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Previously, page cache radix tree nodes were freed after reclaim emptied
out their page pointers. But now reclaim stores shadow entries in their
place, which are only reclaimed when the inodes themselves are
reclaimed. This is problematic for bigger files that are still in use
after they have a significant amount of their cache reclaimed, without
any of those pages actually refaulting. The shadow entries will just
sit there and waste memory. In the worst case, the shadow entries will
accumulate until the machine runs out of memory.
To get this under control, the VM will track radix tree nodes
exclusively containing shadow entries on a per-NUMA node list. Per-NUMA
rather than global because we expect the radix tree nodes themselves to
be allocated node-locally and we want to reduce cross-node references of
otherwise independent cache workloads. A simple shrinker will then
reclaim these nodes on memory pressure.
A few things need to be stored in the radix tree node to implement the
shadow node LRU and allow tree deletions coming from the list:
1. There is no index available that would describe the reverse path
from the node up to the tree root, which is needed to perform a
deletion. To solve this, encode in each node its offset inside the
parent. This can be stored in the unused upper bits of the same
member that stores the node's height at no extra space cost.
2. The number of shadow entries needs to be counted in addition to the
regular entries, to quickly detect when the node is ready to go to
the shadow node LRU list. The current entry count is an unsigned
int but the maximum number of entries is 64, so a shadow counter
can easily be stored in the unused upper bits.
3. Tree modification needs tree lock and tree root, which are located
in the address space, so store an address_space backpointer in the
node. The parent pointer of the node is in a union with the 2-word
rcu_head, so the backpointer comes at no extra cost as well.
4. The node needs to be linked to an LRU list, which requires a list
head inside the node. This does increase the size of the node, but
it does not change the number of objects that fit into a slab page.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: export the right function]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Make struct radix_tree_node part of the public interface and provide API
functions to create, look up, and delete whole nodes. Refactor the
existing insert, look up, delete functions on top of these new node
primitives.
This will allow the VM to track and garbage collect page cache radix
tree nodes.
[sasha.levin@oracle.com: return correct error code on insertion failure]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The radix tree hole searching code is only used for page cache, for
example the readahead code trying to get a a picture of the area
surrounding a fault.
It sufficed to rely on the radix tree definition of holes, which is
"empty tree slot". But this is about to change, though, as shadow page
descriptors will be stored in the page cache after the actual pages get
evicted from memory.
Move the functions over to mm/filemap.c and make them native page cache
operations, where they can later be adapted to handle the new definition
of "page cache hole".
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Provide a function that does not just delete an entry at a given index,
but also allows passing in an expected item. Delete only if that item
is still located at the specified index.
This is handy when lockless tree traversals want to delete entries as
well because they don't have to do an second, locked lookup to verify
the slot has not changed under them before deleting the entry.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>
Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com>
Cc: Bob Liu <bob.liu@oracle.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Greg Thelen <gthelen@google.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Luigi Semenzato <semenzato@google.com>
Cc: Metin Doslu <metin@citusdata.com>
Cc: Michel Lespinasse <walken@google.com>
Cc: Ozgun Erdogan <ozgun@citusdata.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Roman Gushchin <klamm@yandex-team.ru>
Cc: Ryan Mallon <rmallon@gmail.com>
Cc: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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With users of radix_tree_preload() run from interrupt (block/blk-ioc.c is
one such possible user), the following race can happen:
radix_tree_preload()
...
radix_tree_insert()
radix_tree_node_alloc()
if (rtp->nr) {
ret = rtp->nodes[rtp->nr - 1];
<interrupt>
...
radix_tree_preload()
...
radix_tree_insert()
radix_tree_node_alloc()
if (rtp->nr) {
ret = rtp->nodes[rtp->nr - 1];
And we give out one radix tree node twice. That clearly results in radix
tree corruption with different results (usually OOPS) depending on which
two users of radix tree race.
