixth lock. (2 write locks for shadow_spine + 2 write locks for the first two child nodes's shadow + 1 write lock for the last child node's shadow + 1 read lock for the last child node) Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Dennis Yang <dennisyang@qnap.com> Acked-by: Joe Thornber <thornber@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2017-05-15dm thin metadata: call precommit before saving the rootsJoe Thornber1-2/+2
These calls were the wrong way round in __write_initial_superblock. Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2017-04-27dm block manager: remove an unused argument from dm_block_manager_create()Bart Van Assche1-2/+0
The 'cache_size' argument of dm_block_manager_create() has never been used. Remove it along with the definitions of the constants passed as the 'cache_size' argument. Signed-off-by: Bart Van Assche <bart.vanassche@sandisk.com> Reviewed-by: Hannes Reinecke <hare@suse.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2016-07-20dm thin: fix a race condition between discarding and provisioning a blockJoe Thornber1-0/+30
The discard passdown was being issued after the block was unmapped, which meant the block could be reprovisioned whilst the passdown discard was still in flight. We can only identify unshared blocks (safe to do a passdown a discard to) once they're unmapped and their ref count hits zero. Block ref counts are now used to guard against concurrent allocation of these blocks that are being discarded. So now we unmap the block, issue passdown discards, and the immediately increment ref counts for regions that have been discarded via passed down (this is safe because allocation occurs within the same thread). We then decrement ref counts once the passdown discard IO is complete -- signaling these blocks may now be allocated. This fixes the potential for corruption that was reported here: https://www.redhat.com/archives/dm-devel/2016-June/msg00311.html Reported-by: Dennis Yang <dennisyang@qnap.com> Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2016-03-10dm thin metadata: don't issue prefetches if a transaction abort has failedJoe Thornber1-1/+4
If a transaction abort has failed then we can no longer use the metadata device. Typically this happens if the superblock is unreadable. This fix addresses a crash seen during metadata device failure testing. Fixes: 8a01a6af75 ("dm thin: prefetch missing metadata pages") Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 3.19+ Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2016-03-10dm thin metadata: remove needless newline from subtree_dec() DMERR messageMike Snitzer1-1/+1
Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2015-12-10dm thin metadata: make dm_thin_find_mapped_range() atomicJoe Thornber1-21/+43
Refactor dm_thin_find_mapped_range() so that it takes the read lock on the metadata's lock; rather than relying on finer grained locking that is pushed down inside dm_thin_find_next_mapped_block() and dm_thin_find_block(). Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2015-12-10dm thin metadata: speed up discard of partially mapped volumesJoe Thornber1-25/+41
Use dm_btree_lookup_next() to more quickly discard partially mapped volumes. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2015-12-09dm thin metadata: fix bug when taking a metadata snapshotJoe Thornber1-0/+6
When you take a metadata snapshot the btree roots for the mapping and details tree need to have their reference counts incremented so they persist for the lifetime of the metadata snap. The roots being incremented were those currently written in the superblock, which could possibly be out of date if concurrent IO is triggering new mappings, breaking of sharing, etc. Fix this by performing a commit with the metadata lock held while taking a metadata snapshot. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2015-12-02dm thin metadata: fix bug in dm_thin_remove_range()Joe Thornber1-5/+23
dm_btree_remove_leaves() only unmaps a contiguous region so we need a loop, in __remove_range(), to handle ranges that contain multiple regions. A new btree function, dm_btree_lookup_next(), is introduced which is more efficiently able to skip over regions of the thin device which aren't mapped. __remove_range() uses dm_btree_lookup_next() for each iteration of __remove_range()'s loop. Also, improve description of dm_btree_remove_leaves(). Fixes: 6550f075 ("dm thin metadata: add dm_thin_remove_range()") Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # 4.1+
2015-10-31dm persistent data: eliminate unnecessary return valuesMikulas Patocka1-4/+12
dm_bm_unlock and dm_tm_unlock return an integer value but the returned value is always 0. The calling code sometimes checks the return value and sometimes doesn't. Eliminate these unnecessary return values and also the checks for them. Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2015-08-12dm thin metadata: delete btrees when releasing metadata snapshotJoe Thornber1-2/+2