We fix the problem by making radix_tree_node_alloc() always allocate fresh
radix tree nodes when in interrupt. Using preloading when in interrupt
doesn't make sense since all the allocations have to be atomic anyway and
we cannot steal nodes from process-context users because some users rely
on radix_tree_insert() succeeding after radix_tree_preload().
in_interrupt() check is somewhat ugly but we cannot simply key off passed
gfp_mask as that is acquired from root_gfp_mask() and thus the same for
all preload users.
Another part of the fix is to avoid node preallocation in
radix_tree_preload() when passed gfp_mask doesn't allow waiting. Again,
preallocation in such case doesn't make sense and when preallocation would
happen in interrupt we could possibly leak some allocated nodes. However,
some users of radix_tree_preload() require following radix_tree_insert()
to succeed. To avoid unexpected effects for these users,
radix_tree_preload() only warns if passed gfp mask doesn't allow waiting
and we provide a new function radix_tree_maybe_preload() for those users
which get different gfp mask from different call sites and which are
prepared to handle radix_tree_insert() failure.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This patch fixes bug in macro radix_tree_for_each_contig().
If radix_tree_next_slot() sees NULL in next slot it returns NULL, but following
radix_tree_next_chunk() switches iterating into next chunk. As result iterating
becomes non-contiguous and breaks vfs "splice" and all its users.
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Reported-and-bisected-by: Hans de Bruin <jmdebruin@xmsnet.nl>
Reported-and-bisected-by: Ondrej Zary <linux@rainbow-software.org>
Reported-bisected-and-tested-by: Toralf Förster <toralf.foerster@gmx.de>
Link: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/5/64
Cc: stable <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 3.4.x
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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A series of radix tree cleanups, and usage of them in the core pagecache
code.
Micro-benchmark:
lookup 14 slots (typical page-vector size)
in radix-tree there earch <step> slot filled and tagged
before/after - nsec per full scan through tree
* Intel Sandy Bridge i7-2620M 4Mb L3
New code always faster
* AMD Athlon 6000+ 2x1Mb L2, without L3
New code generally faster,
Minor degradation (marked with "*") for huge sparse trees
* i386 on Sandy Bridge
New code faster for common cases: tagged and dense trees.
Some degradations for non-tagged lookup on sparse trees.
Ideally, there might help __ffs() analog for searching first non-zero
long element in array, gcc sometimes cannot optimize this loop corretly.
Numbers:
CPU: Intel Sandy Bridge i7-2620M 4Mb L3
radix-tree with 1024 slots:
tagged lookup
step 1 before 7156 after 3613
step 2 before 5399 after 2696
step 3 before 4779 after 1928
step 4 before 4456 after 1429
step 5 before 4292 after 1213
step 6 before 4183 after 1052
step 7 before 4157 after 951
step 8 before 4016 after 812
step 9 before 3952 after 851
step 10 before 3937 after 732
step 11 before 4023 after 709
step 12 before 3872 after 657
step 13 before 3892 after 633
step 14 before 3720 after 591
step 15 before 3879 after 578
step 16 before 3561 after 513
normal lookup
step 1 before 4266 after 3301
step 2 before 2695 after 2129
step 3 before 2083 after 1712
step 4 before 1801 after 1534
step 5 before 1628 after 1313
step 6 before 1551 after 1263
step 7 before 1475 after 1185
step 8 before 1432 after 1167
step 9 before 1373 after 1092
step 10 before 1339 after 1134
step 11 before 1292 after 1056
step 12 before 1319 after 1030
step 13 before 1276 after 1004
step 14 before 1256 after 987
step 15 before 1228 after 992
step 16 before 1247 after 999
radix-tree with 1024*1024*128 slots:
tagged lookup
step 1 before 1086102841 after 674196409
step 2 before 816839155 after 498138306
step 7 before 599728907 after 240676762
step 15 before 555729253 after 185219677
step 63 before 606637748 after 128585664
step 64 before 608384432 after 102945089
step 65 before 596987114 after 123996019
step 128 before 304459225 after 56783056
step 256 before 158846855 after 31232481
step 512 before 86085652 after 18950595
step 12345 before 6517189 after 1674057
normal lookup
step 1 before 626064869 after 544418266
step 2 before 418809975 after 336321473
step 7 before 242303598 after 207755560
step 15 before 208380563 after 176496355
step 63 before 186854206 after 167283638
step 64 before 176188060 after 170143976
step 65 before 185139608 after 167487116
step 128 before 88181865 after 86913490
step 256 before 45733628 after 45143534
step 512 before 24506038 after 23859036
step 12345 before 2177425 after 2018662
* AMD Athlon 6000+ 2x1Mb L2, without L3
radix-tree with 1024 slots:
tag-lookup
step 1 before 8164 after 5379
step 2 before 5818 after 5581
step 3 before 4959 after 4213
step 4 before 4371 after 3386
step 5 before 4204 after 2997
step 6 before 4950 after 2744
step 7 before 4598 after 2480
step 8 before 4251 after 2288
step 9 before 4262 after 2243
step 10 before 4175 after 2131
step 11 before 3999 after 2024
step 12 before 3979 after 1994
step 13 before 3842 after 1929
step 14 before 3750 after 1810
step 15 before 3735 after 1810
step 16 before 3532 after 1660
normal-lookup
step 1 before 7875 after 5847
step 2 before 4808 after 4071
step 3 before 4073 after 3462
step 4 before 3677 after 3074
step 5 before 4308 after 2978
step 6 before 3911 after 3807
step 7 before 3635 after 3522
step 8 before 3313 after 3202
step 9 before 3280 after 3257
step 10 before 3166 after 3083
step 11 before 3066 after 3026
step 12 before 2985 after 2982
step 13 before 2925 after 2924
step 14 before 2834 after 2808
step 15 before 2805 after 2803
step 16 before 2647 after 2622
radix-tree with 1024*1024*128 slots:
tag-lookup
step 1 before 1288059720 after 951736580
step 2 before 961292300 after 884212140
step 7 before 768905140 after 547267580
step 15 before 771319480 after 456550640
step 63 before 504847640 after 242704304
step 64 before 392484800 after 177920786
step 65 before 491162160 after 246895264
step 128 before 208084064 after 97348392
step 256 before 112401035 after 51408126
step 512 before 75825834 after 29145070
step 12345 before 5603166 after 2847330
normal-lookup
step 1 before 1025677120 after 861375100
step 2 before 647220080 after 572258540
step 7 before 505518960 after 484041813
step 15 before 430483053 after 444815320 *
step 63 before 388113453 after 404250546 *
step 64 before 374154666 after 396027440 *
step 65 before 381423973 after 396704853 *
step 128 before 190078700 after 202619384 *
step 256 before 100886756 after 102829108 *
step 512 before 64074505 after 56158720
step 12345 before 4237289 after 4422299 *
* i686 on Sandy bridge
radix-tree with 1024 slots:
tagged lookup
step 1 before 7990 after 4019
step 2 before 5698 after 2897
step 3 before 5013 after 2475
step 4 before 4630 after 1721
step 5 before 4346 after 1759
step 6 before 4299 after 1556
step 7 before 4098 after 1513
step 8 before 4115 after 1222
step 9 before 3983 after 1390
step 10 before 4077 after 1207
step 11 before 3921 after 1231
step 12 before 3894 after 1116
step 13 before 3840 after 1147
step 14 before 3799 after 1090
step 15 before 3797 after 1059