The device details and mapping trees were just being decremented before. Now btree_del() is called to do a deep delete. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2015-06-11dm thin metadata: fix a race when entering fail modeJoe Thornber1-3/+4
In dm_thin_find_block() the ->fail_io flag was checked outside the metadata device's root_lock, causing dm_thin_find_block() to race with the setting of this flag. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2015-06-11dm thin metadata: add dm_thin_remove_range()Joe Thornber1-0/+54
Removes a range of blocks from the btree. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2015-06-11dm thin metadata: add dm_thin_find_mapped_range()Joe Thornber1-0/+57
Retrieve the next run of contiguously mapped blocks. Useful for working out where to break up IO. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2015-05-29dm thin metadata: remove in-core 'read_only' flagMike Snitzer1-5/+1
Leverage the block manager's read_only flag instead of duplicating it; access with new dm_bm_is_read_only() method. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2015-02-09dm thin metadata: remove unused dm_pool_get_data_block_size()Rickard Strandqvist1-9/+0
The thin-pool target doesn't display the data block size as part of its table status, unlike the dm-cache target, so there is no need for dm_pool_get_data_block_size(). This was found using cppcheck. Signed-off-by: Rickard Strandqvist <rickard_strandqvist@spectrumdigital.se> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2014-11-10dm thin: prefetch missing metadata pagesJoe Thornber1-0/+5
Prefetch metadata at the start of the worker thread and then again every 128th bio processed from the deferred list. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2014-11-10dm thin metadata: change dm_thin_find_block to allow blocking, but not ↵Joe Thornber1-17/+13
issuing, IO This change is a prerequisite for allowing metadata to be prefetched. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
2014-07-15dm thin metadata: do not allow the data block size to changeMike Snitzer1-0/+9
The block size for the thin-pool's data device must remained fixed for the life of the thin-pool. Disallow any attempt to change the thin-pool's data block size. It should be noted that attempting to change the data block size via thin-pool table reload will be ignored as a side-effect of the thin-pool handover that the thin-pool target does during thin-pool table reload. Here is an example outcome of attempting to load a thin-pool table that reduced the thin-pool's data block size from 1024K to 512K. Before: kernel: device-mapper: thin: 253:4: growing the data device from 204800 to 409600 blocks After: kernel: device-mapper: thin metadata: changing the data block size (from 2048 to 1024) is not supported kernel: device-mapper: table: 253:4: thin-pool: Error creating metadata object kernel: device-mapper: ioctl: error adding target to table Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Acked-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2014-03-27dm: take care to copy the space map roots before locking the superblockJoe Thornber1-33/+47
In theory copying the space map root can fail, but in practice it never does because we're careful to check what size buffer is needed. But make certain we're able to copy the space map roots before locking the superblock. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # drop dm-era and dm-cache changes as needed
2014-03-05dm thin: ensure user takes action to validate data and metadata consistencyMike Snitzer1-1/+36
If a thin metadata operation fails the current transaction will abort, whereby causing potential for IO layers up the stack (e.g. filesystems) to have data loss. As such, set THIN_METADATA_NEEDS_CHECK_FLAG in the thin metadata's superblock which: 1) requires the user verify the thin metadata is consistent (e.g. use thin_check, etc) 2) suggests the user verify the thin data is consistent (e.g. use fsck) The only way to clear the superblock's THIN_METADATA_NEEDS_CHECK_FLAG is to run thin_repair. On metadata operation failure: abort current metadata transaction, set pool in read-only mode, and now set the needs_check flag. As part of this change, constraints are introduced or relaxed: * don't allow a pool to transition to write mode if needs_check is set * don't allow data or metadata space to be resized if needs_check is set * if a thin pool's metadata space is exhausted: the kernel will now force the user to take the pool offline for repair before the kernel will allow the metadata space to be extended. Also, update Documentation to include information about when the thin provisioning target commits metadata, how it handles metadata failures and running out of space. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
2014-02-27dm thin: allow metadata space larger than supported to go unusedMike Snitzer1-2/+2