step 16 before 3783 after 745
normal lookup
step 1 before 5103 after 3499
step 2 before 3299 after 2550
step 3 before 2489 after 2370
step 4 before 2034 after 2302 *
step 5 before 1846 after 2268 *
step 6 before 1752 after 2249 *
step 7 before 1679 after 2164 *
step 8 before 1627 after 2153 *
step 9 before 1542 after 2095 *
step 10 before 1479 after 2109 *
step 11 before 1469 after 2009 *
step 12 before 1445 after 2039 *
step 13 before 1411 after 2013 *
step 14 before 1374 after 2046 *
step 15 before 1340 after 1975 *
step 16 before 1331 after 2000 *
radix-tree with 1024*1024*128 slots:
tagged lookup
step 1 before 1225865377 after 667153553
step 2 before 842427423 after 471533007
step 7 before 609296153 after 276260116
step 15 before 544232060 after 226859105
step 63 before 519209199 after 141343043
step 64 before 588980279 after 141951339
step 65 before 521099710 after 138282060
step 128 before 298476778 after 83390628
step 256 before 149358342 after 43602609
step 512 before 76994713 after 22911077
step 12345 before 5328666 after 1472111
normal lookup
step 1 before 819284564 after 533635310
step 2 before 512421605 after 364956155
step 7 before 271443305 after 305721345 *
step 15 before 223591630 after 273960216 *
step 63 before 190320247 after 217770207 *
step 64 before 178538168 after 267411372 *
step 65 before 186400423 after 215347937 *
step 128 before 88106045 after 140540612 *
step 256 before 44812420 after 70660377 *
step 512 before 24435438 after 36328275 *
step 12345 before 2123924 after 2148062 *
bloat-o-meter delta for this patchset + patchset with related shmem cleanups
bloat-o-meter: x86_64
add/remove: 4/3 grow/shrink: 5/6 up/down: 928/-939 (-11)
function old new delta
radix_tree_next_chunk - 499 +499
shmem_unuse 428 554 +126
shmem_radix_tree_replace 131 227 +96
find_get_pages_tag 354 419 +65
find_get_pages_contig 345 407 +62
find_get_pages 362 396 +34
__kstrtab_radix_tree_next_chunk - 22 +22
__ksymtab_radix_tree_next_chunk - 16 +16
__kcrctab_radix_tree_next_chunk - 8 +8
radix_tree_gang_lookup_slot 204 203 -1
static.shmem_xattr_set 384 381 -3
radix_tree_gang_lookup_tag_slot 208 191 -17
radix_tree_gang_lookup 231 187 -44
radix_tree_gang_lookup_tag 247 199 -48
shmem_unlock_mapping 278 190 -88
__lookup 217 - -217
__lookup_tag 242 - -242
radix_tree_locate_item 279 - -279
bloat-o-meter: i386
add/remove: 3/3 grow/shrink: 8/9 up/down: 1075/-1275 (-200)
function old new delta
radix_tree_next_chunk - 757 +757
shmem_unuse 352 449 +97
find_get_pages_contig 269 322 +53
shmem_radix_tree_replace 113 154 +41
find_get_pages_tag 277 318 +41
dcache_dir_lseek 426 458 +32
__kstrtab_radix_tree_next_chunk - 22 +22
vc_do_resize 968 977 +9
snd_pcm_lib_read1 725 733 +8
__ksymtab_radix_tree_next_chunk - 8 +8
netlbl_cipsov4_list 1120 1127 +7
find_get_pages 293 291 -2
new_slab 467 459 -8
bitfill_unaligned_rev 425 417 -8
radix_tree_gang_lookup_tag_slot 177 146 -31
blk_dump_cmd 267 229 -38
radix_tree_gang_lookup_slot 212 134 -78
shmem_unlock_mapping 221 128 -93
radix_tree_gang_lookup_tag 275 162 -113
radix_tree_gang_lookup 255 126 -129
__lookup 227 - -227
__lookup_tag 271 - -271
radix_tree_locate_item 277 - -277
This patch:
Implement a clean, simple and effective radix-tree iteration routine.
Iterating divided into two phases:
* lookup next chunk in radix-tree leaf node
* iterating through slots in this chunk
Main iterator function radix_tree_next_chunk() returns pointer to first
slot, and stores in the struct radix_tree_iter index of next-to-last slot.
For tagged-iterating it also constuct bitmask of tags for retunted chunk.
All additional logic implemented as static-inline functions and macroses.
Also adds radix_tree_find_next_bit() static-inline variant of
find_next_bit() optimized for small constant size arrays, because
find_next_bit() too heavy for searching in an array with one/two long
elements.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: rework comments a bit]
Signed-off-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@openvz.org>
Tested-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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If a header file is making use of BUG, BUG_ON, BUILD_BUG_ON, or any
other BUG variant in a static inline (i.e. not in a #define) then
that header really should be including <linux/bug.h> and not just
expecting it to be implicitly present.
We can make this change risk-free, since if the files using these
headers didn't have exposure to linux/bug.h already, they would have
been causing compile failures/warnings.
Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com>
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It is not used anymore, remove it
Signed-off-by: Xiao Guangrong <xiaoguangrong@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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We have already acknowledged that swapoff of a tmpfs file is slower than
it was before conversion to the generic radix_tree: a little slower
there will be acceptable, if the hotter paths are faster.
But it was a shock to find swapoff of a 500MB file 20 times slower on my
laptop, taking 10 minutes; and at that rate it significantly slows down
my testing.
Now, most of that turned out to be overhead from PROVE_LOCKING and
PROVE_RCU: without those it was only 4 times slower than before; and
more realistic tests on other machines don't fare as badly.
I've tried a number of things to improve it, including tagging the swap
entries, then doing lookup by tag: I'd expected that to halve the time,
but in practice it's erratic, and often counter-productive.
The only change I've so far found to make a consistent improvement, is
to short-circuit the way we go back and forth, gang lookup packing
entries into the array supplied, then shmem scanning that array for the
target entry. Scanning in place doubles the speed, so it's now only
twice as slow as before (or three times slower when the PROVEs are on).
So, add radix_tree_locate_item() as an expedient, once-off,
single-caller hack to do the lookup directly in place. #ifdef it on
CONFIG_SHMEM and CONFIG_SWAP, as much to document its limited
applicability as save space in other configurations. And, sadly,
#include sched.h for cond_resched().
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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A patchset to extend tmpfs to MAX_LFS_FILESIZE by abandoning its
peculiar swap vector, instead keeping a file's swap entries in the same
radix tree as its struct page pointers: thus saving memory, and
simplifying its code and locking.
This patch:
The radix_tree is used by several subsystems for different purposes. A
major use is to store the struct page pointers of a file's pagecache for
memory management. But what if mm wanted to store something other than
page pointers there too?
The low bit of a radix_tree entry is already used to denote an indirect
pointer, for internal use, and the unlikely radix_tree_deref_retry()
case.
Define the next bit as denoting an exceptional entry, and supply inline
functions radix_tree_exception() to return non-0 in either unlikely
case, and radix_tree_exceptional_entry() to return non-0 in the second
case.
If a subsystem already uses radix_tree with that bit set, no problem: it
does not affect internal workings at all, but is defined for the
convenience of those storing well-aligned pointers in the radix_tree.
The radix_tree_gang_lookups have an implicit assumption that the caller
can deduce the offset of each entry returned e.g. by the page->index of
a struct page. But that may not be feasible for some kinds of item to
be stored there.
radix_tree_gang_lookup_slot() allow for an optional indices argument,
output array in which to return those offsets. The same could be added
to other radix_tree_gang_lookups, but for now keep it to the only one
for which we need it.
Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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tree slot during file page migration
migrate_pages() -> unmap_and_move() only calls rcu_read_lock() for
anonymous pages, as introduced by git commit
989f89c57e6361e7d16fbd9572b5da7d313b073d ("fix rcu_read_lock() in page
migraton"). The point of the RCU protection there is part of getting a
stable reference to anon_vma and is only held for anon pages as file pages
are locked which is sufficient protection against freeing.
However, while a file page's mapping is being migrated, the radix tree is
double checked to ensure it is the expected page. This uses
radix_tree_deref_slot() -> rcu_dereference() without the RCU lock held
triggering the following warning.