It was always intended that a user could provide a thin metadata device that is larger than the max supported by the on-disk format. The extra space would just go unused. Unfortunately that never worked. If the user attempted to use a larger metadata device on creation they would get an error like the following: device-mapper: space map common: space map too large device-mapper: transaction manager: couldn't create metadata space map device-mapper: thin metadata: tm_create_with_sm failed device-mapper: table: 252:17: thin-pool: Error creating metadata object device-mapper: ioctl: error adding target to table Fix this by allowing the initial metadata space map creation to cap its size at the max number of blocks supported (DM_SM_METADATA_MAX_BLOCKS). get_metadata_dev_size() must also impose DM_SM_METADATA_MAX_BLOCKS (via THIN_METADATA_MAX_SECTORS), otherwise extending metadata would cap at THIN_METADATA_MAX_SECTORS_WARNING (which is larger than supported). Also, the calculation for THIN_METADATA_MAX_SECTORS didn't account for the sizeof the disk_bitmap_header. So the supported maximum metadata size is a bit smaller (reduced from 33423360 to 33292800 sectors). Lastly, remove the "excess space will not be used" warning message from get_metadata_dev_size(); it resulted in printing the warning multiple times. Factor out warn_if_metadata_device_too_big(), call it from pool_ctr() and maybe_resize_metadata_dev(). Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Acked-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com>
2014-02-17dm thin: avoid metadata commit if a pool's thin devices haven't changedMike Snitzer1-0/+17
Commit 905e51b ("dm thin: commit outstanding data every second") introduced a periodic commit. This commit occurs regardless of whether any thin devices have made changes. Fix the periodic commit to check if any of a pool's thin devices have changed using dm_pool_changed_this_transaction(). Reported-by: Alexander Larsson <alexl@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Acked-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2014-01-07dm thin: fix discard support to a previously shared blockJoe Thornber1-0/+20
If a snapshot is created and later deleted the origin dm_thin_device's snapshotted_time will have been updated to reflect the snapshot's creation time. The 'shared' flag in the dm_thin_lookup_result struct returned from dm_thin_find_block() is an approximation based on snapshotted_time -- this is done to avoid 0(n), or worse, time complexity. In this case, the shared flag would be true. But because the 'shared' flag reflects an approximation a block can be incorrectly assumed to be shared (e.g. false positive for 'shared' because the snapshot no longer exists). This could result in discards issued to a thin device not being passed down to the pool's underlying data device. To fix this we double check that a thin block is really still in-use after a mapping is removed using dm_pool_block_is_used(). If the reference count for a block is now zero the discard is allowed to be passed down. Also add a 'definitely_not_shared' member to the dm_thin_new_mapping structure -- reflects that the 'shared' flag in the response from dm_thin_find_block() can only be held as definitive if false is returned. Resolves: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1043527 Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2013-12-10dm thin: allow pool in read-only mode to transition to read-write modeJoe Thornber1-0/+8
A thin-pool may be in read-only mode because the pool's data or metadata space was exhausted. To allow for recovery, by adding more space to the pool, we must allow a pool to transition from PM_READ_ONLY to PM_WRITE mode. Otherwise, running out of space will render the pool permanently read-only. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
2013-05-10dm thin: generate event when metadata threshold passedJoe Thornber1-0/+14
Generate a dm event when the amount of remaining thin pool metadata space falls below a certain level. The threshold is taken to be a quarter of the size of the metadata device with a minimum threshold of 4MB. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2013-05-10dm thin: detect metadata device resizingJoe Thornber1-0/+12
Allow the dm thin pool metadata device to be extended. Whenever a pool is resumed, detect whether the size of the metadata device has increased, and if so, extend the metadata to use the new space. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2013-05-10dm thin: refactor data dev resizeJoe Thornber1-5/+5
Refactor device size functions in preparation for similar metadata device resizing functions. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2013-03-01dm persistent data: set some btree fn parms constMike Snitzer1-6/+6
Mark some constant parameters constant in some dm-btree functions. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-12-21dm persistent data: fix nested btree deletionJoe Thornber1-1/+1