[ 173.674290] ===================================================
[ 173.676016] [ INFO: suspicious rcu_dereference_check() usage. ]
[ 173.676016] ---------------------------------------------------
[ 173.676016] include/linux/radix-tree.h:145 invoked rcu_dereference_check() without protection!
[ 173.676016]
[ 173.676016] other info that might help us debug this:
[ 173.676016]
[ 173.676016]
[ 173.676016] rcu_scheduler_active = 1, debug_locks = 0
[ 173.676016] 1 lock held by hugeadm/2899:
[ 173.676016] #0: (&(&inode->i_data.tree_lock)->rlock){..-.-.}, at: [<c10e3d2b>] migrate_page_move_mapping+0x40/0x1ab
[ 173.676016]
[ 173.676016] stack backtrace:
[ 173.676016] Pid: 2899, comm: hugeadm Not tainted 2.6.37-rc5-autobuild
[ 173.676016] Call Trace:
[ 173.676016] [<c128cc01>] ? printk+0x14/0x1b
[ 173.676016] [<c1063502>] lockdep_rcu_dereference+0x7d/0x86
[ 173.676016] [<c10e3db5>] migrate_page_move_mapping+0xca/0x1ab
[ 173.676016] [<c10e41ad>] migrate_page+0x23/0x39
[ 173.676016] [<c10e491b>] buffer_migrate_page+0x22/0x107
[ 173.676016] [<c10e48f9>] ? buffer_migrate_page+0x0/0x107
[ 173.676016] [<c10e425d>] move_to_new_page+0x9a/0x1ae
[ 173.676016] [<c10e47e6>] migrate_pages+0x1e7/0x2fa
This patch introduces radix_tree_deref_slot_protected() which calls
rcu_dereference_protected(). Users of it must pass in the
mapping->tree_lock that is protecting this dereference. Holding the tree
lock protects against parallel updaters of the radix tree meaning that
rcu_dereference_protected is allowable.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: remove unneeded casts]
Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie>
Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com>
Cc: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com>
Cc: Milton Miller <miltonm@bga.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org> [2.6.37.early]
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Salman Qazi describes the following radix-tree bug:
In the following case, we get can get a deadlock:
0. The radix tree contains two items, one has the index 0.
1. The reader (in this case find_get_pages) takes the rcu_read_lock.
2. The reader acquires slot(s) for item(s) including the index 0 item.
3. The non-zero index item is deleted, and as a consequence the other item is
moved to the root of the tree. The place where it used to be is queued for
deletion after the readers finish.
3b. The zero item is deleted, removing it from the direct slot, it remains in
the rcu-delayed indirect node.
4. The reader looks at the index 0 slot, and finds that the page has 0 ref
count
5. The reader looks at it again, hoping that the item will either be freed or
the ref count will increase. This never happens, as the slot it is looking
at will never be updated. Also, this slot can never be reclaimed because
the reader is holding rcu_read_lock and is in an infinite loop.
The fix is to re-use the same "indirect" pointer case that requires a slot
lookup retry into a general "retry the lookup" bit.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@kernel.dk>
Reported-by: Salman Qazi <sqazi@google.com>
Cc: <stable@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Josh Triplett <josh@joshtriplett.org>
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We try to avoid livelocks of writeback when some steadily creates dirty
pages in a mapping we are writing out. For memory-cleaning writeback,
using nr_to_write works reasonably well but we cannot really use it for
data integrity writeback. This patch tries to solve the problem.
The idea is simple: Tag all pages that should be written back with a
special tag (TOWRITE) in the radix tree. This can be done rather quickly
and thus livelocks should not happen in practice. Then we start doing the
hard work of locking pages and sending them to disk only for those pages
that have TOWRITE tag set.
Note: Adding new radix tree tag grows radix tree node from 288 to 296
bytes for 32-bit archs and from 552 to 560 bytes for 64-bit archs.
However, the number of slab/slub items per page remains the same (13 and 7
respectively).
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Implement function for setting one tag if another tag is set for each item
in given range.
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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radix_tree_tag_get() is not safe to use concurrently with radix_tree_tag_set()
or radix_tree_tag_clear(). The problem is that the double tag_get() in
radix_tree_tag_get():
if (!tag_get(node, tag, offset))
saw_unset_tag = 1;
if (height == 1) {
int ret = tag_get(node, tag, offset);
may see the value change due to the action of set/clear. RCU is no protection
against this as no pointers are being changed, no nodes are being replaced
according to a COW protocol - set/clear alter the node directly.
The documentation in linux/radix-tree.h, however, says that
radix_tree_tag_get() is an exception to the rule that "any function modifying
the tree or tags (...) must exclude other modifications, and exclude any
functions reading the tree".
The problem is that the next statement in radix_tree_tag_get() checks that the
tag doesn't vary over time:
BUG_ON(ret && saw_unset_tag);
This has been seen happening in FS-Cache:
https://www.redhat.com/archives/linux-cachefs/2010-April/msg00013.html
To this end, remove the BUG_ON() from radix_tree_tag_get() and note in various
comments that the value of the tag may change whilst the RCU read lock is held,
and thus that the return value of radix_tree_tag_get() may not be relied upon
unless radix_tree_tag_set/clear() and radix_tree_delete() are excluded from
running concurrently with it.
Reported-by: Romain DEGEZ <romain.degez@smartjog.com>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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The counterpart of radix_tree_next_hole(). To be used by context readahead.
Signed-off-by: Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com>
Cc: Vladislav Bolkhovitin <vst@vlnb.net>
Cc: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
Cc: Jeff Moyer <jmoyer@redhat.com>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Cc: Ying Han <yinghan@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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An XFS workload showed up a bug in the lockless pagecache patch. Basically it
would go into an "infinite" loop, although it would sometimes be able to break
out of the loop! The reason is a missing compiler barrier in the "increment
reference count unless it was zero" case of the lockless pagecache protocol in
the gang lookup functions.
This would cause the compiler to use a cached value of struct page pointer to
retry the operation with, rather than reload it. So the page might have been
removed from pagecache and freed (refcount==0) but the lookup would not correctly
notice the page is no longer in pagecache, and keep attempting to increment the
refcount and failing, until the page gets reallocated for something else. This
isn't a data corruption because the condition will be detected if the page has
been reallocated. However it can result in a lockup.
Linus points out that ACCESS_ONCE is also required in that pointer load, even
if it's absence is not causing a bug on our particular build. The most general
way to solve this is just to put an rcu_dereference in radix_tree_deref_slot.
Assembly of find_get_pages,
before:
.L220:
movq (%rbx), %rax #* ivtmp.1162, tmp82
movq (%rax), %rdi #, prephitmp.1149
.L218:
testb $1, %dil #, prephitmp.1149
jne .L217 #,
testq %rdi, %rdi # prephitmp.1149
je .L203 #,
cmpq $-1, %rdi #, prephitmp.1149
je .L217 #,
movl 8(%rdi), %esi # <variable>._count.counter, c
testl %esi, %esi # c
je .L218 #,
after:
.L212:
movq (%rbx), %rax #* ivtmp.1109, tmp81
movq (%rax), %rdi #, ret
testb $1, %dil #, ret
jne .L211 #,
testq %rdi, %rdi # ret
je .L197 #,
cmpq $-1, %rdi #, ret
je .L211 #,
movl 8(%rdi), %esi # <variable>._count.counter, c
testl %esi, %esi # c
je .L212 #,
(notice the obvious infinite loop in the first example, if page->count remains 0)
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Reviewed-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Introduce gang_lookup_slot() and gang_lookup_slot_tag() functions, which
are used by lockless pagecache.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Cc: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Reviewed-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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There is an unmatched parenthesis in the locking commentary of radix_tree.h
which is trivially fixed by the patch below.