When deleting nested btrees, the code forgets to delete the innermost btree. The thin-metadata code serendipitously compensates for this by claiming there is one extra layer in the tree. This patch corrects both problems. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: introduce dm_pool_abort_metadataJoe Thornber1-61/+146
Introduce dm_pool_abort_metadata to abort the current metadata transaction. Generally this will only be called when bad things are happening and dm-thin is trying to roll back to a good state for read-only mode. It's complicated by the fact that the metadata device may have failed completely causing the abort to be unable to read the old transaction. In this case the metadata object is placed in a 'fail' mode and everything fails apart from destroying it. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: introduce dm_pool_metadata_set_read_onlyJoe Thornber1-4/+16
Introduce dm_pool_metadata_set_read_only to put the underlying block manager into read-only mode. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: add dm_thin_changed_this_transactionJoe Thornber1-3/+13
Introduce dm_thin_changed_this_transaction to dm-thin-metadata to publish a useful bit of information we're already tracking. This will help dm thin decide when to commit. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: add format option to dm_pool_metadata_openJoe Thornber1-8/+9
Add a parameter to dm_pool_metadata_open to indicate whether or not an unformatted metadata area should be formatted. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: tidy up open and format error pathsJoe Thornber1-22/+21
Tidy up error path in __open_metadata and __format_metadata in dm-thin-metadata. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: only check incompat features on openMike Snitzer1-26/+36
Factor out __check_incompat_features and only call it once when we open the metadata device rather than at the beginning of every transaction. Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: remove duplicate pmd initialisationJoe Thornber1-5/+0
Remove some duplicate initialisation of struct dm_pool_metadata. These pmd fields are initialised by both: __format_metadata's calls to dm_btree_empty __write_initial_superblock + __begin_transaction Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: remove create parameter from __create_persistent_data_objectsJoe Thornber1-10/+7
Remove 'create' parameter from __create_persistent_data_objects() in dm-thin-metadata. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: move __superblock_all_zeroes to __open_or_format_metadataJoe Thornber1-9/+9
Move the check for __superblock_all_zeroes from __create_persistent_data_objects() down to __open_or_format_metadata in dm-thin-metadata. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: remove nr_blocks arg from __create_persistent_data_objectsJoe Thornber1-7/+7
Remove nr_blocks arg from __create_persistent_data_objects in dm-thin-metadata. It was always passed as zero. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: split __open or format metadataJoe Thornber1-50/+74
Split __open_or_format_metadata into __format_metadata and __open_metadata in dm-thin-metadata. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: use struct dm_pool_metadata members in ↵Joe Thornber1-23/+17
__open_or_format_metadata Clean up __open_or_format_metadata in dm-thin-metadata by using struct dm_pool_metadata members to replace local variables. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: zero unused superblock uuidJoe Thornber1-0/+1
Zero the unused uuid when initialising the metadata superblock. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: lift __begin_transaction out of __write_initial_superblockJoe Thornber1-13/+6
Lift the call to __begin_transaction out of __write_initial_superblock in dm-thin-metadata. Called higher up the call chain now. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: move dm_commit_pool_metadata into __write_initial_superblockJoe Thornber1-6/+38
Move dm_commit_pool_metadata inline into __write_initial_superblock in dm-thin-metadata. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: factor out __write_initial_superblockJoe Thornber1-51/+58
Factor out __write_initial_superblock and also pull some other initial creation code out of dm_pool_metadata_open. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: lift some initialisation out of __open_or_format_metadataJoe Thornber1-4/+4
Lift some initialisation out of __open_or_format_metadata in dm-thin-metadata. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: factor __destroy_persistent_data out of dm_pool_metadata_closeJoe Thornber1-5/+10
Factor __destroy_persistent_data_objects out of dm_pool_metadata_close. Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
2012-07-27dm thin metadata: move bm creation code into create_persistent_data_objectsJoe Thornber1-24/+32
Move block manager creation and the check for unformatted metadata into __create_persistent_data_objects(). Signed-off-by: Joe Thornber <ejt@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>