Signed-off-by: Tim Pepper <lnxninja@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@kernel.org>
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Rather than sign direct radix-tree pointers with a special bit, sign the
indirect one that hangs off the root. This means that, given a lookup_slot
operation, the invalid result will be differentiated from the valid
(previously, valid results could have the bit either set or clear).
This does not affect slot lookups which occur under lock -- they can never
return an invalid result. Is needed in future for lockless pagecache.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Introduce radix_tree_next_hole(root, index, max_scan) to scan radix tree for
the first hole. It will be used in interleaved readahead.
The implementation is dumb and obviously correct. It can help debug(and
document) the possible smart one in future.
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <wfg@mail.ustc.edu.cn>
Cc: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Michael Opdenacker <michael@free-electrons.com>
Signed-off-by: Adrian Bunk <bunk@stusta.de>
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Make radix tree lookups safe to be performed without locks. Readers are
protected against nodes being deleted by using RCU based freeing. Readers
are protected against new node insertion by using memory barriers to ensure
the node itself will be properly written before it is visible in the radix
tree.
Each radix tree node keeps a record of their height (above leaf nodes).
This height does not change after insertion -- when the radix tree is
extended, higher nodes are only inserted in the top. So a lookup can take
the pointer to what is *now* the root node, and traverse down it even if
the tree is concurrently extended and this node becomes a subtree of a new
root.
"Direct" pointers (tree height of 0, where root->rnode points directly to
the data item) are handled by using the low bit of the pointer to signal
whether rnode is a direct pointer or a pointer to a radix tree node.
When a reader wants to traverse the next branch, they will take a copy of
the pointer. This pointer will be either NULL (and the branch is empty) or
non-NULL (and will point to a valid node).
[akpm@osdl.org: cleanups]
[Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com: bugfixes, comments, simplifications]
[clameter@sgi.com: build fix]
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Lee Schermerhorn <lee.schermerhorn@hp.com>
Cc: Christoph Lameter <clameter@engr.sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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The ability to have height 0 radix trees (a direct pointer to the data item
rather than going through a full node->slot) quietly disappeared with
old-2.6-bkcvs commit ffee171812d51652f9ba284302d9e5c5cc14bdfd. On 64-bit
machines this causes nearly 600 bytes to be used for every <= 4K file in
pagecache.
Re-introduce this feature, root tags stored in spare ->gfp_mask bits.
Simplify radix_tree_delete's complex tag clearing arrangement (which would
become even more complex) by just falling back to tag clearing functions
(the pagecache radix-tree never uses this path anyway, so the icache
savings will mean it's actually a speedup).
On my 4GB G5, this saves 8MB RAM per kernel kernel source+object tree in
pagecache.
Pagecache lookup, insertion, and removal speed for small files will also be
improved.
This makes RCU radix tree harder, but it's worth it.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Documentation changes to help radix tree users avoid overrunning the tags
array. RADIX_TREE_TAGS moves to linux/radix-tree.h and is now known as
RADIX_TREE_MAX_TAGS (Nick Piggin's idea). Tag parameters are changed to
unsigned, and some comments are updated.
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Cc: Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Use atomic_inc_not_zero for rcu files instead of special case rcuref.
Signed-off-by: Nick Piggin <npiggin@suse.de>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@us.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Reiser4 uses radix trees to solve a trouble reiser4_readdir has serving nfs
requests.
Unfortunately, radix tree api lacks an operation suitable for modifying
existing entry. This patch adds radix_tree_lookup_slot which returns pointer
to found item within the tree. That location can be then updated.
Both Nick and Christoph Lameter have patches which need this as well.
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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- added typedef unsigned int __nocast gfp_t;
- replaced __nocast uses for gfp flags with gfp_t - it gives exactly
the same warnings as far as sparse is concerned, doesn't change
generated code (from gcc point of view we replaced unsigned int with
typedef) and documents what's going on far better.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Fix the sparse warning "implicit cast to nocast type"
Signed-off-by: Victor Fusco <victor@cetuc.puc-rio.br>
Signed-off-by: Domen Puncer <domen@coderock.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
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Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
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